Isoelectric focusing of brain cortex GSH S-transferase activity in mammals: evidence that polymorphism is absent in man

Specific activities of GSH S-transferase toward different model substrates were determined in the cytosol prepared from rat, guinea pig, rabbit, mouse, sheep, beef, pig and human brain cortex. The GSH S-transferase composition of the eight mammalian brain cortices was studied by using density gradient isoelectric focusing technique. Human brain cortex GSH S-transferase was resolved into a single peak of activity centered at pH 4.6, whereas the supernatants of all other mammals consisted of more than one enzymatic form. The kinetic properties of all forms isolated were compared.     

Analysis of fluorescence quenching of ribosome-bound virginiamycin S

The two virginiamycin components VM and VS interact synergistically with bacterial ribosomes in vitro and in vivo. Ribosome affinity for virginiamycin S increases about 10-fold upon incubation with virginiamycin M. This effect has been previously traced by spectrofluorimetric measurement based on the enhancement of virginiamycin S fluorescence upon its binding to the 50 S ribosomal subunit. In the present work the action of two virginiamycin S fluorescence quenchers, acrylamide and iodide, has been explored to gather information about the accessibility of ribosome-bound virginiamycin S and the variation of the accessibility level in the presence of virginiamycin M. Both acrylamide (non-ionized quencher) and iodide (ionized quencher) proved powerful quenchers of free virginiamycin S solutions. Since a comparable effect was obtained on 3- hydroxypicolinamide , the latter was indicated as the part of the molecule involved in the fluorescence effect. Fluorescence quenching by either agent was of the dynamic, i.e. collisional, type. Such an inference was based on the fact that these quenchers merely modified the emission spectrum (not the absorption spectrum), the bimolecular rate constant for the quenching process decreased linearly with the viscosity of the medium (static-type quenching is viscosity-independent), and that linear Stern-Volmer plots were obtained. The quenching ability of both agents underwent a sharp decrease in the presence of ribosomes; however, the Stern-Volmer equation was followed only in the case of acrylamide, whereas Lehrer 's relationship had to be applied in the case of iodide. When ribosomes were incubated with virginiamycin M, the fluorescence quenching ability of acrylamide and iodide was significantly reduced. Conclusions are as follows: a) the 3- hydroxypicolinyl residue of virginiamycin S is buried within an open well on the ribosome surface and is likely to be involved in the interaction with the binding site; b) the accessibility to the well is partly controlled by electrostatic forces; c) interaction of ribosomes with virginiamycin M entails a conformational change whereby the access to the well is reduced. These findings provide a molecular explanation for the previously observed increase of the association constant of virginiamycin S to ribosomes incubated with virginiamycin M which was found to be due to the decrease of the dissociation rate constant (the association rate constant remains practically the same).     

Genetic relationship between o6 and pro-1 mutants in maize

Summary This paper reports that the opaque-6 (o6) mutation of maize, which causes seedling lethality and interferes in the endosperm with the synthesis of zeins and b-32 protein, is a proline requiring mutant functionally allelic to proline-1 (pro-1). Furthermore, immunological studies on the b-32 content of ten independently originated o6 and pro-1 alleles demonstrated that four alleles contain an apparently normal b-32 protein while the others are either devoid of it or contain trace amounts of cross-reacting proteins of lower molecular weight.     

Glutathione redox cycle enzyme activities in erythrocytes of multiple sclerosis patients

The erythrocytes of multiple sclerosis patients with elevated superoxide dismutase levels were tested for the activities of glutathione redox cycle enzymes. No differences were observed between multiple sclerosis and normal control erythrocytes when the activities were referred to either hemoglobin concentration or lactate dehydrogenase content. Our results indicate that no adaptative changes occur in the activities of glutathione redox cycle enzymes in erythrocytes of multiple sclerosis subjects as a consequence of an elevated superoxide dismutase level.     

Spontaneously active and ATPMg-dependent protein phosphatase activity in vascular smooth muscle

A spontaneously active (Mr greater than 350,000) and an ATPMg-dependent phosphatase (Mr congruent to 140,000) were identified in bovine aortic smooth muscle. The spontaneously active phosphatase was effective in dephosphorylating both phosphorylase a (240nmol32P/min/mg) and phosphorylated myosin light chains (1000nmol32P/min/mg). In contrast, the ATPMg-dependent phosphatase was only effective in dephosphorylating phosphorylase a (400nmol32P/min/mg). Phosphorylase phosphatase activity of the ATPMg-dependent enzyme was suppressed by the well-characterized modulator protein (inhibitor-2), whereas the activity of the spontaneously active enzyme was unaffected. The aortic spontaneously active phosphatase did not convert to an ATPMg-dependent form when it was stored at 4 degrees or incubated at 30 degrees C in either the presence or absence of modulator protein. These findings suggest that spontaneous and ATPMg-dependent phosphatase activities described in these studies are probably ascribable to different enzymes. Since both phosphorylase and myosin light chains are phosphorylated when smooth muscle contracts these phosphatases may participate in coordinating arterial contractility and metabolism.     

Increased GH responsiveness to dopamine receptor stimulation in alcohol addicts during the late withdrawal syndrome

In humans the release of growth hormone (GH) elicited by dopamine (DA) and DA agonists may represent a reliable model to assess change in sensitivity of DA receptors. We now report that in chronic alcoholics, 4–7 days after the suspension of alcohol consumption, the increase of GH response to DA infusion was higher than that seen in non alcoholic volunteers. The specificity of this GH response to DA administration was demonstrated by the use of domperidone, a novel peripheral antagonist of DA receptors. These results suggest the development of hyper-responsiveness of DA receptors involved in the control of GH secretion in chronic alcoholics during the later phases of the “withdrawal syndrome”.     

Glucose compensation, serum lipids and thyroid hormones (rT3 and rT3/T3 ratio in non-insulin-dependent (type 2) diabetics: 2

In 45 type 2 diabetics it was unable to be found a relation between the plasma lipids and the fasting blood glucose (G), HbA1c, reverse T3 (rT3), rT3/T3 ratio, and relative body weight (R.B.W.). The conclusion was reached that the alteration of the lipoprotein metabolism and the thyroid hormones in type 2 diabetics could be primitive and independent from the availability of the insulin.