Activation of K-Cl Cotransport by Mild Warming in Guinea Pig Red Cells

Unidirectional, ouabain-insensitive K⁺ influx rose steeply with warming at temperatures above 37°C in guinea pig erythrocytes incubated in isotonic medium. The only component of ouabain-insensitive K⁺ influx to show the same steep rise was K-Cl cotransport (Q₁₀ of 10 between 37 and 41°C); Na-K-Cl cotransport remained constant or declined and residual K⁺ influx in hypertonic medium with ouabain and bumetanide rose only gradually. Similar results were obtained for unidirectional K⁺ efflux. Thermal activation of K-Cl cotransport-mediated K⁺ influx was fully dependent on the presence of chloride in the medium; none occurred with nitrate replacing chloride. The increase of K⁺ influx through K-Cl cotransport from 37 to 41°C was blocked by calyculin A, a phosphatase inhibitor. The Q₁₀ of K-Cl cotransport fully activated by hydroxylamine and hypotonicity was about 2. The time course of K⁺ entry showed an immediate transition to a higher rate when cells were instantly warmed from 37 to 41°C, but there was a 7-min time lag in returning to a lower rate when cells were cooled from 41 to 37°C. These results indicate that the steepness of the response of K-Cl cotransport to mild warming is due to altered regulation of the transporter. Total unidirectional K⁺ influx was equal to total unidirectional K⁺ efflux at 37–45°C, but K⁺ influx exceeded K⁺ efflux at 41°C when K-Cl cotransport was inhibited by calyculin or prevented by hypertonic incubation. The net loss of K⁺ that results from the thermal activation of isosomotic K-Cl cotransport reported here would offset a tendency for cell swelling that could arise with warming through an imbalance of pump and leak for Na⁺ or for K⁺. Received: 1 November 1997/Revised: 5 March 1998     

姜黄素预处理通过保护线粒体和抗氧化应激减轻干热环境热射病大鼠肝损伤

目的:研究姜黄素预处理对干热环境热射病大鼠肝脏的保护作用及机制。方法:将50只SD大鼠随机分为5组(n=10):常温对照组(Control),干热对照组(HS),50-cur组,100-cur组和200-cur组。Control组、HS组给予生理盐水灌胃,50-cur组、100-cur组、200-cur组分别给予50 mg/kg、100 mg/kg、200 mg/kg浓度的姜黄素灌胃,每天1次,连续7天。第8天除Control组外,其余4组大鼠转移至西北特殊环境人工实验舱(环境温度41±0.5℃,湿度10±1%)进行实验。实验的第150分钟,检测肛温,麻醉后取材。同时Control组直接检测肛温并麻醉取材。检测血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、肝组织丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的含量和细胞色素C(Cyt-c)的表达情况。电镜观察肝细胞超微结构的变化。结果:(1)第150分钟,各组大鼠体温均超过42℃,达到热射病状态。姜黄素预处理组体温较HS组降低(P0.01)。姜黄素预处理组组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。(2)HS组ALT、AST水平较Control组升高(P0.01)。姜黄素预处理组ALT、AST水平较HS组降低(P0.05),姜黄素预处理组组间差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。(3)HS组与Control组相比MDA水平升高,SOD、CAT水平降低(P0.01)。姜黄素预处理组与HS组相比MDA水平降低,SOD、CAT水平升高(P0.01),姜黄素预处理组组间差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。(4)电镜下,HS组肝细胞内线粒体增生肿胀,嵴结构紊乱、破坏,部分肝细胞核结构破坏;姜黄素预处理组肝细胞内线粒体增生为主,无嵴结构破坏和胞核的改变。(5)HS组肝细胞质内Cyt-c表达(1.29±0.19)较Control组(0.24±0.02)明显增多(P0.01)。姜黄素预处理组Cyt-c表达(50-cur、100-cur、200-cur分别为0.75±0.08、0.64±0.08、0.48±0.06)较HS组相对减低(P0.05),姜黄素预处理组组间差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:干热环境热射病大鼠肝脏损伤明显,姜黄素预处理能减轻干热环境热射病导致的肝损伤,其机制可能与保护线粒体和抗氧化应激有关。姜黄素对热射病大鼠肝脏的保护作用具有剂量依赖性。     

