云南哀牢山南部鸟类的区系分析

哀牢山南延部分在云南省南部至东南部红河哈尼族彝族自治州(简称红河州)内,呈西北东南走向。南部为热带气候,北部为亚热带气候区。地势起伏虽不若滇西北三大峡谷之剧烈,但河口县与金平县内西隆山峰之高差却约达3,000米。这一南延部分区域内,植被类型复杂,花果繁茂,昆虫种类丰富。如此优越的自然条件,也导致了鸟类种类繁多昌盛的结果。     

Ornithochory and plant succession in mediterranean abandoned orchards

Data on the occurrence of species with fleshy diaspores and on breeding birds were collected in three abandoned orchards, resp. 8, 11 and 24 years after abandonment. Most of the 41 phanerophytes and vines with fleshy diaspores are also found in the borders of the orchards, the more so if the number of years since abandonment increases. Most species have small seeds and red or black coloured diaspores, most of which ripen in autumn. The frequent species show a characteristic distribution pattern in relation to the distance of the fruit trees: high densities near the trunk and uniform decrease with distance. This is explained by the behaviour of frugivorous birds. No correlation was found between distribution patterns and soil conditions. Age structure of colonizing species shows a distribution conforming an inversed J curve in the more recently abandoned orchard. The main conclusions are:

1. Pioncor trees are attractive for frugivorous birds and may act as nuclei. This supports the facilitation model.
2. The distribution of diaspores by birds helps to homogenize the species distribution on the regional level but at the site level individual differences in nucleation cause a heterogeneity.

     

陕西米仓山自然保护区夏秋季鸟类调查

2006年7~10月,对陕西米仓山自然保护区的鸟类资源进行了调查研究。结果显示,保护区鸟类13目37科81属125种(亚种),鸟类种数分别占秦岭鸟类总种数的36·98%及陕西省鸟类总种数的33·42%。其中国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物1种,国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物12种,陕西省省级重点保护野生动物4种;我国特有鸟类13种;CITES附录Ⅱ鸟类10种。按区系成分划分,东洋种57种,古北种37种,广布种27种。按居留型划分,留鸟89种,夏候鸟32种,冬候鸟2种,旅鸟2种。与陕西佛坪、重庆大巴山等周边保护区相比,米仓山保护区的鸟类多样性比较丰富,区系成分以东洋种为主,并具有东洋界和古北界过渡区的特征。     

The biogeography of avian extinctions on oceanic islands

Aim To test the influences of island area, island isolation, and human‐introduced mammalian predators on avian extinctions that have occurred on oceanic islands worldwide. Location The oceanic islands of the world. Methods We augmented and re‐examined an existing data set for 218 oceanic islands by means of causal modelling using path analysis (a form of structural equation modelling) and a null model. Results The number of extinctions was not a simple function of the number of bird species on the various islands. Whereas introduced mammalian predators had an influence on the number of extinctions, island area (via indirect influences) and isolation (via direct influences) were equally or more important. Main conclusions The multiple influences of physical and biotic factors on past extinctions can be revealed through modelling the causal influences of physical attributes of islands on biological characteristics, and the causal influences of both physical and biological characteristics on extinctions.     

Initial Trends of Bird Assemblages Before and After River Diversion in an Endemic-rich African Forest

The Lower Kihansi Hydropower Project in southern Tanzania caused the diversion of the Kihansi River from the Kihansi Gorge in the year 2000. By sampling the understorey avifauna prior to diversion, we examined (i) whether the adjacent Udagaje Gorge was an adequate control for observations in the Kihansi Gorge; (ii) which species of conservation interest occurred; and, (iii) which season best suited annual monitoring. Species composition and capture rates at three and two elevational transects in the Kihansi Gorge and Udagaje Gorge, respectively, confirmed that Udagaje had a comparable avifaunal assemblage to Kihansi. The cold season was most appropriate for population monitoring because >2 times more individuals were captured in the cold than hot season at both gorges, and at least four altitudinal migrants were present in the cold but not hot season. Post-diversion sampling revealed that only the Upper Kihansi transect suffered a significant decrease in number of individuals, a result that was driven largely by a decline in the Little Greenbul, Andropadus virens. This transect is closest to the Kihansi waterfall and associated spray zone which were lost after river diversion. Lack of differences in bird communities at other transects after diversion illustrates that early post-diversion effects on birds are probably concentrated near the base of the main falls. Together with studies of other biota in Kihansi, we propose that long-term monitoring is necessary to understand the factors that regulate changes in species composition of this threatened forest site.     

