中国胫淡脉隧蜂亚属九新种(膜翅目:蜜蜂总科, 隧蜂科)

文中记述中国胫淡脉隧蜂亚属Lasioglossum(Evylaeus)九新种。所有正模、配模和大多数副摸标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所,少量副横标本保存于奥地利国P.Andreas Werner Ebmer处。 1.拟闪光淡脉隧蜂Lasioglossum(Eoylueus)subfuigens新种♀体长5mm。头长等于宽(图1)。唇基微隆起,唇基端部无刻点,具几条深的纵沟,     

Grazing impact and phenology of the freshwater sponge Ephydatia muelleri and the bryozoans Plumatella emarginata and Fredericella sultana under experimental warming

1. Both the clearance rates (CR) and abundances of the freshwater sponge Ephydatia muelleri and the bryozoans Plumatella emarginata and Fredericella sultana were investigated from autumn to spring under different temperature regimes. The experiments were performed in bypass channels of the River Rhine (Cologne, Germany) in which temperature could be manipulated. 2. The impact of temperature increase on CRs depends upon the grazer: E. muelleri showed a clear increase in CRs with increasing temperature whereas P. emarginata was not significantly affected by experimental warming. 3. Distinct differences in food preference were found for the sponge (which is an efficient grazer of bacteria and small algae) and for the bryozoan P. emarginata (which feeds primarily on large algae, and with no significant grazing on bacteria). 4. In contrast to their temperature‐related patterns in CR, respiration of both P. emarginata and E. muelleri increased with temperature between 19 and 32 °C, suggesting that the risk of experiencing energy deficiency at high temperatures due to increased metabolic rates is particularly high for the bryozoan. 5. A temperature elevation of 3 °C above the natural Rhine temperature resulted in a delay in the disappearance of active tissue and formation of resting stages for E. muelleri in autumn. This delay ranged from 8 (beginning of gemmulation) to 22 days (termination of gemmulation). In contrast, there was no distinct effect of warming on the disappearance of active zooids of the two bryozoan species in autumn. However, warming can positively affect the maintenance of active zooids during winter in F. sultana. In spring, the appearance of active zooids of P. emarginata was clearly stimulated by temperature elevations, whereas the hatching of both F. sultana and E. muelleri was hardly affected by warming. 6. The study demonstrated different patterns in the thermal ecology of the two freshwater bryozoans and the sponge in comparison to other filter feeders, particularly mussels. Such patterns need to be considered when predicting the impact of temperature on pelagic‐benthic coupling in aquatic habitats.     

Carbon losses due to soil warming: Do autotrophic and heterotrophic soil respiration respond equally?

Global warming has the potential to increase soil respiration (R_S), one of the major fluxes in the global carbon (C) cycle. R_S consists of an autotrophic (R_A) and a heterotrophic (R_H) component. We combined a soil warming experiment with a trenching experiment to assess how R_S, R_A, and R_H are affected. The experiment was conducted in a mature forest dominated by Norway spruce. The site is located in the Austrian Alps on dolomitic bedrock. We warmed the soil of undisturbed and trenched plots by means of heating cables 4 °C above ambient during the snow‐free seasons of 2005 and 2006. Soil warming increased the CO₂ efflux from control plots (R_S) by ∼45% during 2005 and ∼47% during 2006. The CO₂ efflux from trenched plots (R_H) increased by ∼39% during 2005 and ∼45% during 2006. Similar responses of R_S and R_H indicated that the autotrophic and heterotrophic components of R_S responded equally to the temperature increase. Thirty‐five to forty percent or 1 t C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ of the overall annual increase in R_S (2.8 t C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) was autotrophic. The remaining, heterotrophic part of soil respiration (1.8 t C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), represented the warming‐induced C loss from the soil. The autotrophic component showed a distinct seasonal pattern. Contribution of R_A to R_S was highest during summer. Seasonally derived Q₁₀ values reflected this pattern and were correspondingly high (5.3–9.3). The autotrophic CO₂ efflux increase due to the 4 °C warming implied a Q₁₀ of 2.9. Hence, seasonally derived Q₁₀ of R_A did not solely reflect the seasonal soil temperature development.     

Predicting potential impacts of climate change on the geographical distribution of enchytraeids: a meta-analysis approach

The expectation that atmospheric warming will be most pronounced at higher latitudes means that Arctic and montane systems, with predominantly organic soils, will be particularly influenced by climate change. One group of soil fauna, the enchytraeids, is commonly the major soil faunal component in specific biomes, frequently exceeding above‐ground fauna in biomass terms. These organisms have a crucial role in carbon turnover in organic rich soils and seem particularly sensitive to temperature changes. In order to predict the impacts of climate change on this important group of soil organisms we reviewed data from 44 published papers using a combination of conventional statistical techniques and meta‐analysis. We focused on the effects of abiotic factors on total numbers of enchytraeids (a total of 611 observations) and, more specifically, concentrated on total numbers, vertical distribution and age groupings of the well‐studied species Cognettia sphagnetorum (228 observations). The results highlight the importance of climatic factors, together with vegetation and soil type in determining global enchytraeid distribution; in particular, cold and wet environments with mild summers are consistently linked to greater densities of enchytraeids. Based on the upper temperature distribution limits reported in the literature, and identified from our meta‐analyses, we also examined the probable future geographical limits of enchytraeid distribution in response to predicted global temperature changes using the HadCM3 model climate output for the period between 2010 and 2100. Based on the existing data we identify that a maximum mean annual temperature threshold of 16 °C could be a critical limit for present distribution of field populations, above which their presence would decline markedly, with certain key species, such as C. sphagnetorum, being totally lost from specific regions. We discuss the potential implications for carbon turnover in these organic soils where these organisms currently dominate and, consequently, their future role as C sink/source in response to climate change.     

