全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1470篇 |
免费 | 116篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 7篇 |
2022年 | 7篇 |
2021年 | 14篇 |
2020年 | 23篇 |
2019年 | 16篇 |
2018年 | 22篇 |
2017年 | 24篇 |
2016年 | 38篇 |
2015年 | 51篇 |
2014年 | 74篇 |
2013年 | 83篇 |
2012年 | 115篇 |
2011年 | 113篇 |
2010年 | 69篇 |
2009年 | 48篇 |
2008年 | 74篇 |
2007年 | 79篇 |
2006年 | 87篇 |
2005年 | 88篇 |
2004年 | 65篇 |
2003年 | 57篇 |
2002年 | 58篇 |
2001年 | 19篇 |
2000年 | 11篇 |
1999年 | 16篇 |
1998年 | 18篇 |
1997年 | 9篇 |
1996年 | 9篇 |
1995年 | 11篇 |
1994年 | 12篇 |
1993年 | 7篇 |
1992年 | 11篇 |
1991年 | 14篇 |
1990年 | 13篇 |
1989年 | 17篇 |
1988年 | 11篇 |
1987年 | 7篇 |
1986年 | 12篇 |
1985年 | 14篇 |
1984年 | 13篇 |
1983年 | 11篇 |
1982年 | 10篇 |
1981年 | 7篇 |
1980年 | 9篇 |
1978年 | 8篇 |
1977年 | 7篇 |
1976年 | 8篇 |
1972年 | 7篇 |
1969年 | 7篇 |
1881年 | 8篇 |
排序方式: 共有1586条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
31.
32.
33.
Benjamin von der Heyde Armin Hallmann 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2020,103(6):2301-2317
Hydroxyproline‐rich glycoproteins (HRGPs) constitute a major group of proteins of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The multicellular green alga Volvox carteri is a suitable model organism in which to study the evolutionary transition to multicellularity, including the basic principles and characteristics of an ECM. In Volvox, the ECM is dominated by a single HRGP family: the pherophorins. Our inventory amounts to 117 pherophorin‐related genes in V. carteri. We focused on a pherophorin with an unexpected characteristic: pherophorin‐S is a soluble, non‐cross‐linked ECM protein. Using transformants expressing a YFP‐tagged pherophorin‐S we observed the synthesis and secretion of pherophorin‐S by somatic cells in vivo, and we then traced the protein during its conspicuous migration to the ECM around prehatching juveniles and its localized concentration there. Our results provide insights into how an ECM zone surrounding the progeny is remotely affected by distantly located parental somatic cells. In view of the properties and migration of pherophorin‐S, we conclude that pherophorin‐S is likely to act as an ECM plasticizer to allow for dynamic ECM remodeling. 相似文献
34.
35.
36.
Anne M. Estes David J. Hearn Emilie C. Snell-Rood Michele Feindler Karla Feeser Tselotie Abebe Julie C. Dunning Hotopp Armin P. Moczek 《PloS one》2013,8(11)
Insects feeding on plant sap, blood, and other nutritionally incomplete diets are typically associated with mutualistic bacteria that supplement missing nutrients. Herbivorous mammal dung contains more than 86% cellulose and lacks amino acids essential for insect development and reproduction. Yet one of the most ecologically necessary and evolutionarily successful groups of beetles, the dung beetles (Scarabaeinae) feeds primarily, or exclusively, on dung. These associations suggest that dung beetles may benefit from mutualistic bacteria that provide nutrients missing from dung. The nesting behaviors of the female parent and the feeding behaviors of the larvae suggest that a microbiome could be vertically transmitted from the parental female to her offspring through the brood ball. Using sterile rearing and a combination of molecular and culture-based techniques, we examine transmission of the microbiome in the bull-headed dung beetle, Onthophagus taurus. Beetles were reared on autoclaved dung and the microbiome was characterized across development. A ~1425 bp region of the 16S rRNA identified Pseudomonadaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, and Comamonadaceae as the most common bacterial families across all life stages and populations, including cultured isolates from the 3rd instar digestive system. Finer level phylotyping analyses based on lepA and gyrB amplicons of cultured isolates placed the isolates closest to Enterobacter cloacae, Providencia stuartii, Pusillimonas sp., Pedobacter heparinus, and Lysinibacillus sphaericus. Scanning electron micrographs of brood balls constructed from sterile dung reveals secretions and microbes only in the chamber the female prepares for the egg. The use of autoclaved dung for rearing, the presence of microbes in the brood ball and offspring, and identical 16S rRNA sequences in both parent and offspring suggests that the O. taurus female parent transmits specific microbiome members to her offspring through the brood chamber. The transmission of the dung beetle microbiome highlights the maintenance and likely importance of this newly-characterized bacterial community. 相似文献
37.