内蒙古乌海市鸟类区系特征及群落结构

2009年4月至2010年3月对内蒙古乌海市的鸟类区系及群落结构进行了调查研究。共记录到鸟类132种,隶属于17目37科。其中留鸟26种,夏候鸟71种,旅鸟27种,冬候鸟8种。繁殖鸟有97种,其中古北界鸟类有83种,占繁殖鸟类种数的85.6%。研究发现不同季节、不同生境中的鸟类群落特征差异较大。春季的鸟类多样性指数和均匀度指数均最高;湿地的鸟类多样性指数最高。本文基于研究结果提出了对乌海市鸟类及其生存环境的保护建议。     

Regionalization of the avifauna of the Baja California Peninsula, Mexico: a parsimony analysis of endemicity and distributional modelling approach

Aim To analyse the distributional patterns of the Baja California Peninsula's resident avifauna, and to generate a regionalization based on a method that uses a parsimony analysis (parsimony analysis of endemicity, PAE) of point data and modelled potential distributions. Location The Baja California Peninsula, Mexico. Methods A data base was constructed containing records of 113 species of resident terrestrial birds present in the Baja California Peninsula. Records and localities were obtained from the literature and from specimens housed in scientific collections world‐wide. Raw data points and potential distribution maps obtained using the software Genetic Algorithms for Rule‐set Prediction (GARP), were analysed with PAE. Results The data base consisted of 4164 unique records (only one combination of species/locality) belonging to 113 terrestrial resident bird species, in a total of 809 localities. From the point distribution matrix, the analysis generated 500 equally parsimonious trees, from which a strict consensus cladogram with 967 steps was obtained. The cladogram shows a basal polytomy and some geographical correspondence of a few resolved groups obtained in the analysis. These results do not allow the recognition of areas defined by avifaunistic associations. From the potential distribution matrix, the analysis generated 501 equally parsimonious trees, and a strict consensus cladogram of 516 steps was obtained. The cladogram shows a higher resolution because of the number of resolved groups with better geographical correspondence and therefore regions are well‐defined. Main conclusions The correspondence of some groupings of species suggest their validity as areas with biogeographical (historical and/or ecological) meaning. This regionalization in the Baja California avifauna seems to be consistent with previous regionalizations for other groups. Hence, PAE is a useful tool for area categorization if reliable point records and prediction tools are available. Our results suggest that the geographical definition is much better using potential data generated by GARP, particularly when they are contrasted with the results from point data. Thus, this is an excellent alternative for developing biogeographical studies, as well as for improving the use of data from scientific collections and other sources of biodiversity information.     

阿尔金山-昆仑山鸟类区系调查

2010～2012年连续3年调查新疆阿尔金山国家级自然保护区及周边包括昆仑山、祁曼塔格山、库木库里盆地的鸟类资源.共录得鸟类16目38科90属166种,约占新疆鸟类总数的36.6％.其中,金腰燕(Hirundo daurica)、冕柳莺(Phylloscopus coronatus)、日本松雀鹰(Accipiter gularis)为新疆首次记录.考察区介于青藏区与蒙新区之间,鸟类区系特点表现为高地型(23种,占13.9％)与中亚型(约49种,占29.9％)相互渗透,而北方型(69种,占42.1％)虽然排在首位,但多数是旅鸟,东洋型(1种,占0.6％)的种类比较罕见.依协克帕提湿地是鸟类的一个繁殖地,也是迁徙的重要驿站.     

Extinction and endemism in the New Zealand avifauna

Aim Species belonging to higher taxa endemic to islands are more likely to go extinct following human arrival. This selectivity may occur because more highly endemic island species possess features that make them uniquely vulnerable to impacts associated with human arrival, specifically: (1) restricted distribution (2) reduced predator escape response, including loss of flight, and (3) life history traits, such as large body mass, associated with greater susceptibility to hunting or habitat loss. This study aims to identify which of these features can explain the selective extinction of more highly endemic bird species in New Zealand. Location North and South Island, New Zealand. Methods Bird species breeding in New Zealand prior to human arrival were classified according to whether they became extinct or not during two periods of human settlement, prehistoric (post‐Maori but pre‐European arrival) and historic (post‐European arrival). We modelled the relationships between extinction probability, level of endemism and life history traits in both periods. Results The prehistoric extinction–endemism relationship can be explained entirely by the selective extinction of large‐bodied species, whereas the historic extinction–endemism relationship appears due to increased susceptibility to introduced predators resulting from the loss of predator escape responses, including loss of flight. Conclusions These features may explain extinction–endemism relationships more generally, given that human hunting and predator introductions are major impacts associated with human arrival on islands.     

内蒙古阿尔山市北部鸟类区系组成及群落结构

2011年4月至2012年3月,采用样带法和样点法对阿尔山市北部鸟类区系及群落结构进行了调查。共记录到鸟类102种,隶属于13目32科。其中留鸟31种,占阿尔山市鸟类总数的30.39%;夏候鸟60种,占58.82%;旅鸟6种,占5.88%;冬候鸟5种,占4.91%。繁殖鸟构成本地区鸟类区系的主体,夏候鸟为主要组成类群。属于国家Ⅱ级重点保护的野生鸟类有15种。阿尔山市鸟类区系反映出东北区与蒙新区、大兴安岭岭南与岭北相互渗透和过渡性特征。鸟类种类组成有明显的季节性差异,春、秋季节为高峰期,夏、冬季为平稳期。多样性指数变化:林地草地湿地山地农田居民区。随着人类活动程度的加剧,距离城镇较近、人类经常活动的生境,鸟类多样性明显较低。说明城市化影响已开始显现,人类活动对鸟类区系组成有较大影响。