金露梅与格桑花

青藏高原的格桑花是什么植物或者说是什么植物的花,存在广泛争议,困扰着想一探究竟的人们。格桑花作为一种精神存在于藏族百姓心中,是他们追求幸福吉祥和美好生活的情感象征,是重要的雪域文化标识,认识熟知并开发利用好它,将有助于推动藏区生态、文化和产业振兴。金露梅是青藏高原分布最广的树木,按集生羽状复叶小叶数可分为5叶金露梅和7叶金露梅,《中国植物志》对它们的记载分别是金露梅（Potentilla fruticosa L.）和小叶金露梅（P.parvifolia Fisch.）。通过对青藏高原植被和历史文化景观考察,结合当地藏民描述及地方传说,本研究认为格桑花就是金露梅,其分布海拔可以拓展到5200 m的高寒恶劣环境。金露梅生性强健,耐寒、耐旱、耐瘠薄、耐强光,象征着藏族同胞刚毅、坚强、勤劳质朴、不畏严寒、生命力顽强的品格。     

海河流域典型河口生态环境需水量

在分析河口生态环境需水量类型及特征的基础上 ,采用水文学、生物学及水力学方法计算了海河流域中海河口、滦河口及漳卫新河口生态系统水循环、生物循环消耗水量及生物栖息地需水量。考虑不同生态功能需水量间的兼容性 ,得到各河口生态环境需水年度总量 ,以保持河口径流时间分布自然性为基础 ,确定了生态环境需水量年内时间分配。结果表明 ,即使不考虑污染物的排放 ,近年来海河口、漳卫新河口实际径流量已无法满足最低等级生态环境需水量 5 .97和 4 .96亿 m3的要求。相应河口生态系统已发生了不可自然恢复的退化。滦河口径流年度总量基本满足生态环境要求 ,其生态保护重点在于保持生态环境需水量年内时间变化的自然状况。通过比较不同河口间生态环境需水量结果 ,认为河口生态环境需水量空间差异性主要源于河口间气候和径流量的不同 ,时间差异性则受到河口地区年内季节间气候变化幅度的影响。保证污染物达标排放基础上 ,保持河口生态系统蒸发消耗、水体盐度需水量及相应年内时间变化的自然性应成为海河流域河口生态环境保护及恢复工作中的基础     

不同能量供需下雌性棕色田鼠胃运动的变化

用PowerLab/8sp生理信号采集分析系统记录哺乳雌鼠、禁食1d和3d雌鼠及正常对照雌鼠胃内压、胃收缩幅值及收缩频率,以研究在不同能量需求与供应状态下,棕色田鼠(Lasiopodomys mandarinus)胃运动的适应性变化。结果显示,禁食组和哺乳期雌鼠的胃内压及胃收缩幅值均显著高于正常对照雌鼠组(P0.05),禁食组胃内压、胃收缩幅值较哺乳组有所下降,且禁食3d组胃内压明显下降(P0.05)。说明在不同生理状态下,能量需求与供应不同,消化道活动发生适应性变化,且消化道生理功能变化与能量胁迫程度相关。     

Effect of training day,match, and length of the microcycle on workload periodization in professional soccer players: a full-season study

The aims of this study were to: (a) describe and compare the volume and intensity from the workload of professional soccer players between training and MD, and (b) analyse the effect that the length of the microcycle had on the workload. A cohort study was designed for a full season in La Liga 123. Wearable tracking systems collected the distance covered in meters (m), total number of high-intensity accelerations (ACC_HIGH) and decelerations (DEC_HIGH), total number of high-speed running actions (HSRA), high-speed running distance (HSRD), high metabolic load distance (HMLD), and player load (PL) from training days (MD+1, MD-4, MD-3, MD-2, and MD-1) and MD. Significant differences were found between training and MD workload, MD workload being the most demanding for all intensity and volume variables (F = 36.35–753.94; p < 0.01; w_p² = 0.21–0.85). The greatest training intensity and volume were found on MD-4 and MD-3 (p < 0.05). In addition, a novel finding was that the length of the microcycle had a significant effect on the workload both in volume and intensity (F = 4.84–14.19; p < 0.01; w_p² = 0.03–0.09), except for relative ACC_HIGH, DEC_HIGH, and HMLD. Although MD-4 and MD-3 were the most suitable days for loading the players, the results showed that MD elicited a unique stimulus in terms of volume and intensity. Consequently, coaches need to include specific training drills to adapt the players for the competitive demands. Finally, special focus should be placed on MD from short and regular microcycles (5-day, 6-day, or 7-day microcycles) since declines in physical performance were observed in comparison with long microcycles (8-day or 9-day microcycles).     

CIRCADIAN RHYTHM OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC OXYGEN EVOLUTION IN KAPPAPHYCUS ALVAREZII (RHODOPHYTA): DEPENDENCE ON LIGHT QUANTITY AND QUALITY

The rate of oxygen evolution of the tropical red alga Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty was measured for 6 days in the laboratory using a computer-aided method for long-term recording. In cool white light, Kappaphycus exhibited a robust circadian rhythm of O₂ evolution in the irradiance range of 100 to 1000 μmol photons·m ^{− 2}·s ^{− 1}. With increasing irradiance, the period of the free-running rhythm, τ, decreased in blue and increased in red light but did not change significantly in green light. The accelerating or slowing action of blue or red light, respectively, points to two photoreceptors used in the light transduction pathway of the circadian oscillator controlling oxygen evolution or the light reactions of photosynthesis in Kappaphycus. No significant changes of τ were observed with increasing irradiance in cool white light, possibly due to the additive opposing responses caused by blue and red light.     

