7. Global support and coordination: conserving germplasm of world crop species and their relatives

The awareness of the importance of plant biodiversity has been considerably raised in both developed and developing countries over the last decade. Some of the debate has not been helpful in fostering collaboration or progress towards a more rational support network. The paper attempts to identify and categorize existing efforts in operation in a wide range of institutions and bodies ranging from essentially environmentally orientated to crop-based organizations. Current funding and training initiatives are discussed.     

Muscle hypertrophy and fast fiber type conversions in heavy resistance-trained women

Twenty-four women completed a 20-week heavy-resistance weight training program for the lower extremity. Workouts were twice a week and consisted of warm-up exercises followed by three sets each of full squats, vertical leg presses, leg extensions, and leg curls. All exercises were performed to failure using 6-8 RM (repetition maximum). Weight training caused a significant increase in maximal isotonic strength (1 RM) for each exercise. After training, there was a decrease in body fat percentage (p less than 0.05), and an increase in lean body mass (p less than 0.05) with no overall change in thigh girth. Biopsies were obtained before and after training from the superficial portion of the vastus lateralis muscle. Sections were prepared for histological and histochemical examination. Six fiber types (I, IC, IIC, IIA, IIAB, and IIB) were distinguished following routine myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase histochemistry. Areas were determined for fiber types I, IIA, and IIAB + IIB. The heavy-resistance training resulted in significant hypertrophy of all three groups: I (15%), IIA (45%), and IIAB + IIB (57%). These data are similar to those in men and suggest considerable hypertrophy of all major fiber types is also possible in women if exercise intensity and duration are sufficient. In addition, the training resulted in a significant decrease in the percentage of IIB with a concomitant increase in IIA fibers, suggesting that strength training may lead to fiber conversions.     

Effect of high-intensity endurance training on isokinetic muscle power

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of high-intensity endurance training on isokinetic muscle power. Six male students majoring in physical-education participated in high intensity endurance training on a cycle ergometer at 90% of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) for 7 weeks. The duration of the daily exercise session was set so that the energy expenditure equalled 42 kJ.kg-1 of lean body mass. Peak knee extension power was measured at six different speeds (30 degrees, 60 degrees, 120 degrees, 180 degrees, 240 degrees, and 300 degrees.s-1) with an isokinetic dynamometer. After training, VO2max increased significantly from mean values of 51.2 ml.kg-1.min-1, SD 6.5 to 56.3 ml.kg-1.min-1, SD 5.3 (P less than 0.05). Isokinetic peak power at the lower test speeds (30 degrees, 60 degrees and 120 degrees.s-1) increased significantly (P less than 0.05). However, no significant differences in muscle peak power were found at the faster velocities of 180 degrees, 240 degrees, and 300 degrees.s-1. The percentage improvement was dependent on the initial muscle peak power of each subject and the training stimulus (intensity of cycle ergometer exercise).     

Preliminary results from the self-regulatory treatment of high-medication-consumption headache

Data are presented from a prospective clinical replication series of ten consecutive high-medication headache patients who presented for nondrug treatment of their headaches. For the first eight, an attempt was made to withdraw the patients from medication, with the assistance of relaxation training, prior to entering a comprehensive self-regulatory treatment program. For the last two, drug withdrawal accompanied the treatment. Six of the ten patients showed clinically significant reductions in headache activity, which held up over follow-ups of up to 12 months. Psychological tests provide some discrimination between success and failures.This research was supported in part by a grant from NINDS, No. NS-23340. Appreciation is expressed to Dr. Kenneth A. Appelbaum and Ms. Denise Michultka for their roles in this study.     

Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training on Cardiac Apoptosis Markers in Methamphetamine-Dependent Rats

Chronic methamphetamine use increases apoptosis, leading to heart failure and sudden cardiac death. Previous studies have shown the importance of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in reducing indices of cardiac tissue apoptosis in different patients, but in the field of sports science, the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis in methamphetamine-dependent rats are still unclear. The present article aimed to investigate the changes in cardiac apoptosis markers in methamphetamine-dependent rats in response to HIIT. Left ventricular tissue was used to evaluate caspase-3, melusin, FAK, and IQGAP1 gene expression. Rats were divided into four groups: sham, methamphetamine (METH), METH-control, and METH-HIIT. METH was injected for 21 days and then the METH-HIIT group performed HIIT for 8 weeks at 5 sessions per week. The METH groups showed increased caspase-3 gene expression and decreased melusin, FAK, and IQGAP1 when compared to the sham group. METH-HIIT showed decreased caspase-3 and increased melusin and FAK gene expression compared with the METH and METH-control groups. The IQGAP1 gene was higher in METH-HIIT when compared with METH, while no difference was observed between METH-HIIT and METH-control. Twenty-one days of METH exposure increased apoptosis markers in rat cardiac tissue; however, HIIT might have a protective effect, as shown by the apoptosis markers.     