姜黄素预处理对沙漠干热环境热射病大鼠肺损伤及HMGB-1和ICAM-1 mRNA的影响

目的:研究姜黄素预处理对干热环境热射病大鼠肺损伤的保护作用及可能机制。方法:将50只SD大鼠随机分为5组(n=10):常温对照组(NC)、干热对照组(DHC)、低剂量姜黄素预处理组(50 mg/kg),中剂量姜黄素预处理组(100 mg/kg)及高剂量姜黄素预处理组(200 mg/kg)。NC、DHC组给予生理盐水灌胃,姜黄素预处理组给予不同剂量的姜黄素灌胃,每天1次,连续7天。第8天除NC组外,其余4组大鼠转移至西北特殊环境人工实验舱内进行实验,环境温度(41±0.5)℃,湿度(10±1)%。实验的第150分钟达到热射病状态,麻醉后取材。大鼠肺组织通过HE染色并进行肺损伤病理学评分,并应用RT-PCR检测肺组织HMGB1 mRNA和ICAM-1 mRNA的表达。结果:干热对照组大鼠肺组织病理评分、肺组织HMGB1和ICAM-1 mRNA表达较常温对照组、中、高剂量姜黄素预处理组均显著升高(P0.01),高剂量姜黄素预处理组大鼠肺组织病理评分明显低于低、中剂量姜黄素预处理组(P0.01),肺组织HMGB1和ICAM-1 mRNA表达在高剂量姜黄素预处理组明显低于低剂量姜黄素预处理组(P0.01)。肺组织HMGB1和ICAM-1 mRNA的表达均与肺损伤评分具有显著正相关性(r=0.629、0.689,P0.01),HMGB1 mRNA和ICAM-1 mRNA之间的表达也呈显著正相关性(r=0.437,P0.01)。结论:姜黄素可能部分通过抑制HMGB1表达的上调,减少下游的ICAM-1的表达来减轻炎症反应,从而发挥肺损伤保护作用。     

Plasma-cortisol levels in experimental heatstroke in dogs

The effect of external heat-load, exercise and dehydration on dynamic changes in plasma cortisol during the development of heatstroke was investigated. Thirty-three unanesthetized dogs were tested under two sets of climatic conditions: comfort conditions and hot-dry climatic conditions, half of them while exercising. Half of the dogs in each group were rehydrated. None of the dogs that were investigated at room temperature suffered heatstroke. Of the dogs exposed to high ambient temperature, all of the exercising, as well as five out of six non-hydrated dogs and one rehydrated non-exercising dog suffered heatstroke. Significant dehydration (6%–7% of body weight), occurred only under hgh ambient temperature. Plasma cortisol levels of all dogs that suffered heatstroke rose conspicuously for at least 5 h and returned to normal levels 24 h later. Cortisol levels of dogs who did not experience heatstroke remained within the normal range. Cortisol levels correlated with the severity of the stress leading to heatstroke. High and rising levels of cortisol, several hours after body temperature returns to normal, may support the diagnosis of heatstroke.     

中暑致肝损伤机制的研究进展

中暑是常发生在夏季高温环境或大量运动时的急危重症,可导致包括肝脏在内的多器官功能损害。中暑的发生及发展过程经历了代偿期、急性反应期和失代偿期。近年来国内外关于中暑致肝损伤机制方面的研究表明,中暑致肝脏功能损伤可能与热的直接作用、肝细胞内线粒体功能障碍和级联放大的炎症反应有关,各环节相互促进,最终导致肝脏的损伤。而且,在肝窦内的级联放大炎症反应在中暑致肝损伤中可能起主要作用。因此,本文对近年来中暑的病理生理和中暑致肝损伤机制方面的研究及进展作一综述,为中暑致肝损伤的临床防治提供思路。     

bFGF对热射病大鼠模型ET21, VWF, VEGF水平的影响

目的:研究碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(basic Fibroblast growth factor,bFGF)对热射病大鼠模型ET21、VWF、VEGF水平的影响。方法:选择SD大鼠36只随机分为6组,每组个6只,建立热射病大鼠模型后分为模型组、常温组、常温bFGF组、降温组、降温bFGF组,建模后0 h、2 h,比较不同级别生命征、血管功能因子。结果:建模后0 h,模型组Tr、HR、RR、MAP明显高于空白组(P0.05);建模后2 h,常温bFGF组、降温bFGF组明显低于常温组、降温组,降温组、降温bFGF组明显低于常温组、常温bFGF组(P0.05)。建模后0 h,模型组ET21、VWF的含量均明显高于空白组,VEGF含量明显低于热空白组(P0.05);建模后2 h,常温组ET21、VWF明显升高,VEGF明显降低,常温bFGF组、降温组、降温bFGF组ET21、VWF明显降低,VEGF明显升高(P0.05);降温组、降温bFGF组ET21、VWF明显低于常温组、常温bFGF组,VEGF明显高于常温组、常温bFGF组(P0.05);常温bFGF组、降温bFGF组ET21、VWF明显低于常温组与降温组,VEGF明显高于常温组与降温组(P0.05)。结论:碱性成纤维细胞生长因子有助于改善热射病大鼠生命体征,调节血管功能因子含量,提高热射病大鼠预后。     