Benjamin Tiburzy Martin Szyska Hiroaki Iwata Navina Chrobok Upasana Kulkarni Misa Hirose Ralf J. Ludwig Kathrin Kalies Jürgen Westermann David Wong Rudolf Armin Manz 《PloS one》2013,8(12)
Autoantibodies are believed to be maintained by either the continuous generation of short-lived plasma cells in secondary lymphoid tissues or by long-lived plasma cells localized in bone marrow and spleen. Here, we show in a mouse model for the autoimmune blistering skin disease epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) that chronic autoantibody production can also be maintained in inflamed lymph nodes, by plasma cells exhibiting intermediate lifetimes. After EBA induction by immunization with a mCOL7c-GST-fusion protein, antigen-specific plasma cells and CD4 T cells were analyzed. Plasma cells were maintained for months in stable numbers in the draining lymph nodes, but not in spleen and bone marrow. In contrast, localization of mCOL7c-GST -specific CD4 T cells was not restricted to lymph nodes, indicating that availability of T cell help does not limit plasma cell localization to this site. BrdU-incorporation studies indicated that pathogenic mCOL7c- and non-pathogenic GST-specific plasma cells resemble intermediates between short-and long-lived plasma cells with half-lives of about 7 weeks. Immunization with mCOL7c-GST also yielded considerable numbers of plasma cells neither specific for mCOL7c- nor GST. These bystander-activated plasma cells exhibited much shorter half-lives and higher population turnover, suggesting that plasma cell lifetimes were only partly determined by the lymph node environment but also by the mode of activation. These results indicate that inflamed lymph nodes can harbor pathogenic plasma cells exhibiting distinct properties and hence may resemble a so far neglected site for chronic autoantibody production. 相似文献
38.
Katrin Susanne Lips Vivien Kauschke Sonja Hartmann Ulrich Thormann Seemun Ray Marian Kampschulte Alexander Langheinrich Matthias Schumacher Michael Gelinsky Sascha Heinemann Thomas Hanke Armin R. Kautz Matthias Schnabelrauch Reinhard Schnettler Christian Heiss Volker Alt Olaf Kilian 《PloS one》2013,8(10)
Insertion of bone substitution materials accelerates healing of osteoporotic fractures. Biodegradable materials are preferred for application in osteoporotic patients to avoid a second surgery for implant replacement. Degraded implant fragments are often absorbed by macrophages that are removed from the fracture side via passage through veins or lymphatic vessels. We investigated if lymphatic vessels occur in osteoporotic bone defects and whether they are regulated by the use of different materials. To address this issue osteoporosis was induced in rats using the classical method of bilateral ovariectomy and additional calcium and vitamin deficient diet. In addition, wedge-shaped defects of 3, 4, or 5 mm were generated in the distal metaphyseal area of femur via osteotomy. The 4 mm defects were subsequently used for implantation studies where bone substitution materials of calcium phosphate cement, composites of collagen and silica, and iron foams with interconnecting pores were inserted. Different materials were partly additionally functionalized by strontium or bisphosphonate whose positive effects in osteoporosis treatment are well known. The lymphatic vessels were identified by immunohistochemistry using an antibody against podoplanin. Podoplanin immunopositive lymphatic vessels were detected in the granulation tissue filling the fracture gap, surrounding the implant and growing into the iron foam through its interconnected pores. Significant more lymphatic capillaries were counted at the implant interface of composite, strontium and bisphosphonate functionalized iron foam. A significant increase was also observed in the number of lymphatics situated in the pores of strontium coated iron foam. In conclusion, our results indicate the occurrence of lymphatic vessels in osteoporotic bone. Our results show that lymphatic vessels are localized at the implant interface and in the fracture gap where they might be involved in the removal of lymphocytes, macrophages, debris and the implants degradation products. Therefore the lymphatic vessels are involved in implant integration and fracture healing. 相似文献
39.
Joanna Szkandera Michael Stotz Florian Eisner Gudrun Absenger Tatjana Stojakovic Hellmut Samonigg Peter Kornprat Renate Schaberl-Moser Wael AlZoughbi Anna Lena Ress Friederike Sophia Seggewies Armin Gerger Gerald Hoefler Martin Pichler 《PloS one》2013,8(11)
Background
With growing evidence on the role of inflammation in cancer biology, the presence of a systemic inflammatory response has been postulated as having prognostic significance in a wide range of cancer types. The derived neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (dNLR), which represents an easily determinable potential prognostic marker in daily practise and clinical trials, has never been externally validated in pancreatic cancer (PC) patients.Methods
Data from 474 consecutive PC patients, treated between 2004 and 2012 at a single centre, were evaluated retrospectively. Cancer-specific survival (CSS) was assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method. To evaluate the prognostic relevance of dNLR, univariate and multivariate Cox regression models were applied.Results
We calculated by ROC analysis a cut-off value of 2.3 for the dNLR to be ideal to discriminate between patients’ survival in the whole cohort. Kaplan-Meier curve reveals a dNLR≥2.3 as a factor for decreased CSS in PC patients (p<0.001, log-rank test). An independent significant association between high dNLR≥2.3 and poor clinical outcome in multivariate analysis (HR = 1.24, CI95% = 1.01–1.51, p = 0.041) was identified.Conclusion
In the present study we confirmed elevated pre-treatment dNLR as an independent prognostic factor for clinical outcome in PC patients. Our data encourage independent replication in other series and settings of this easily available parameter as well as stratified analysis according to tumor resectability. 相似文献40.
Nga M. Lau Peter H. R. Green Annette K. Taylor Dan Hellberg Mary Ajamian Caroline Z. Tan Barry E. Kosofsky Joseph J. Higgins Anjali M. Rajadhyaksha Armin Alaedini 《PloS one》2013,8(6)