全文获取类型
收费全文 | 631篇 |
免费 | 28篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 2篇 |
2021年 | 6篇 |
2020年 | 5篇 |
2019年 | 4篇 |
2018年 | 17篇 |
2017年 | 10篇 |
2016年 | 24篇 |
2015年 | 27篇 |
2014年 | 24篇 |
2013年 | 45篇 |
2012年 | 54篇 |
2011年 | 42篇 |
2010年 | 28篇 |
2009年 | 25篇 |
2008年 | 32篇 |
2007年 | 32篇 |
2006年 | 38篇 |
2005年 | 35篇 |
2004年 | 25篇 |
2003年 | 22篇 |
2002年 | 23篇 |
2001年 | 22篇 |
2000年 | 9篇 |
1999年 | 8篇 |
1998年 | 11篇 |
1997年 | 3篇 |
1995年 | 3篇 |
1994年 | 3篇 |
1993年 | 2篇 |
1992年 | 7篇 |
1991年 | 4篇 |
1990年 | 2篇 |
1989年 | 5篇 |
1988年 | 3篇 |
1987年 | 3篇 |
1986年 | 6篇 |
1985年 | 8篇 |
1984年 | 3篇 |
1983年 | 5篇 |
1982年 | 1篇 |
1981年 | 8篇 |
1980年 | 1篇 |
1979年 | 6篇 |
1978年 | 4篇 |
1975年 | 2篇 |
1974年 | 2篇 |
1973年 | 3篇 |
1969年 | 2篇 |
1965年 | 1篇 |
1951年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有659条查询结果,搜索用时 578 毫秒
91.
Is There a Seamount Effect on Microbial Community Structure and Biomass? The Case Study of Seine and Sedlo Seamounts (Northeast Atlantic) 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Seamounts are considered to be "hotspots" of marine life but, their role in oceans primary productivity is still under discussion. We have studied the microbial community structure and biomass of the epipelagic zone (0-150 m) at two northeast Atlantic seamounts (Seine and Sedlo) and compared those with the surrounding ocean. Results from two cruises to Sedlo and three to Seine are presented. Main results show large temporal and spatial microbial community variability on both seamounts. Both Seine and Sedlo heterotrophic community (abundance and biomass) dominate during winter and summer months, representing 75% (Sedlo, July) to 86% (Seine, November) of the total plankton biomass. In Seine, during springtime the contribution to total plankton biomass is similar (47% autotrophic and 53% heterotrophic). Both seamounts present an autotrophic community structure dominated by small cells (nano and picophytoplankton). It is also during spring that a relatively important contribution (26%) of large cells to total autotrophic biomass is found. In some cases, a "seamount effect" is observed on Seine and Sedlo microbial community structure and biomass. In Seine this is only observed during spring through enhancement of large autotrophic cells at the summit and seamount stations. In Sedlo, and despite the observed low biomasses, some clear peaks of picoplankton at the summit or at stations within the seamount area are also observed during summer. Our results suggest that the dominance of heterotrophs is presumably related to the trapping effect of organic matter by seamounts. Nevertheless, the complex circulation around both seamounts with the presence of different sources of mesoscale variability (e.g. presence of meddies, intrusion of African upwelling water) may have contributed to the different patterns of distribution, abundances and also changes observed in the microbial community. 相似文献
92.
Valencia C Arévalo J Dujardin JC Llanos-Cuentas A Chappuis F Zimic M 《PLoS neglected tropical diseases》2012,6(6):e1656
Background
Increased rates for failure in leishmaniasis antimony treatment have been recently recognized worldwide. Although several risk factors have been identified there is no clinical score to predict antimony therapy failure of cutaneous leishmaniasis.Methods
A case control study was conducted in Peru from 2001 to 2004. 171 patients were treated with pentavalent antimony and followed up to at least 6 months to determine cure or failure. Only patients with ulcerative cutaneous leishmaniasis (N = 87) were considered for data analysis. Epidemiological, demographical, clinical and laboratory data were analyzed to identify risk factors for treatment failure. Two prognostic scores for antimonial treatment failure were tested for sensitivity and specificity to predict antimony therapy failure by comparison with treatment outcome.Results
Among 87 antimony-treated patients, 18 (21%) failed the treatment and 69 (79%) were cured. A novel risk factor for treatment failure was identified: presence of concomitant distant lesions. Patients presenting concomitant-distant lesions showed a 30.5-fold increase in the risk of treatment failure compared to other patients. The best prognostic score for antimonial treatment failure showed a sensitivity of 77.78% and specificity of 95.52% to predict antimony therapy failure.Conclusions
A prognostic score including a novel risk factor was able to predict antimonial treatment failure in cutaneous leishmaniasis with high specificity and sensitivity. This prognostic score presents practical advantages as it relies on clinical and epidemiological characteristics, easily obtained by physicians or health workers, and makes it a promising clinical tool that needs to be validated before their use for developing countries. 相似文献93.
