Equilibria of the anomeric and ring forms of ammonium 3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonate in deuterium oxide

The tautomeric composition of a solution of ammonium 3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonate (KDO, 1a) in D₂O at 28° was assessed by means of ¹³ C-F.t.-n.m.r. spectroscopy. The results revealed the presence of 6?0 and 11 % of the α and β anomers of the pyranose, and 20 and 9 % of the two furanoses, and suggested, but did not unequivocally prove, that the major furanose form is the α anomer. To facilitate interpretation of the spectral results for 1, ammonium 3,5-dideoxy-d-arabino(or ribo)-octulosonate (3a) was prepared by the reaction of 5-deoxy-d-erythro-pentose with sodium oxalacetate at pH 11. A chromatographically homogeneous, noncrystalline sample of 3 was obtained by lyophilization, and characterized as its (4-nitrophenyl)hydrazone (m.p. 162-163°). The ¹³C-n.m.r. spectrum of a solution of 3a in D₂O revealed it to be substantially all in the α-pyranose form. No signals were obtained for the possible 1,4-lactone of 3. As the 1,5-lactone and furanose forms are impossible for 3, it exhibited no signals analogous to those attributed to furanoid 1. On the basis of these results for 3, the two lactone forms of 1 were excluded from consideration, and the three pairs of ¹³C-n.m.r. signals observed at ≈45, 86, and 104 p.p.m. were assigned to the furanose forms of 1.     

Kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of some aldoses by vanadium(v) in perchloric acid medium

The kinetics of oxidation of some aldoses by vanadium(V) in perchloric acid media have been investigated. Each reaction is first order with respect to both [Vanadium(V)] and [Aldose]. The reactions are catalysed by acid. The addition of sodium perchlorate accelerates the rate of reaction. Kinetic evidence for the formation of an intermediate compound between vanadium(V) and aldoses is insignificant, and a mechanism is suggested in which vanadium(V) reacts with the aldoses by a fast step to form a transition state, followed by the decomposition of the latter to give the products of reaction in a slow step. The formation of free-radical intermediates has been demonstrated, and one-electron reduction of vanadium(V) by aldoses seems to be the most plausible mechanism. The oxidation rates follow the order: xyloses arabinose galactose mannose. The activation parameters are reported.     

Structural investigations on the lipopolysaccharide isolated from Vibrio cholera,Inaba 569 B

On hydrolysis, the purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from Vibrio cholera, Inaba 569 B, yielded glucose, mannose, a heptose behaving like d-glycero-l-manno-heptose and one behaving like d-glycero-l-gluco-heptose, 2-amino-2-deoxy-glucose, and glucuronic acid in the molar ratios of ～9:4:5:1:2:5. Studies on the LPS, the polysaccharide (PS), and carboxyl-reduced LPS showed that the PS has a branched structure, with (1→2)-linked mannopyranosyl and a heptopyranosyl, and (1→4)-linked glucopyranosyluronic and 2-amino-2-deoxyglucopyranosyl residues in the interior part of the molecule, and glucopyranosyl and heptopyranosyl residues as nonreducing end-groups.     

Assessment of radiosensitivity from the germination of jute seeds

Irradiation with X-rays and gamma rays reduced the speed of germination of seeds of jute cultivars,viz., JRO 632, JRO 620, Sudan Green ofCorchorus olitorius and JRC 212, Fanduk, D 154 ofC. capsularis. Though the first phase of germination(i.e. seed variability) remained apparently unaffected, the second phase (i.e. the sprouting ability) and the third phase(i.e. the attainment of autotrophic status) were found to be the best indicators of radiation injury and provided dependable data for the assessment of radiosensitivity. The jute cultivars have not shown accountable intervarietal differences in radiosensitivity in respect of LD 50 and LD 100 for the second and the third phases of germination.     

Interferon Treatment of Ehrlich Ascites Tumor Cells: Effects on Exogenous mRNA Translation and tRNA Inactivation in the Cell Extract

We reported earlier that in cell extracts that were prepared from interferon-treated Ehrlich ascites tumor cells and preincubated and passed through Sephadex G-25 (S30_INT), the translation of exogenous mRNA (viral and host) was impaired and the impairment could be overcome to a large extent by adding a crude tRNA preparation from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells but not from Escherichia coli. We find now that the rate of inactivation of some tRNA's (especially those specific for leucine, lysine, and serine) but not those of many others is faster in S30_INT than in corresponding extracts from control cells. This increased rate of tRNA inactivation may perhaps account for the need for added RNA to overcome at least partially the impairment of translation in S30_INT. The relationship of the increased rate of tRNA inactivation to the antiviral effect of interferon is unclear. So far no significant difference has been detected in the amount of tRNA needed to overcome the impairment of encephalomyocarditis virus RNA translation in S30_INT between tRNA from interferon-treated cells and tRNA from control cells. Furthermore, no difference was found in the rate of inactivation in S30_INT between leucine-specific tRNA's from interferon-treated and from control cells. tRNA's specific for leucine and lysine were not inactivated (unless very slowly) during incubation under our conditions in an extract from interferon-treated (or from control) cells unless the extract had been passed through Sephadex G-25 or dialyzed. The translation of exogenous mRNA was, however, impaired in an extract from interferon-treated cells that had not been passed through Sephadex G-25. This impairment was apparently not overcome by added tRNA.     

Differentiation in calli originated from isolated protoplasts of rice (Oryza sativa L.) through plating technique

Summary Protoplasts from mesophyll cells and callus cells of rice (Oryza sativa L.) have been isolated by enzyme treatment involving 2% pectinase followed by 3% cellulase at pH 5.4 in 0.45 M mannitol (viable protoplasts from mesophyll cells in 50–60% yield, 60–70% yield of viable protoplasts from callus cells through treatment with the mixture of the above mentioned enzymes at the same concentration). Our completely defined medium is the combination of three established media (Table 1). Culture conditions are: soft agar in petri dishes at 26° C, where they regenerated cell walls after 24 h. The first cell division was observed after 4 days in culture for callus protoplasts and after 5 days in culture for mesophyll protoplasts. Cell division continues thereafter, and after 4 weeks of culture small white calli were visible in the petri dishes. The type of plant material (whitish leaf sheaths) and cell density are important factors for the efficiency of colony formation (30% plating efficiency). Healthy root formation through transfer to suitable medium is up to now the morphogenetic reaction of the calli.Work carried out at Molecular Cytogenetics Research Unit, Deptt, of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India     

A globule-like structure in leaf epidermis and its relation to stomatal regulation inCassia auriculata L.

The role of a globule-like structure in the leaf epidermal cells ofC. auriculata has been studied in relation to stomatal regulation. Water stress and direct sunlight promote the appearance of globules at the same time as the stomata close. Ample water supply and shade inhibit the appearance of globules and the stomata open. The number of stomata is the same on either leaf surface, but their behaviour is different because of different exposure to light.     

Optimum concentration and pH of phosphate buffer for assay of cytochrome c oxidase in intact plant mitochondria

For measurement of cytochrome c oxidase activity in intact plant mitochondria the optimum concentration of K-Pi buffer and pH in the reaction was found to be 75 mM and 7.4 respectively. The suitable concentration of K-Pi buffer for suspending and storing mitochondria, however, was found to be 20 mM or lower. These requirements applied equally well for mitochondria from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), maize (Zea mays L.), and snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).