Effect of fiber orientation and strain rate on the nonlinear uniaxial tensile material properties of tendon

Tendons are exposed to complex loading scenarios that can only be quantified by mathematical models, requiring a full knowledge of tendon mechanical properties. This study measured the anisotropic, nonlinear, elastic material properties of tendon. Previous studies have primarily used constant strain-rate tensile tests to determine elastic modulus in the fiber direction. Data for Poisson's ratio aligned with the fiber direction and all material properties transverse to the fiber direction are sparse. Additionally, it is not known whether quasi-static constant strain-rate tests represent equilibrium elastic tissue behavior. Incremental stress-relaxation and constant strain-rate tensile tests were performed on sheep flexor tendon samples aligned with the tendon fiber direction or transverse to the fiber direction to determine the anisotropic properties of toe-region modulus (E0), linear-region modulus (E), and Poisson's ratio (v). Among the modulus values calculated, only fiber-aligned linear-region modulus (E1) was found to be strain-rate dependent. The E1 calculated from the constant strain-rate tests were significantly greater than the value calculated from incremental stress-relaxation testing. Fiber-aligned toe-region modulus (E(1)0 = 10.5 +/- 4.7 MPa) and linear-region modulus (E1 = 34.0 +/- 15.5 MPa) were consistently 2 orders of magnitude greater than transverse moduli (E(2)0 = 0.055 +/- 0.044 MPa, E2 = 0.157 +/- 0.154 MPa). Poisson's ratio values were not found to be rate-dependent in either the fiber-aligned (v12 = 2.98 +/- 2.59, n = 24) or transverse (v21 = 0.488 +/- 0.653, n = 22) directions, and average Poisson's ratio values in the fiber-aligned direction were six times greater than in the transverse direction. The lack of strain-rate dependence of transverse properties demonstrates that slow constant strain-rate tests represent elastic properties in the transverse direction. However, the strain-rate dependence demonstrated by the fiber-aligned linear-region modulus suggests that incremental stress-relaxation tests are necessary to determine the equilibrium elastic properties of tendon, and may be more appropriate for determining the properties to be used in elastic mathematical models.     

Trophic and steroidogenic effects of water deprivation on the adrenal gland of the adult female rat

The effects of a 3-day water deprivation were studied in adult female rats in order to know what are the different zones of the adrenal gland and the hormonal factors involved in the growth and the activity of the adrenal gland. Water deprivation significantly increased plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma Angiotensin II (AII), vasopressin (AVP), epinephrine, aldosterone and corticosterone concentrations but did not modify the plasma adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) level. Water deprivation significantly increased the absolute weight of the adrenal capsule containing the zona glomerulosa without modification of the density of cells per area unit suggesting that the growth of the adrenal capsule was due to a cell hyperplasia of the zona glomerulosa. Water deprivation significantly increased the density of AII type 1 (AT₁) receptors in the adrenal capsule but did not modify the density of AII type 2 (AT₂) receptors in the adrenal capsule and core containing the zona fasciculata, the zona reticularis and the medulla. The treatment of dehydrated female rats with captopril, which inhibits the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in order to block the production of AII, significantly decreased the absolute weight of the adrenal capsule, plasma aldosterone and the density of AT₁ receptors in the adrenal capsule. The concentration of corticosterone in the plasma, the density of AT₂ receptors and the density of cells per unit area in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal capsule were not affected by captopril-treatment. In conclusion, these results suggest that AII seems to be the main factor involved in the stimulation of the growth and the secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal capsule containing the zona glomerulosa during water deprivation. The low level of plasma ACTH is not involved in the growth of the adrenal gland but is probably responsible for the secretion of corticosterone by the zona fasciculata.     

Characterization of two phosphate transporters from barley; evidence for diverse function and kinetic properties among members of the Pht1 family

Putative phosphate transporters have been identified in a barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genomic library by their homology to known phosphate transporters from dicot species. The genes designated HORvu;Pht1;1 and HORvu;Pht1;6 encode proteins of 521 and 535 amino acids respectively with 12 predicted membrane-spanning domains and other motifs common to the Phtl family of phosphate transporters. HORvu;Pht1;1 is expressed exclusively in roots and is strongly induced by phosphate deprivation. HORvu;Pht1;6 is expressed in the aerial parts of the plant with strongest expression in old leaves and flag leaves. In situ hybridization showed that HORvu;Pht1;6 is expressed in the phloem of vascular bundles in leaves and ears. In order to study the biochemical properties of HORvu;Pht1;1 and HORvu;Pht1;6, the genes were expressed in transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants under the control of the rice actin promoter and suspension cell cultures were generated. Cells derived from transgenic plants were able to take up phosphate at a much higher rate than control cells, demonstrating that both genes encode functional phosphate transporters. The estimated Km for phosphate for cells expressing HORvu;Pht1;1 was 9.06 +/- 0.82 microM, which is characteristic of a high-affinity transporter. The rate of phosphate uptake decreased with increasing pH, suggesting that HORvu;Pht1;1 operates as a H+/H2PO4(-) symporter. In contrast, the estimated Km for phosphate for cells expressing HORvu;Pht1;6 was 385 +/- 61 microM, which is characteristic of a low-affinity transporter. Taken together, the results suggest that HORvu;Pht1;1 functions in uptake of phosphate at the root surface, while HORvu;Pht1;6 probably functions in remobilization of stored phosphate from leaves.     

Amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis in the differentiation of related species of mycobacteria

This study explores the potential of the amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) for intra- and interspecies identification of the genus Mycobacteria. A set of primers was used to amplify part of the 16S and 23S rDNA as well as the 16S-23S rDNA spacer from 121 isolates belonging to 13 different mycobacterial species. Restriction analysis was carried out with five different restriction enzymes, namely CfoI, HaeIII, RsaI, MspI and TaqI. Restriction digestion of the PCR product using CfoI enabled differentiation between 9 of the 13 mycobacterial species, whereas the remaining four enzymes differentiated between 7 of these 13 species. None of the five enzymes distinguished between different isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis or between species within the M. tuberculosis complex i.e., M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. bovis BCG and M. africanum. Although ARDRA analysis of the 16S-23S rDNA does not seem to have a potential for intraspecies differentiation, it has proven to be a rapid and technically relatively simple method to recognise strains belonging to the M. tuberculosis complex as well as to identify mycobacterial species outside this complex.     

Real-time PCR for chloroquine sensitivity assay and for pfmdr1-pfcrt single nucleotide polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum

Plasmodium falciparum drug resistance is a major problem in malaria endemic areas. Molecular markers and in vitro tests have been developed to study and monitor drug resistance. However, none, used alone, can provide sufficient data concerning the level of drug resistance and to issue precise guidelines for drug use policies in endemic areas. We propose real-time PCR for the simultaneous detection of pfcrt and pfmdr1 genes mutations and to determine the half-maximal inhibitory response (IC(50)) of antimalarial drug. Using hybridization probes and SybrGreen technology on LightCycler instrument, point mutations of pfcrt and pfmdr1 genes have been successfully detected in 161 human blood samples and determination of IC values was applied to chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant strains. Moreover, mixed infections caused by P. falciparum clones with wild-type or mutant alleles could be efficiency separated. The aim of this study was not to provide definitive data concerning the rate of mutations in an endemic area, but to describe a powerful method allowing the quantification of DNA for IC(50) determination and the detection of major pfmdr1 and pfcrt mutations.     

Developmentally regulated chromosome fragmentation linked to imprecise elimination of repeated sequences in paramecia

The chromosomes of ciliates are fragmented at reproducible sites during the development of the polyploid somatic macronucleus, but the mechanisms involved appear to be quite diverse in different species. In Paramecium aurelia, the process is imprecise and results in de novo telomere addition at locally heterogeneous positions. To search for possible determinants of chromosome fragmentation, we have studied an ~21-kb fragmentation region from the germ line genome of P. primaurelia. The mapping and sequencing of alternative macronuclear versions of the region show that two distinct multicopy elements, a minisatellite and a degenerate transposon copy, are eliminated by an imprecise mechanism leading either to chromosome fragmentation and the formation of new telomeres or to the rejoining of flanking sequences. Heterogeneous internal deletions occur between short direct repeats containing TA dinucleotides. The complex rearrangement patterns produced vary slightly among genetically identical cell lines, show non-Mendelian inheritance during sexual reproduction, and can be experimentally modified by transformation of the maternal macronucleus with homologous sequences. These results suggest that chromosome fragmentation in Paramecium is the consequence of imprecise DNA elimination events that are distinct from the precise excision of single-copy internal eliminated sequences and that target multicopy germ line sequences by homology-dependent epigenetic mechanisms.     

Evidence for a direct link between stress and immunity in the mollusc Haliotis tuberculata

Stress is thought to cause increased disease outbreaks and mortality in a number of invertebrates but currently very little information is available on mechanisms linking physiological states of stress and reduced disease resistance in these organisms. In the present study, we examined the possibility that stress alters immune functions, the principal line of defense against pathogens, in a molluscan model, the abalone Haliotis turbeculata. Immune parameters were investigated in abalones subjected to a 15 min mechanical disturbance which, as indicated by noradrenaline and dopamine hemolymphatic levels, resulted in a transient state of physiological stress. During the application of the stressor, immune parameters such as the number of circulating hemocytes, the migratory activity, the phagocytic capacity and the respiratory burst responses of hemocytes, decreased significantly. All parameters returned to initial values within 15-30 min after the end of the disturbance and a transient period of immunostimulation occurred between 100 and 480 min after the stress for all immune parameters except intracellular superoxide anion production. These results indicate that in the abalone H. tuberculata, as in vertebrates, a link exists between stress and the immune system. This may begin to answer why stress and disease outbreaks are linked in shellfish.     

Aberrant regulation of translation initiation in tumorigenesis

Altering the rate of translation initiation of a specific gene can tightly regulate the synthesis of the corresponding polypeptide and is an important mechanism in the control of gene expression. For some time it has been known that many genes involved in cell proliferation, cell growth and apoptosis have atypical 5' untranslated regions (UTRs) containing a high degree of RNA secondary structure, upstream open reading frames and internal ribosome entry segments. These features play a key role in the regulation of protein synthesis. In this review we discuss how the rate of translation initiation of proto-oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes is affected by elements in their 5' and 3' UTRs and we focus on how changes in the controlof gene expression at this level can contribute towards tumorigenesis.     

Validation of liquid chromatography assay for the quantitation of (Z)-3-[2,4-dimethyl-5-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-indol-3-ylidenemethyl)-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]propionic acid (SU006668) in human plasma and its application to a phase I clinical trial

The validation of an analytical method to quantify the antiangiogenic, (Z)-3-[2,4-dimethyl-5-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-indol-3-ylidenemethyl)-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]propionic acid (SU006668) for pharmacokinetic determination in a phase I clinical trial, is described. HPLC, with a gradient mobile phase and UV detection at 440 nm, was used. SU006668 was extracted from plasma by precipitation of proteins with acetonitrile. The assay was linear from 25 to 2000 ng/ml (r(2)=0.997); sensitive (limit of quantification 25 ng/ml), accurate (RE 2.6-11.9%) and reproducible (inter-batch precision C.V. 3.2%). Pharmacokinetic data for six patients are presented. They show linear pharmacokinetics with a low volume of distribution and induction at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/m(2).