Morphometric comparison of populations of Orchis sitnia Lam. (Orchidaceae) from Oxfordshire and Kent

BATEMAN, R. M. & FARRINGTON, O. S., 1989. Morphometric comparison of populations of Orchis sitnia Lam. (Orchidaceae) from Oxfordshire and Kent. Univariate and multivariate morphometric analyses of Orchis simia Lam. from its two remaining naturally-founded populations in Britain (Goring, Oxfordshire and Faversham, Kent) reveal only minor morphological differences between the populations and suprisingly low levels of intra-population variation. This probably reflects recent founding from Continental seed at Faversham and penecontemporaneous, human-induced, catastrophic contraction of the gene pool at Goring. The apparently restricted gene pools of these populations may adversely effect their long-term survival.     

Value of a control decision rule for leek moth infestations in leek

Fourteen commercial leek fields with first and second generation Leek moth, Acrolepiopsis assectella Z., (LM) injury were sampled during 1986 in The Netherlands. For both generations, plant injury was more prevalent in the perimeter of the field than in interior portions. A sequential sampling program for use in making treatment decisions for LM was developed. An economic analysis of the value of sampling information derived from the sequential sampling program was performed. The parameters used for the analysis were crop yield and value, expected level of LM infestation, potential loss of value due to LM infestation, effectiveness of insecticide application, and cost of sampling. Due mainly to the high value of the crop and low cost of treatment, analysis indicates that there is little difference between a sampling-based management plan and prophylactic application of insecticides in terms of pest control costs. Additionally, such a sampling-based management plan is relatively insensitive to changes in the parameters used in the model. Thus, development of a threshold linked to a sampling procedure will not reduce pest control costs. Use of the sampling-based management plan will also not significantly increase pest control costs and will likely result in reduced insecticide use compared with a prophylactic treatment program.

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Zusammenfassung In den Niederlanden wurde 1986 der durch den Befall der ersten und zweiten Generation der Lauchmotte (Acrolepiosis assectella Z.) verursachte Schaden auf 14 kommerziell genutzten Porreefeldern ermittelt. Für beide Generationen wurde an den Feldrändern ein deutlich höherer Befall als in dem inneren Bereich eines Feldes festgestellt. Zur Bekämpfung der Lauchmotte wurde als Entscheidungsmodell ein sequentielles Probenahmeverfahren entwickelt. Der Informationsgehalt der sequentiellen Befallserhebung wurde einer ökonomischen Bewertung unterzogen. Hierbei wurden folgende Parameter zugrunde gelegt: Erntemenge und Ertrag, erwarteter Befallsgrad sowie hierdurch verursachter möglicher Ertragsverlust, Wirkungsgrad einer Insektizidbehandlung und Kosten der Stichprobennahme. Die Analyse der einzelnen Parameter ergab nur eine geringe Kostendifferenz zwischen einer gezielten Bekämpfung nach sequentieller Probenahme und prophylaktischen Insektizidspritzungen, bedingt durch den hohen Wert der Kultur und die niedrigen Kosten einer Bekämpfung. Darüber hinaus its das Verfahren einer gezielten Lauchmottenbekämpfung gegeüber Veränderungen der obengenannten Parameter relativ unempfindlich. Deshalb wird die Entwicklung eines Schwellenwertes der mit Probenahmeverfahren verbunden ist die Bekämpfungskosten nicht reduzieren. Die anwendung der Probenahmeplans würde Bekämpfungskosten auch nicht erhöhen und würde wahrscheinlich Insecktizidverbrauch reduzieren im Vergleich zu einen prophylaktischen Behandlungsprogramm.

     

Changing household composition,labor patterns,and fertility in a highland New Guinea population

The European demographic transition of the nineteenth century is often proposed as a model for demographic change in twentieth century developing nations, and economic development is seen as leading to an inevitable reduction in total fertility in these nations. This paper examines data from the Gainj of Papua New Guinea, a natural fertility population with very low reproductive output, and suggests that the effects of development on fertility change are much more complex than a simple demographic transition model would suggest. Looking at two variables known to contribute significantly to low total fertility among the Gainj, late age at first birth for women and long interbirth intervals, the paper suggests that households, in their recruitment and allocation of labor, may exert a mediating influence in the relationship between economic development and fertility.     

椭圆斜羽叶的解剖研究及斜羽叶的系统分类位置

本文根据对椭圆斜羽叶(Plagiozamites oblongifolius)钙质石化化石的研究,认为其主要特征如下:羽状复叶,叶肉无海绵组织和栅栏组织分化。羽片叶脉维管束外韧式,木质部外始式,与现代苏铁属叶脉特征相近。羽轴维管束为“U”形,外始式木质部、梯状纹孔管胞,与现代苏铁属的羽轴维管束相似。根据上述特征,目前可将斜羽叶属归入原始苏铁类植物。但是,如果斜羽叶的生殖器官同 Noeggerathia 一样,为异孢型孢子囊穗,则斜羽叶可能为一种与苏铁类起源有关的原裸子植物。     

Morphological variation among widely dispersed larval populations of anadromous southern hemisphere lampreys (Geotriidae and Mordaciidae)