Estefania Calvo-álvarez Nestor Adrian Guerrero Raquel álvarez-Velilla Christopher Fernández Prada Jose María Requena Carmen Punzón Miguel ángel Llamas Francisco J. Arévalo Luis Rivas Manuel Fresno Yolanda Pérez-Pertejo Rafael Bala?a-Fouce Rosa M. Reguera 《PLoS neglected tropical diseases》2012,6(11)
Background
Leishmania major cutaneous leishmaniasis is an infectious zoonotic disease. It is produced by a digenetic parasite, which resides in the phagolysosomal compartment of different mammalian macrophage populations. There is an urgent need to develop new therapies (drugs) against this neglected disease that hits developing countries. The main goal of this work is to establish an easier and cheaper tool of choice for real-time monitoring of the establishment and progression of this pathology either in BALB/c mice or in vitro assays. To validate this new technique we vaccinated mice with an attenuated Δhsp70-II strain of Leishmania to assess protection against this disease.Methodology
We engineered a transgenic L. major strain expressing the mCherry red-fluorescent protein for real-time monitoring of the parasitic load. This is achieved via measurement of fluorescence emission, allowing a weekly record of the footpads over eight weeks after the inoculation of BALB/c mice.Results
In vitro results show a linear correlation between the number of parasites and fluorescence emission over a range of four logs. The minimum number of parasites (amastigote isolated from lesion) detected by their fluorescent phenotype was 10,000. The effect of antileishmanial drugs against mCherry+L. major infecting peritoneal macrophages were evaluated by direct assay of fluorescence emission, with IC50 values of 0.12, 0.56 and 9.20 µM for amphotericin B, miltefosine and paromomycin, respectively. An experimental vaccination trial based on the protection conferred by an attenuated Δhsp70-II mutant of Leishmania was used to validate the suitability of this technique in vivo.Conclusions
A Leishmania major strain expressing mCherry red-fluorescent protein enables the monitoring of parasitic load via measurement of fluorescence emission. This approach allows a simpler, faster, non-invasive and cost-effective technique to assess the clinical progression of the infection after drug or vaccine therapy. 相似文献94.
An imbalance of the normal microbial flora, breakage of epithelial barriers or dysfunction of the immune system favour the transition of the human pathogenic yeast Candida albicans from a commensal to a pathogen. C. albicans has evolved to be adapted as a commensal on mucosal surfaces. As a commensal it has also acquired attributes, which are necessary to avoid or overcome the host defence mechanisms. The human host has also co-evolved to recognize and eliminate potential fungal invaders. Many of the fungal genes that have been the focus of this co-evolutionary process encode cell wall components. In this review, we will discuss the transition from commensalism to pathogenesis, the key players of the fungal cell surface that are important for this transition, the role of the morphology and the mechanisms of host recognition and response. 相似文献
95.
96.
L.A. Bermejo L. de Nascimento J. Mata S. Fernández-Lugo A. Camacho J.R. Arévalo 《Basic and Applied Ecology》2012,13(4):312-318
This work seeks to address several questions: Do plant functional groups respond differently to grazing? Can we use plant functional groups as tools for management, to support production and conservation efforts on the Canary Islands?We studied the effect of goat grazing on the contribution of frequency of several plant functional groups on a Natural Protected Area. To measure the contribution of frequency of seven functional groups between 2001 and 2005, a total of 36 permanent point quadrat transects were selected randomly in grazed and abandoned areas at the study sites. There were three types of responses: groups that did not respond to grazing (grasses and, with regard to origin native, alien and endemic groups), groups that showed on average a significantly higher contribution of frequency in grazed areas (herbaceous legumes and non-legume forbs) and groups that decreased in these areas (shrubs). Goat grazing has a significant effect on vegetation structure in the study area, increasing the contribution of frequency of the functional groups necessary for the maintenance of grazing. How some functional groups respond to grazing depends on inter-annual climatic variability. Therefore, assessing the effects of goat grazing on ecosystems requires a long-term approach. 相似文献
97.
David J. Walker Pascual Romero Aránzazu de Hoyos Enrique Correal 《Environmental and Experimental Botany》2008,64(3):217-224
We determined the cold (freezing) tolerance for field-grown plants of Atriplex halimus L. (Chenopodiaceae) in relation to plant ploidy level, leaf water relations and accumulation of osmolytes. Plants were grown at two sites in Murcia (Spain), having average minimum temperatures in the coldest month of 0.6 and 12.1 °C, respectively. LT50 values derived from laboratory freezing tests, using leaves taken from the plants in early winter and in spring, showed greater tolerance for winter-harvested leaves; the acclimation was more pronounced at the cold-winter site. Cold tolerance was related positively with leaf K and/or Na accumulation. Analysis of compatible organic solutes (soluble sugars, total amino acids and quaternary ammonium compounds) showed that cold tolerance (measured both as LT50 and as winter freezing damage in situ) was related most closely with leaf concentrations of soluble sugars. The leaf percentage dry matter content was related to both in vitro and in vivo tolerance, while tolerance in vitro was correlated also with the osmotic (potential ψs) and the relative water content. The two diploid (2n = 2x = 18) populations, from Spain, showed greater cold tolerance than the three tetraploid (2n = 4x = 36) populations, from North Africa and Syria, which may be related to the latter's greater cell size and consequent dilution of osmolytes. In this halophytic species, cold tolerance, like salinity and drought tolerance, seems to depend on osmotic adjustment, driven by vacuolar accumulation of K and Na and cytoplasmic accumulation of compatible solutes. 相似文献
98.
