In vitro Storage of Strawberry and Raspberry in Calcium-Alginate Beads at 4°C

Three-millimeter-long shoot tips of strawberry 'Senga Sengana' and raspberry 'Norna' encapsulated in calcium alginate were stored in vitro at 4 °C in the dark. The cultures which were donors for the shoot tips were grown before encapsulation on shoot multiplication media (Boxus medium with 2.2 µM BAP and 2.46 µM IBA for strawberry, and MS medium with NH₄NO₃ and KNO₃ reduced by 50%, and with 3.55 µM BAP and 0.49 µM IBA for raspberry) as well as on these media supplemented with 10 g l^–1 mannitol or paclobutrazol (1.7 µM for strawberry and 3.4 µM for raspberry). Sodium alginate was dissolved in water, water with sugar or in a culture medium without growth regulators. Regrowth ability of the stored explants and in vitro multiplication in three successive subcultures were evaluated. The encapsulated shoot tips could be stored for 9 months in beads containing sugar or a culture medium. The pre-conditioning of the donor cultures on a mannitol containing medium was beneficial for regrowth ability. The multiplication rate of strawberry and raspberry shoots in the first subculture after storage was lower than that of non-stored cultures. Particularly low multiplication was obtained for strawberry which had been stored for 9 months and for raspberry stored for 3 and 6 months, in combinations where the beads were prepared by dissolving sodium alginate in water. Multiplication of strawberry in the second subculture was generally higher than in non-stored cultures, but multiplication of raspberry was lower also in the second subculture, with the exception of the combination stored for 9 months and pre-cultured on mannitol. In the third subculture, shoot multiplication in both species was similar to that in non-stored cultures.     

Between-year variation in flowering and fruit set in frost-prone and frost-sheltered populations of dioecious Rubus chamaemorus

Summary The flowering and fruiting patterns of the dioecious perennial herb Rubus chamaemorus L. were studied in frost-prone (open) and frost-sheltered (Shaded) habitats in northern Sweden over 6 years. The number of ramets with flower buds, the proportion of flower buds that opened, and fruit set varied markedly between years. In the frost-prone populations, the occurrence or absence of detrimental frosts during the development of flowers and fruit could explain much of the variation, both in the proportion of flower buds that developed into flowers, and in fruit set. In the frost-sheltered populations, most female flowers that did not develop into fruit aborted without any signs of physical damage and before any ovules had begun to enlarge. Flower mortality caused by herbivores feeding on reproductive parts was commonly low, but reached values higher than 10% in one of the shaded populations. Hand-pollination increased the proportion of ovules producing seeds in the mature fruits by about 20%, and in one year also increased fruit set significantly in one population. Fruit-producing female ramets had a higher mortality and a lower probability of flowering in the subsequent year than male ramets and non-fruiting female ramets. In R. chamaemorus, the conditions for fruit maturation are highly unpredictable at the time of flower initiation. It is suggested that the apparent over-initiation of flower buds is advantageous, as it allows the plant to attain a high reproductive success in years favourable for flowering and fruit development.     

蓬蘽果实与叶片氨基酸成分分析

通过对蓬蘽氨基酸成分分析,蓬蘽果实与叶片均含有17种氨基酸,其中7种为人体必需氨基酸。其果实不同类型氨基酸之间的配比及含量达到或接近FAO/WHO提出的理想蛋白质模式谱标准[1]。谷氨酸含量最高,蛋氨酸含量最低,其中谷氨酸、天冬氨酸、亮氨酸居前三位。蓬蘽叶片氨基酸总含量显著高于鲜果,谷氨酸含量最高,丙氨酸含量最低,谷氨酸、赖氨酸、苏氨酸居前三位,均衡度稍逊于果实。作为对照,测定了草莓果叶、茶叶的相关数据。     

