黄瓜27kD LHC—Ⅱ复合物三维结构的电子晶体学初步研究

从黄瓜 (CucumissativusL .)叶片中分离出只含有一种亚基 (2 7kD)的LHC_Ⅱ复合物。采用batch方法获得了其二维晶体 ,大小为 0 .7μm× 1.0 μm ,衍射能力达 30 。负染样品的二维投影结果表明 ,该晶体为p3对称性 ,晶胞参数为 15 .4nm× 15 .4nm ,不同于以往报道的菠菜 (SpinaciaoleraceaL .)或豌豆 (PisumsatiumL .)LHC_Ⅱ晶体 ,为另外一种晶型。采用tomography技术 ,收集了 0°～ - 5 5°系列倾斜照片 ,进行三维重构。LHC_Ⅱ复合物是由 6个单体组成的六元环 ,相邻 2个单体分别从膜的两侧插膜 ,方向相反 ,在膜区靠疏水 疏水相互作用成二聚体 ,3个相同的二聚体相互连接成六元环。     

Kinetics and mechanism of gas phase MTBE and ETBE formation on Keggin and Wells-Dawson heteropolyacids as catalysts

The paper reviews the work of the authors concerning the mechanism and kinetics of catalytic gas phase formation of tertiary ethers: methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and ethyl-tert-butyl ether (ETBE). The mechanism of tertiary ethers synthesis from alcohol and isobutene was proposed. Basing on the sorption of reagents and IR investigations the elementary steps of reactions were proposed. As the rate determining step two possible reactions: formation of carbocation and formation of ether from alcohol supplied from the bulk and protonated isobutene were discussed. The general rate equation was formulated.     

Drinking water biofilm assessment of total and culturable bacteria under different operating conditions

Abstract

Monitoring of biofilms subjected to different operating conditions was performed using a flow cell system. The system was fed by chlorine-free tap water, with and without added nutrients (0.5 mg l^?1 carbon, 0.1 mg l^?1 nitrogen and 0.01 mg l^?1 phosphorus), and biofilms were grown on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and stainless steel (SS) coupons, both in laminar and turbulent flow. The parameters analysed were culturable cells, using R2A, and total bacteria, which was assessed using the 4,6-diamino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining method. The impact of the different operating conditions in the studied parameters was established using Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA). From the most relevant to the least relevant factor, the total and culturable bacteria in biofilms increased due to the addition of nutrients to water (F = 20.005; p < 0.001); the use of turbulent (Re = 11000) instead of laminar (Re = 2000) hydrodynamic flows (F = 9.173; p < 0.001); and the use of PVC instead of SS as the support material (F = 2.848; p = 0.060). Interactions between these conditions, namely between surface and flow (F = 8.235; p < 0.001) and also flow and nutrients (F = 5.498; p < 0.05) have also proved to significantly influence biofilm formation. This work highlights the need for a deeper understanding of how the large spectrum of conditions interact and affect biofilm formation potential and accumulation with the final purpose of predicting the total and culturable bacteria attached to real drinking water distribution pipes based on the system characteristics.     

Metal-mediated and metal-catalyzed hydrolysis of nitriles

The essential goals of this review are the following: (i) to verify various factors which affect the metal-mediated hydrolysis of organonitriles; (ii) to draw attention to unusual conversions of RCN species, yet underdeveloped and non-systematic, which involve hydrolysis and lead to compounds of synthetic and/or pharmacological significance. The metal-mediated and/or metal-catalyzed reactions of RCN species are surveyed and the experimental material on metal-mediated hydration of RCN species at diverse metal centers along the Periodic Table is summarized in a tabular form.     

Pyrazole and (pyrazol-1-yl)metal complexes as carbon-carbon coupling catalysts

Pyrazolyl ligands have been used to prepare metal complexes since the mid-1960s as nitrogen-donor ligands. However, unlike other nitrogen-donor ligands like imines and pyridines, their metal complexes have not been used extensively in catalysis. This review highlights the emergence of pyrazolyl metal complexes as nitrogen-donor catalysts, particularly in carbon-carbon coupling reactions. The focus is on olefin oligomerization and polymerization, acetylene oligomerization and polymerization, Heck and Suzuki coupling and ring opening polymerization of cyclic monomers. It highlights successes and problems of these catalysts, but draws attention to this burgeoning area so that other researchers can take advantage of these remarkable ligands.     

Chemical detection of carbon-metal bonds: From distinct sigma-bonding of main-group metals to ambiguous pi-bonding with transition metals

The detection, site of binding and quantification of bonds between carbon and a main-group metal can be readily achieved by a combination of proto- and deuteriodemetallation of such stable organometallics, combined with NMR spectral and mass spectrometric analyses of the organic products. Only with chiral sp³-carbon-metal bonds, with geometrically isomeric sp²-carbon-metal bonds or with allylic carbon-metal bonds will further structural physical data be required to identify the actual 3D-structure of the carbon binding site.The thermal and photochemical lability of carbon bonds to transition metals imposes restrictions on the detection of C−M_t bonds by deuteriodemetallation. Often the homolytic rupture of such bonds competes greatly and will lead to geometric isomers. Results of such apparent protodemetallation should be cross-checked with other structural information.The detection of C=M_t and possibly C≡M_t bonds may prove to be generally achievable by cycloadditions of such metal carbenes or carbynes with nitriles or alkynes.The addition of low-valent transition metal salts to alkenes or alkynes leads to complexes viewable as pi-complexes or as epimetallated adducts. By examination of available structural parameters and the chemical reactions undergone by such adducts, the adducts between ethylene and Ti(OiPr)₂ and between diphenylacetylene and α,α-bipyridyl-nickel(0) can best be considered as titana(IV)cyclopropane and nickel(II)cyclopropene structures, respectively.     

Studies on Aryl H-Phosphonates. Synthesis of Nucleoside N-Alkylphosphonamidates

Abstract

The aminolysis of aryl nucleoside H-phosphonate diesters with various amines was studied. The new simple and efficient method of synthesis of nucleoside phosphonamidates is described.     

Adjusted saddle position counteracts the modified muscle activation patterns during uphill cycling

The main aim of this project was to study muscle activity patterns during steep uphill cycling (UC) (i.e., with a gradient of 20%) with (1) normal saddle geometry and (2) with adjusted saddle position ASP (i.e., moving the saddle forward and changing the tilt of the saddle by 20%). Based on our preliminary case study, we hypothesized that: (1) during 20% UC muscle activity patterns would be different from those of level cycling (LC) and (2) during 20% UC with ASP muscle activity patterns would resemble those of LC. Twelve trained male cyclists were tested on an electromagnetically braked cycle ergometer under three conditions with the same work rate (80% of maximal power output) and cadence (90 rpm): level (LC), 20% UC and 20% UC with ASP. Electromyographic signals were acquired from m. tibialis anterior (TA), m. soleus (SO), m. gastrocnemius (GC), m. vastus lateralis (VL), m. vastus medialis (VM), m. rectus femoris (RF), m. biceps femoris (BF) and m. gluteus maximus (GM). Compared to LC, 20% UC significantly modified both the timing and the intensity of activity of the selected muscles, while muscles that cross the hip joint were the most affected (RF later onset, earlier offset, shorter range of activity and decrease in peak amplitude of 34%; BF longer range of activity; GM increase in peak amplitude of 44%). These changes in EMG patterns during 20% UC were successfully counteracted by the use of ASP and it was interesting to observe that the use of ASP during 20% UC was perceived positively by all cyclists regarding both comfort and performance. These results could have a practical relevance in terms of improving performance during UC, together with reducing discomfort.