Comparing Accuracy of Wrist Intra-articular Needle Placement Via Ulnocarpal Approach by Training Level: A Cadaveric Study

BackgroundIntra-articular injections are a standard therapy and diagnostic tool for a variety of wrist conditions. Accurate needle placement is crucial for proper therapeutic benefit and prevention of complications. While some studies claim accurate needle placement requires imaging, others conclude that anatomical guidance is sufficient. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of intra-articular wrist needle placement with the ulnocarpal approach across differing levels of training using clinical anatomy alone.MethodsFourteen fresh-frozen, above-elbow cadaveric specimens were used. Intra-articular needle placement into the wrist via an ulnocarpal approach was attempted by nine study participants: two interns, two junior-level residents, two senior-level residents, two hand fellows, and one attending hand surgeon. Each injection was performed based on clinical examination and landmarks alone. The number of attempts and total time taken for each injection was recorded.ResultsOverall success rate was 71%, (89 of 126 attempts) and did not vary significantly across levels of training. Average time for needle placement among all participants was 10.9 ± 6.5 seconds. Timing of successful intra-articular needle placement (10.4 ± 5.2 seconds) significantly differed between levels. However, timing did not trend in any direction with more or less training. No significant difference was noted in total attempts or attempts with successful outcomes when comparing level of training.ConclusionThe ulnocarpal approach is a viable option for injection or aspiration of the wrist without image guidance. We were unable to show any relevant trends with timing or number of attempts in comparison to level of training. Level of Evidence: V     

cAMP/PKA-pCREB信号通路介导康复训练促进脑缺血大鼠运动功能恢复的探讨

目的探讨cAMP/PKA-pCREB信号通路是否在康复训练促进的缺血性脑卒中大鼠运动功能的恢复方面发挥作用。方法采用Longa改良线栓法制备大鼠大脑中动脉缺血再灌注模型(middle cerebral artery ischemia-reperfusion model,MCAO),造模成功的大鼠随机分为自然恢复组(n=24)、自然恢复+Rp-cAMP组(n=24)、康复训练组(n=18)和康复训练+Rp-cAMP组(n=18)。同时设立假手术组(n=12)。于侧脑室注射RpcAMP后立即进行MCAO模型的制备。训练组大鼠于术后48 h开始每天给予平衡木、转棒及滚筒训练。采用平衡木试验评定大鼠的运动功能。酶联免疫法(ELISA)检测缺血灶周围的脑组织内PKA表达,蛋白免疫印迹法(Western blot)检测pCREB蛋白表达,同时采用免疫组化法对pCREB进行定位检测。结果 (1)运动功能评分结果揭示,自然恢复+Rp-cAMP组大鼠的运动功能低于自然恢复组,提示Rp-cAMP可抑制脑缺血大鼠运动神经功能的恢复;康复训练组大鼠的运动功能明显高于自然恢复组,也高于康复训练+Rp-cAMP组,提示Rp-cAMP明显减弱康复训练促进脑缺血大鼠运动神经功能的恢复;(2)于术后2 d、7 d、14 d、21 d检测缺血灶周围的脑组织PKA、pCREB的蛋白表达结果显示:康复训练组明显高于自然恢复组,同时高于康复训练+Rp-cAMP组,提示康复训练促进脑缺血大鼠的PKA、pCREB蛋白的表达,且Rp-cAMP明显抑制了康复训练促进脑缺血大鼠的PKA、pCREB蛋白的表达。结论 cAMP/PKA-pCREB信号通路可能介导康复训练促进的脑缺血大鼠运动功能的恢复。     

The modification of cortical reorganization and chronic pain by sensory feedback

Recent neuroscientific evidence has revealed that the adult brain is capable of substantial plastic change in areas such as the primary somatosensory cortex that were formerly thought to be modifiable only during early experience. We discuss research on phantom limb pain as well as chronic back pain that revealed functional reorganization in both the somatosensory and the motor system in these chronic pain states. In phantom limb pain patients, cortical reorganization is correlated with the amount of phantom limb pain; in low back pain patients the amount of reorganizational change increases with chronicity. We present a model of the development of chronic pain that assumes an important role of somatosensory pain memories. In phantom limb pain, we propose that those patients who experienced intense pain prior to the amputation will later likely develop enhanced cortical reorganization and phantom limb pain. We show that cortical plasticity related to chronic pain can be reduced by behavioral interventions that provide feedback to the brain areas that were altered by somatosensory pain memories.     

基于加速康复外科理念的早期康复训练联合八段锦前四式在乳腺癌改良根治术后患者中的应用效果研究

摘要 目的：研究基于加速康复外科（ERAS）理念的早期康复训练联合八段锦前四式在乳腺癌改良根治术后患者中的应用效果。方法：选择2019年9月~2022年5月期间在湖南中医药大学第一附属医院行乳腺癌改良根治术的128例乳腺癌患者。按照随机数字表法将患者分为对照组（基于ERAS理念的早期康复训练,n=64）和研究组（对照组的基础上接受八段锦前四式干预,n=64）。对比两组抑郁自评量表（SDS）评分、健康调查简表（SF-36）、焦虑自评量表（SAS）评分、Constant-Murley肩关节功能评分、疼痛视觉模拟评分（VAS）和肩关节活动度。结果：与对照组相比,研究组干预后SDS、SAS评分更低（P<0.05）。与对照组相比,研究组情感/生理职能、躯体疼痛、社会/生理功能、活力、总体/精神健康评分更高（P<0.05）。与对照组相比,研究组干预后VAS评分更低,Constant-Murley肩关节功能评分更高（P<0.05）。与对照组相比,研究组干预后前屈、后伸、外展关节活动度更大（P<0.05）。结论：基于ERAS的早期康复训练联合八段锦前四式应用于乳腺癌改良根治术后患者,可提高患者的生活质量,可能与缓解焦虑、抑郁情绪,减轻术后疼痛,促进肩关节功能恢复有关。