C-fos expression in rat brain during heat stress

Rats, under urethane anesthesia, 0, 20, 40 or 80 min after the start of heat stress (42°C) were sacrificed for determination of c-fos expression in different brain regions. In situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry methods were used, respectively, for determination of c-fos mRNA and protein, respectively. In general, either colon temperature (T_CO), mean arterial pressure (MAP), local cerebral blood flow (CBF) or c-fos expression in different brain regions (including the preoptic area, supraoptic nuclei, paraventricular nuclei, thalamus, amygdala, nucleus tract solitarii, area postrema and ventrolateral medulla) increased at 20–40 min after the start of heat exposure. However, the heatstroke, which appears as profound decreases in both MAP and local CBF and increases in T_CO, was produced 80 min after heat stress. The c-fos expression was heavily induced in all these brain regions after the onset of heatstroke. The data suggest that c-fos expression in rat brain during heatstroke is associated with hyperthermia, arterial hypotension or cerebral ischemia.     

The neuropharmacological basis of heat intolerance and its treatment

The heatstroke syndrome is characterized by marked hyperthermia, severe neurological abnormalities, multiple organ dysfunction, endotoxemia, and increased levels of cytokines in the peripheral blood stream. Rodents, when exposed to a high ambient temperature, displayed arterial hypotension, intracranial hypertension, cerebral hypoperfusion, cerebral ischemia, and cerebral neuronal damage after the onset of heatstroke. Both arterial hypotension and intracranial hypertension result in cessation of cerebral blood flow and lead to oxygen and nutrient deprivation and the initiation of a neurotoxic cascade of secondary mechanisms. The neurotoxic cascade involves overloading of dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, glycerol, nitric oxide, hydroxyl radicals, and/or cytokines. Thus, any measures which are able to restore blood supply and/or intervene the secondary neurotoxic cascades can be used to prevent and/or to treat ischemic neuronal damage in heatstroke.     

Hsp-72, a candidate prognostic indicator of heatstroke

Exposure of rats to environmental heat enhances the expression of heat shock protein-72 (Hsp-72) in most of their organs proportionally to heat stress severity. Pre-induction or over-expression of Hsp-72 prevents organ damage and lethality, suggesting that heat shock proteins (Hsps) may have a pathogenic role in this condition. We investigated the expression profile of Hsps in baboons subjected to environmental heat stress until the core temperature attained 42.5°C (moderate heatstroke) or occurrence of hypotension associated with core temperature ≥43.5°C (severe heatstroke). Western blot analysis demonstrated a differential induction of Hsp-72 among organs of heat-stressed animals with the highest induction in the liver and the lowest in lung. Hsp-60 and Hsc-70 expression was similar between control and heat-stressed animals. ELISA studies indicated a marked release of Hsp-72 into the circulation of baboons with severe heatstroke with a peak at 24 h post-heatstroke onset and remained sustained up to 72 h. Hsp-72 release was not associated with core temperature or systolic blood pressure, but correlated with markers of liver, myocardium, and skeletal muscle tissue necrosis. Non-survivors displayed significantly higher Hsp-72 levels than survivors. No Hsp-60 was detected in the circulation. These findings add further evidence that increased expression of Hsp-72 may be an important component of the host response to severe heatstroke. They also suggest that extracellular Hsp-72 is a marker of multiple organs tissue damage. Whether extracellular Hsp-72 plays a role in the host immune response to heat stress merits further studies.     

Heatstroke induces a reduction of natural killer cell activity in rats

Experiments were carried out to determine the changes of natural killer (NK) cell activity that occurred during heatstroke in rats pretreated with or without interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor antagonist (IL-1ra). After the onset of heatstroke, all the splenic NK cell activity, the effector-target cell conjugation, and the NK cell numbers were decreased in rats. Additionally, an increase in the plasma IL-1 level was associated with arterial hypotension, cerebral ischemia and hyperthermia during rat heatstroke. Pretreatment with an IL-1ra reversed in part the heatstroke-induced inhibition of NK cell activity. Thus it appears that the inhibition of NK cell activity produced by activation of IL-1 receptor mechanism is associated with the increased susceptibility to infection that is well described in heatstroke.