Comparison of the most demanding scenarios during different in-season training sessions and official matches in professional basketball players

The purpose of this study was to compare physical demands during the most demanding scenarios (MDS) of different training sessions and official matches in professional basketball players across playing positions. Thirteen professional basketball players were monitored over a 9-week competitive season using a local positioning system. Peak physical demands included total distance, distance covered at > 18 km·h^-1, distance and number of accelerations (≥ 2 m∙s^-2) and decelerations (≤ -2 m∙s^-2) over a 60-second epoch. Analysis of variance for repeated measures, Bonferroni post-hoc tests and standardised Cohen’s effect size (ES) were calculated. Overall, almost all physical demands during the MDS of training were lower (-6.2% to -35.4%) compared to official matches. The only variable that surpassed competition demands was distance covered at > 18 km·h^-1, which presented moderate (ES = 0.61, p = 0.01) and small (ES = 0.48, p > 0.05) increases during training sessions four and three days before a competition, respectively. Conversely, the two previous practices before match day presented trivial to very large decreases (ES = 0.09–2.66) in all physical demands. Furthermore, centres achieved the lowest peak value in total distance covered during matches, forwards completed the greatest peak distance at > 18 km·h^-1, and guards performed the greatest distance and number of high-intensity accelerations and decelerations. In conclusion, physical demands during the MDS of different training sessions across the microcycle failed to match or surpass peak values during official matches, which should be considered when prescribing a training process intended to optimise the MDS of match play.     

Problems Involved in an Educational and Experimental Research Programme

Teachers operating a scheme of internal assessment of practical work for an Advanced level Biology course raise a number of queries or have specific problems, especially if they are new to the scheme. Some of these problems are described.     

基因编辑技术发展现状

鉴于以CRISPR/Cas9为代表的基因编辑技术在可操作性、经济性和时效性上取得的革命性突破,以及国内外对此技术的研发和应用现状,中国有可能在基因编辑技术的下游技术研发(特别是植物基因编辑的应用)、专业公司孵化等方面取得突破。因此分析目前中国基因编辑技术发展的关键需求、潜在应用领域就显得尤为迫切和必要。采用问卷调查和计量方法对基因编辑技术发展的关键技术需求和最潜在应用领域进行研究。首先建立有序多分类Logistic回归模型并进行因变量分析,通过显著性检验在4个方面共24个问卷问题中选择8个存在显著因果关系的自变量,然后基于有序多分类Logistic回归模型,分析8个问题中不同选项对基因编辑技术发展的具体影响作用。调查结果表明多数基因编辑领域的研究人员认为在注重基因编辑基础技术研发的同时应更多地关注如何进行技术产业化,要注重在植物领域发展潜在竞争优势;促进我国基因编辑技术发展不仅需要科研机构参与,更需要包括高校、政府在内的多方力量协同作用;正确引导公众的基因编辑技术舆论认识和建立安全规范体系较为迫切;技术风险规避的重点应放在生物武器和生物恐怖、基因编辑相关传染病、物种基因改变对生态环境的...     

工作属性与员工心理健康的关系

以Karasek的工作要求一控制模型为分析框架,通过对三家企业219名员工的问卷调查,探讨工作属性与员工心理健康的关系。研究结果显示,工作属性中的工作要求、工作控制均与心理健康显著相关;在控制了人口统计学变量之后,二者所解释的心理健康方差变异量为7％;工作要求和工作控制的交互效应也能够有效预测心理健康。这些结果提示：工作要求过高和工作控制缺乏都会导致员工的心理健康下降,员工的心理健康是工作要求和工作控制共同作用的结果。     

Feeding postures of suspension-feeding larval black flies: the conflicting demands of drag and food acquisition

Summary We tested whether larval black flies actively control the positioning of their feeding appendages (labral fans), and if so, whether their posture represents a balance between the conflicting demands of drag and feeding. We compared the postures of live larvae with the postures of larvae killed by heat-shock in three different flow regimes in a laboratory experiment; we assumed that the postures of heat-killed larvae approximated a passive response to drag. The average height of the labral fans above the bed declined significantly in faster flows, and was significantly greater in live than dead larvae. There was also a significant interaction effect, since the difference between the fan heights of live and dead larvae was greater in slower flows. Two mechanisms may contribute to this result. Larvae in slower flows have to increase their fan heights more than larvae living in faster flows to achieve comparable increases in velocity and thus particle flux. In addition, muscular strength may limit the feeding postures larvae can assume. The fan heights of live larvae also varied depending on the concentration of food particles: larvae exposed to low food concentrations held their fans higher above the bed than did larvae exposed to high food concentrations in the same flow regime. This change in posture is due neither to an uneven particle concentration in the boundary layer nor to added drag from particles trapped in the labral fans. Collectively, our results indicate that these suspension feeders actively control their feeding posture, and suggest that these varying postures represent a dynamic balance between the conflicting needs of minimizing drag and maximizing feeding.