Boyano MD Andollo N Zalduendo MM Aréchaga J 《The International journal of developmental biology》2008,52(8):1105-1111
Epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation and alterations to chromatin structure have been proposed as hallmarks of imprinting in somatic cells after fertilization. In the germ cell line, gene imprinting needs to be reset in order to transmit the correct sex-specific imprinting pattern to the next generation. The precise timing of imprint erasure and re-establishment for many genes remains to be determined and precise molecular mechanisms of genomic imprinting have not yet been fully characterized. Here, we have analysed the methylation state and DNase-I sensitivity of two genes with reciprocal genomic imprinting (U2af1-rs1 and H19 genes) in a male mouse primordial germ cell (PGC) derived cell line (EG-1), isolated post-natal spermatogonia and mature sperm cells. Our results show that establishment of imprinting of the U2af1-rs1 and H19 genes during male germ cell differentiation occurs at different stages of differentiation. Furthermore, the presence of DNase-I hypersensitive sites may constitute a molecular marker to identify alleles and subsequently acquire the appropriate methylation imprint. We propose that this molecular identifier may be present or absent for a specific gene according to the sex of the gamete. 相似文献
99.
Venzal JM Estrada-Peña A Portillo A Mangold AJ Castro O de Souza CG Félix ML Pérez-Martínez L Santibánez S Oteo JA 《Experimental & applied acarology》2008,44(1):49-56
Amblyomma triste is the most prevalent tick species reported in human tick bites in Uruguay and has been found to be infected with Rickettsia parkeri, but no other microorganisms have been reported from this tick. A sample of 254 adults of A. triste was collected by flagging on vegetation in suburban areas in southern Uruguay. Pools of five ticks were assembled and a screening
for the DNA from the resulting 51 pools was realized by PCR assays using primers for amplifying a fragment of 16S rRNA gene
for members of Anaplasmataceae. Seventeen pools were positive (33%) and the sequenciation of the gene fragment amplified revealed
the presence of a putative new Alpha-Proteobacterium (denominated Atri-uru). The phylogenetic analysis showed that this microorganism
is closely related to the symbiont of I. ricinus denominated ‘Candidatus Midichloria
mitochondrii’ and other associated organisms. This rickettsial symbiont of ticks is included in a recent new clade proposed for the Alpha
subclass of the Proteobacteria. The discovery of this bacterium in A. triste is the first evidence of this group of Rickettsiales detected in the Genus Amblyomma, and the first record in South America. Also, in two of 17 positive samples a Gamma-Proteobacterium related to Francisella-like organisms was detected. 相似文献
100.
Clemente D Porteros A Arenzana FJ Aijón J Parrilla M Santos-Ledo A Arévalo R 《Archives italiennes de biologie》2008,146(1):35-52
NADPH-diaphorase (ND) positive cell types were characterized throughout the optic nerve of the tench in normal conditions and after optic nerve transection with survival periods of 1, 3, 7, 14, 30, 60, 120 and 180 days. Astrocytic markers (S100 and glutamine synthetase) and the microglial marker tomato lectin were employed. In the control prechiasmatic optic nerve two types (types I and II) of ND-positive glial cells appeared. All type I cells showed S100 immunoreactivity, whereas only a subpopulation of them were positive to glutamine synthetase. Type II cells only presented S100 immunoreactivity. In the control anterior optic tract, all ND-positive glial cells (type III) presented immunolabeling to S100 and glutamine synthetase. After transection, types I and II did not show any changes in the staining patterns for the glial markers when observed. Two new types of ND-positive glial cells (types IV and V) were observed after axotomy. All type IV cells were S100-immunopositive, and a subpopulation presented glutamine synthetase immunolabeling. Only a subpopulation of type V cells showed glutamine synthetase immunostaining. The presence of type IV or V cells in the lesioned optic nerve occurred simultaneously with significant decreases or absence of type I cells. These data suggest that type I and III cells are astrocytes and type II cells are oligodendrocytes. Types IV and V cells are the result of the activation of type I cells after optic nerve section. The polymorphism observed in ND-positive cells may reflect different cell functions during degenerative and regenerative processes. 相似文献