Alpine headwater streams as reservoirs of remnant populations of the Danubian clade of brown trout

1. The watercourses of Austria are mainly part of the Danube drainage system. Nonetheless, only few brown trout (Salmo trutta) populations of the Danubian phylogenetic lineage have been found in this region, not being introgressed by hatchery‐reared fish of the allochthonous Atlantic lineage. The present study was aimed at identifying further waterbodies that might harbour the non‐admixed gene pool of the Danubian clade trout. 2. In a first step, the complete mitochondrial DNA control region of 447 specimens from 20 sampling sites was sequenced to screen for the presence of specific haplotypes. In a second step, 332 individuals from 15 populations were analysed at 10 microsatellite DNA loci. 3. Although sampling concentrated on remote Alpine headwater streams, introgression of hatchery strains was more common than expected from existing stocking records. For seven populations, however, no evidence of recent hatchery trout introgression was found and it is suggested that they might represent the indigenous gene pool. 4. Populations showing no evidence of hatchery introgression displayed lower levels of intrapopulation variability and higher degrees of differentiation compared to purported admixed populations. 5. Our study demonstrates the necessity of combining different molecular markers to reveal the impact of introgression into wild populations, since at some sampling sites admixture would have remained undetected if only a single molecular technique was applied. 6. The identification and characterisation of non‐introgressed populations provides important information for setting conservation priorities and preventing further loss of genetic integrity of a unique element of the native fish fauna.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">CDKN2A</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">MC1R</Emphasis> variants found in Cypriot patients diagnosed with cutaneous melanoma

The prevalence of genetic variants associated to cutaneous melanoma (CM) has never been determined within Cypriot melanomas. This study evaluates the frequency of variants in cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) and melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) in 32 patients diagnosed with CM. Other characteristics and risk factors were also assessed. CDKN2A p.Ala148Thr was detected in three of 32 patients, while the control group revealed no variations within CDKN2A. MC1R screening in 32 patients revealed the following variations: p.Val60Leu in 11 patients, p.Arg142His in four patients, p.Thr314Thr in one patient, p.Arg160Trp in one patient, p.Val92Met/p.Thr314Thr in one patient and p.Val92Met/p.Arg142His/p.Thr314Thr in one patient. The control group revealed only p.Val60Leu (in 10 of 45 individuals), which is frequently found in general populations. Two unrelated patients carried CDKN2A p.Ala148Thr in combination with MC1R p.Arg142His, suggesting digenic inheritance that may provide evidence of different gene variants acting synergistically to contribute for CM development. This study confirms the presence of CDKN2A and MC1R variants among Cypriot melanomas and supports existing evidence of a role for these variants in susceptibility to melanoma.     

AN INQUIRY INTO THE PRINCIPLES OF NEEDS‐BASED ALLOCATION OF HEALTH CARE

The concept of need is often proposed as providing an additional or alternative criterion to cost‐effectiveness in making allocation decisions in health care. If it is to be of practical value it must be sufficiently precisely characterized to be useful to decision makers. This will require both an account of how degree of need for an intervention is to be determined and a prioritization rule that clarifies how degree of need and the cost of the intervention interact in determining the relative priority of the intervention. Three common features of health care interventions must be accommodated in a comprehensive theory of need: the probabilistic nature of prognosis (with and without the intervention); the time course of effects; and the fact that the most effective treatments often combine more than one intervention. These common features are problematic for the concept of need. We outline various approaches to prioritization on the basis of need and argue that some approaches are more promising than others.     

Climatic fluctuations and orogenesis as motors for speciation in East Africa: case study on Parepistaurus Karsch, 1896 (Orthoptera)

Mechanisms of speciation of flightless grasshoppers in mountainous and coastal East Africa are inferred considering (i) phylogenies estimated with a combination of molecular markers (16S rRNA locus, COI and H3), (ii) ecological data and (iii) the geographic distribution of Parepistaurus species. The study suggests that coastal taxa of Parepistaurus belong to ancestral lineages from which evolved the high diversity of species found in the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania and Kenya, which are geologically ancient mountain formations. Network analyses and a molecular clock approach, calibrated with the geological age of the volcanoes, suggested that speciation was boosted by climatic fluctuations affecting large areas of East Africa. With the aridification beginning 2.8 Ma, forest taxa were isolated due to forest fragmentation and populations were separated by extended grasslands, which are avoided by Parepistaurus species. However, a humid period between 2.7 and 2.5 Ma triggered a spread of coastal taxa along the Eastern Arc Mountains. Forests expanded again and riparian vegetation along rivers draining into the Indian Ocean probably served as corridors for the dispersal of coastal taxa to the hinterland. The inland volcanoes such as Mount Kilimanjaro are therefore good time markers because their geological age is known, limiting the available time for speciation processes of mountainous Parepistaurus in the area to a maximum of about 1–2 Ma. A third humid but cold period between 1.1 and 0.9 Ma probably further boosted the spread of several flightless and montane‐adapted Orthoptera taxa.