Larvae of all three southern hemisphere anadromous parasitic lampreys were collected from rivers in Australia, New Zealand and South America. Body intervals were measured, trunk myomeres counted and the frequency of pigmentation in different body regions recorded. Morphometric data were subjected to multiple group principal components analysis (MGPCA) which took into account changes during growth. The components (together with myomere counts) and the pigmentation data were both subjected to discriminant analysis. Ordination and rank correlation tests revealed no evidence for either latitudinal clines or a continuum of circumpolar change amongst larval lamprey populations. Clustering of population centroids clearly distinguished between Mordacia lapicida (Gray) from Chile and M. mordax (Richardson) from south-eastern Australia. Populations of Geotria australis Gray divided into groups representing three geographical regions, namely Argentina, Chile and Australasia (Western Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand). Ammocoetes from Argentina were the most divergent, possessing a more posterior cloaca, taller dorsal fins, a greater gap between dorsal fins, and distinctive pigmentation on the head and caudal fin. Within the Australasian group, Western Australian and New Zealand populations clustered closer than either did with those from Tasmania. The cluster analyses for larval populations of G. australis suggest that, during their marine trophic phase, the adults of this species originating from Argentinian and Chilean rivers follow different migratory routes, whereas those from Western Australia, New Zealand and, to a lesser extent, Tasmania intermix.     

A cladistic analysis of interspecific relationships ofSaguinus

The dental and cranial morphologies of all species ofSaguinus, S. oedipus, S. geoffroyi, S. leucopus, S. nigricollis, S. fuscicollis, S. labiatus, S. mystax, S. imperator, S. bicolor, andS. midas are examined. The following hypotheses are developed by cladistic methodology, using only synapomorphic characters to assess the interspecific relationships ofSaguinus.Saguinus are divided into two main groups; one consists ofS. oedipus, S. geoffroyi, andS. leucopus, and the other includesS. inustus, S. nigricollis, S. fuscicollis, S. labiatus, S. mystax, S. imperator, S. bicolor, andS. midas. In the former group,S. oedipus is more closely related toS. geoffroyi than either is toS. leucopus. In the latter group,S. labiatus, S. mystax, andS. imperator are classified into one group, andS. bicolor andS. midas form one monophyletic group.     

On the systematic position of the family Gyrinidae (Coleoptera: Adephaga)

Various characters of adult and larval members of Adephaga and Cupedidae were analyzed, and suggest that Gyrinidae are the sister-group of the remaining Adephaga, and are not closely related to the remaining aquatic Adephaga. The aquatic families Noteridae, Amphizoidae, Hygrobiidae and Dytiscidae seem to form a well founded monophyletic unit. The following characters are considered as synapomorphies of Adephaga excluding Gyrinidae: bifurcate condition of the muscle (= M.) tentoriopraementalis inferior, reduction of hypopharynx, strongly developed prosternal process, reduction in size and specialized modification of the ventral sclerite of the mesothorax, strongly developed mesofurcal arms, a high mesopleural ridge, globular mesocoxae restricted to rotatory movements, invaginated sternum VIII (coxostemum), the strongly curved base of the median lobe of the aedeagus, which articulates with the parameres, the rotated position of the aedeagus in repose, fusion of the larval clypeolabrum with the frons and reduction of the larval lacinia. Mesal shifting of M. episterno-coxalis prothoracis, and the fusion of the apical portions of the malpighian tubules of either side are considered as synapomorphies of Adephaga excluding Rhysodidae and Gyrinidae. Lateral reduction of the meta “sternal” transverse ridge and the presence of the subcubital setal binding patch of the hind wing are considered as synapomorphic characters of Trachypachidae, Noteridae, Amphizoidae, Hygrobiidae and Dytiscidae. We postulate that the metacoxal fusion occurred independently in gyrmids and the common ancestor of Trachypachidae, Noteridae, Amphizoidae, Hygrobiidae and Dytiscidae. Consequently we consider this character state as another synapomorphy of Trachypachidae and Hydradephaga excluding Haliplidae and Gyrinidae. The following characters are considered as synapomorphies of Noteridae, Amphizoidae, Hygrobiidae and Dytiscidae: Loss of tactile setae on the head capsule, metafurcal origin on the intercoxal wall, expansion of the intercoxal wall, elongation of the subcubital setal binding patch, loss of Mm. furca-coxale anterior and posterior, reduction of the larval abdominal segments IX and X, and the shifting of the uropmphi onto the ventral side of segment VIII. Presence of M. tentorio-mandibularis and M. stipitopalpalis intemus are certainly primitive features of adult gyrinids but the distribution of these character states among most members of Adephaga is yet unclear. Chemical defence gland constituents point towards a very isolated position of Gyrinidae. The old age of the group, documented by a larva found in upper Permian deposits, may support the hypothesis of a sister-group relation-ship between Gyrinidae and the remainder of Adephaga.     

中国鲴亚科鱼类同工酶和骨骼特征及系统演化的探讨：鲤形目：鲤科

本文对鲴亚科Xenocyprinae共4属6种鱼和鲢亚科Hypophthal michthyinae的鲢、鳙Aristichihys nobilis进行了骨骼系统的研究,并对鲴亚科的6种鱼同工酶谱型,进行了分析比较。鲢亚科虽然具有鲴亚科的共同祖征和全部离征,但因其有较多的特化性状,仍将其列为和鲴亚科并列的一个亚科。应用分支系统学原理推导出鲴亚科的系统发育图。鲴亚科6种鱼的肝、肾、心、眼的晶状体、鳍、脑,肌肉等7种组织5种同工酶(LDH,MDH,ES,ADH,G6PDH)的电泳分析表明,生化分类和经典分类结果完全一致。