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Robyn Manley Lara E. Harrup Eva Veronesi Francesca Stubbins Jo Stoner Simon Gubbins Anthony Wilson Carrie Batten Constantianus J. M. Koenraadt Mark Henstock James Barber Simon Carpenter 《PloS one》2015,10(8)
Background
Schmallenberg virus (SBV), an arboviral pathogen of ruminants, emerged in northern Europe during 2011 and has subsequently spread across a vast geographic area. While Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) have been identified as a biological transmission agent of SBV, the role of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) as potential vectors has not been defined beyond small-scale field collections in affected areas. Culex pipiens L. are one of the most widespread mosquitoes in northern Europe; they are present on farms across the region and have previously been implicated as vectors of several other arboviruses. We assessed the ability of three colony lines of Cx. pipiens, originating from geographically diverse field populations, to become fully infected by SBV using semi-quantitative real-time RT-PCR (sqPCR).Findings
Two colony lines of Cx. pipiens were created in the UK (‘Brookwood’ and ‘Caldbeck’) from field collections of larvae and pupae and characterised using genetic markers. A third strain of Cx. pipiens from CVI Wageningen, The Netherlands, was also screened during experiments. Intrathoracic inoculation of the Brookwood line resulted in infections after 14 days that were characterised by high levels of RNA throughout individuals, but which demonstrated indirect evidence of salivary gland barriers. Feeding of 322 individuals across the three colony lines on a membrane based infection system resulted in no evidence of full dissemination of SBV, although infections did occur in a small proportion of Cx. pipiens from each line.Conclusions/Significance
This study established two novel lines of Cx. pipiens mosquitoes of UK origin in the laboratory and subsequently tested their competence for SBV. Schmallenberg virus replication and dissemination was restricted, demonstrating that Cx. pipiens is unlikely to be an epidemiologically important vector of the virus in northern Europe. 相似文献66.
Beatriz Sanz-Bernardo Ismar R. Haga Najith Wijesiriwardana Sanjay Basu Will Larner Adriana V. Diaz Zoë Langlands Eric Denison Joanne Stoner Mia White Christopher Sanders Philippa C. Hawes Anthony J. Wilson John Atkinson Carrie Batten Luke Alphey Karin E. Darpel Simon Gubbins Philippa M. Beard 《Journal of virology》2021,95(9)
67.
Translocations for conservation often involve species limited to relict distributions. However, uncertainty can exist regarding the ability of source individuals to acclimatise following a shift to a distant location. We investigated the ability of captive-reared juvenile tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) of Cook Strait stock (41°S) to adjust to outdoor, predator-protected pens within Orokonui Ecosanctuary (45 °S). We examined potential basking and within burrow temperatures, the influence of temperature on emergence, and growth rates in comparison with other locations. Tuatara at Orokonui reached their preferred temperature when basking over summer, and burrows provided protection from freezing over winter. Emergence was temperature-dependent and essentially ceased during winter. Growth rates of Orokonui-held juveniles were within the range for four other captive-rearing facilities and faster than for wild juveniles from a Cook Strait population. As all Orokonui-held juveniles have survived and grown we conclude that the climate at this southern location is suitable to consider a free-release. 相似文献
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Eva Veronesi Mark Henstock Simon Gubbins Carrie Batten Robyn Manley James Barber Bernd Hoffmann Martin Beer Houssam Attoui Peter Paul Clement Mertens Simon Carpenter 《PloS one》2013,8(3)
Background
The recent unprecedented emergence of arboviruses transmitted by Culicoides biting midges in northern Europe has necessitated the development of techniques to differentiate competent vector species. At present these techniques are entirely reliant upon interpretation of semi-quantitative RT-PCR (sqPCR) data in the form of Cq values used to infer the presence of viral RNA in samples.Methodology/Principal Findings
This study investigates the advantages and limitations of sqPCR in this role by comparing infection and dissemination rates of Schmallenberg virus (SBV) in two colony lines of Culicoides. Through the use of these behaviorally malleable lines we provide tools for demarcating arbovirus infection and dissemination rates in Culicoides which to date have prevented clear implication of primary vector species in northern Europe. The study demonstrates biological transmission of SBV in an arthropod vector, supporting the conclusions from field-caught Culicoides and provides a general framework for future assessment of vector competence of Culicoides for arboviruses using sqPCR.Conclusions/Significance
When adopting novel diagnostic technologies, correctly implicating vectors of arboviral pathogens requires a coherent laboratory framework to fully understand the implications of results produced in the field. This study illustrates these difficulties and provides a full examination of sqPCR in this role for the Culicoides-arbovirus system. 相似文献70.
Recent advances in micro-electronics make the study of the migration of even small marine animals (>12 cm) over many 1000s
of kilometres a serious possibility. Important assumptions in long-term studies are that rates of tag loss caused by mortality
or tag shedding are low, and that the tagging procedure does not have an unacceptable negative effect on the animal. This
paper reports results from a study to examine the retention of relatively large (24 × 8 mm) surgically-implanted dummy acoustic
tags over a 7-month period in steelhead pre-smolts (O. mykiss), and the effects of implantation on growth and survival. Although there was some influence on growth to week 12, survival
was high for animals > 13 cm FL. In the following 16-week period, growth of surgically implanted pre-smolts was the same as
the control population and there was little tag loss from mortality or shedding. Currently available acoustic tags can be
implanted in salmonid fish ≥12 cm FL, although combined losses from mortality and tag shedding were 33–40% for animals in
the 12 and 13 cm FL size classes. By 14 cm FL, combined rates of tag loss (mortality plus tag shedding) for surgically implanted
tags dropped to <15% and growth following surgery was close to that of the controls. Our results suggest that studies of ocean
migration and survival over periods of many months are now feasible even for animals as small as salmon smolts. Surgically
implanted salmon smolts are therefore good candidates for freshwater and coastal ocean-tracking studies on relatively long
time scales (months). On such time scales, even relatively small salmon smolts may move thousands of kilometers in the ocean. 相似文献