青藏高原东缘的锈菌资料IV.悬钩子上一个类似柄锈菌的新锈菌

本文报告采自四川西部九寨沟自然保护区菰帽悬钩子(Rubus pileatus Focke)上的一个锈菌新种。标本上仅见冬孢子堆,冬孢子双胞,类似柄锈菌的冬孢子。由于未见性子器,属的地位尚难确定。然而,此菌的冬孢子堆外观酷似悬钩子植物上特有的单种属阿氏锈菌属(Arthuriomyces)。镜下观察测得孢子大小为40-55(-65) × 22-28 μm,孢壁厚度为3-4.5 μm,有细皱纹,每个细胞各具一芽孔。从芽孔数及位置看符合阿氏锈菌属的特征,因而将此菌暂隶于此属,命名为悬钩子生阿氏锈菌(Arthuriomyces rubicola sp. nov.)     

Trade-off among antiherbivore defences in a south american blackberry (Rubus bogotensis)

Summary The idea of trade-offs among antiherbivore defences in plants is examined using data from a South American blackberry (Rubus bogotensis). Two distinct morphs of R. bogotensis, one with glandular trichomes and one without, were compared with respect to leaf toughness, number of prickles and prickle length. The two morphs were sympatric and grew under similar environmental conditions. The morph lacking trichomes had significantly tougher leaves and also tended to have more and longer prickles. Bioassay showed that Ithomiid larvae fed to a lesser extent on tough leaves than on more tender ones. Correlations between antiherbivore defences within each phenotype revealed three significant or almost significant negative relationships. The comparisons support the hypothesis that trade-offs exist among antiherbivore defences.     

Germination ofRubus palmatus var.coptophyllus andR. microphyllus seeds buried in soil for 7.5 years

Seeds of twoRubus species,R. palmatus var.coptophyllus andR. microphyllus, buried for 7.5 years in soil were subjected to germination tests to investigate their germinability and germination traits. Most of the retrieved seeds were viable, and germinated at the alternating temperatures of 20/30°C in both light and dark. The twoRubus species showed similar responses of germination to temperature and light, although the final percentages of germination were slightly higher inR. palmatus var.coptophyllus. These characteristics of seed dormancy and germination would be involved in the species' utilization of ephemeral habitats created by unpredictable and infrequent disturbances.     

Maturation characteristics of Rubus pennsylvanicus fruit: are black and red the same?

Summary Fruit of the blackberry, Rubus pennsylvanicus Poir. (Rosaceae), were examined to determine variation in maturation characteristics. Maturation timing and rate varied greatly among individual fruits, resulting in a bi-colored fruiting display comprised largely of two maturation stages, pre-ripe (salmon and scarlet) and ripe (dark brown and black). While ripe fruit were generally larger and heavier than pre-ripe fruit, exhibiting greater fresh and dry fruit weight, diameter, water content, and total seed weight, no significant differences were found in energy content, i.e. numbers of calories per gram pulp, or in pulp:seed ratio. The differences between ripe and pre-ripe fruit appear to be due largely to an increase in water content and seed weight with maturity. The fact that little energetic benefit accrues to the preferential selection of ripe fruit suggests that bi-colored Rubus displays may be considered to be unicolored.     

悬钩子属部分类群的分类订正

根据野外调查和查阅标本的结果, 对悬钩子属部分类群做了修订。将红毛悬钩子(R.pinfaensis Lévl.et Vant.)并入椭圆悬钩子(R.ellipticus Smith), 栽秧泡(R.ellipticus Smithvar.obcordatus (Franch.)Focke)提升为种(R.obcordatus (Franch.)Focke);棱枝细瘦悬钩子(R.macilentus Camb.var.angulatus Delav.)并入细瘦悬钩子(R.macilentus Camb.);毛叶插田泡(R.coreanus Miq.var.tomentosus Card.)并入插田泡(R.coreanus Miq.);狭叶绢毛悬钩子(R.lineatus Reinw.var.angustifolius Hook.)并入绢毛悬钩子(R.lineatus Reinw.)。对针刺悬钩子(R.pungens Camb.)及其各变种做了订正。