Effects of grazing intensity and grazing exclusion on litter decomposition in the temperate steppe of Nei Mongol,China

Aims Grazing intensity and grazing exclusion affect ecosystem carbon cycling by changing the plant community and soil micro-environment in grassland ecosystems. The aims of this study were: 1) to determine the effects of grazing intensity and grazing exclusion on litter decomposition in the temperate grasslands of Nei Mongol; 2) to compare the difference between above-ground and below-ground litter decomposition; 3) to identify the effects of precipitation on litter production and decomposition. Methods We measured litter production, quality, decomposition rates and soil nutrient contents during the growing season in 2011 and 2012 in four plots, i.e. light grazing, heavy grazing, light grazing exclusion and heavy grazing exclusion. Quadrate surveys and litter bags were used to measure litter production and decomposition rates. All data were analyzed with ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation procedures in SPSS. Important findings Litter production and decomposition rates differed greatly among four plots. During the two years of our study, above-ground litter production and decomposition in heavy-grazing plots were faster than those in light-grazing plots. In the dry year, below-ground litter production and decomposition in light-grazing plots were faster than those in heavy-grazing plots, which is opposite to the findings in the wet year. Short-term grazing exclusion could promote litter production, and the exclusion of light-grazing could increase litter decomposition and nutrient cycling. In contrast, heavy-grazing exclusion decreased litter decomposition. Thus, grazing exclusion is beneficial to the restoration of the light-grazing grasslands, and more human management measures are needed during the restoration of heavy-grazing grasslands. Precipitation increased litter production and decomposition, and below-ground litter was more vulnerable to the inter-annual change of precipitation than above-ground litter. Compared to the light-grazing grasslands, heavy-grazing grasslands had higher sensitivity to precipitation. The above-ground litter decomposition was strongly positively correlated with the litter N content (R² = 0.489, p < 0.01) and strongly negatively correlated with the soil total N content (R² = 0.450, p < 0.01), but it was not significantly correlated with C:N and lignin:N. Below-ground litter decomposition was negatively correlated with the litter C (R² = 0.263, p < 0.01), C:N (R² = 0.349, p < 0.01) and cellulose content (R² = 0.460, p < 0.01). Our results will provide a theoretical basis for ecosystem restoration and the research of carbon cycling.     

关于"南亚热带鹤山主要人工林生态系统C、N累积及分配格局的模拟研究"一文中两个问题的讨论

植声:不同系统的C、N分配格局对群落演替的影响应进一步说明。变化的数量如何能够发挥这种作用,应深入一步,如马占相思作为外来种被其它本地阳性种取代的可能,但实际上模拟的结果100年仍然是马占相思本身,这如何解释,希望在讨论中加以说明。申卫军:审者指出了一个非常重要的研究课题:森林生态系统的C、N分配格局变化如何影响生态系统的演替进程。这实质上是生态系统的结构和功能/过程研究如何耦合的问题。本文只考虑了叶,因为冠层是影响透光率的主要生态系统部分,而光因子     

生长期-定时一年生植物群体光合产物的最优分配策略的理论分析

本工作建立了一个一年生植物群体的生长模型,利用以梯度法为基础的离散系统最优控制的计算方法,计算并分析了一年生植物群体光合产物的营养器官间分配的最优策略,以及这一策略对植物群体最大生长速率和消光系数的依赖关系。用Pontryagin最小值原理和奇异最优控制的条件证明了光合产物的最优分配方法是:在营养和生殖生长并行阶段,群体叶片的死亡量恰好等于新形成量,植物干重随时间线性增加。     

水稻原生质体产生细胞团的冰冻保存和冻后再生植株形成

水稻（Oryza sativa L.)原生质体产生的细胞团加上10－20％的二甲亚枫（DMSO）和10－20％的蔗糖,置于液氮中保存,冻后细胞生存率达到对照的40－50％,存活的细胞在附加2×10^-5mol/l 2,4-D的Linsmier-Skoog(LS)固体培养基上再生长,然后将形成的愈伤组织块转到附加10^-6mol/l NAA,4×10^-6mol/l激动素和10^-6mol/l 2 IP及8％的蔗糖的LS培养基上分化出芽并形成植株。     

水稻原生质体产生细胞团的冰冻保存和冻后再生植株形成

水稻(Oryza sativa L.)原生质体产生的细胞团加上10-20％的二甲亚枫(DMSO)和10-20％的蔗糖,置于液氮中保存。冻后细胞生存率达到对照的40-50％。存活的细胞在附加2×10~(-5)mol/l 2,4-D 的Linsmier-Skoog(Ls)固体培养基上再生长,然后将形成的愈伤组织块转到附加10~(-6)mol/l NAA,4×10~(-6)mol/l 激动素和10~(-6)mol/l 2 IP 及8％的蔗糖的 LS培养基上分化出芽并形成植株。     

濒危动物的再引入与物种保护

本文介绍了国内外所进行的濒危动物再引入的状况,探讨了再引入对保护珍稀野生动物的作用及由此而引出的一系列问题,并对在我国开展再引入工作的前景进行了展望。     

相分配—一种纯化细胞器和膜微囊的方法

根据各种膜颗粒表面电荷密度和疏水性的差异,通过适当的相分配系统,将一种膜颗粒从其它成份中分离出来,这便是相分配法。在相分配法应用之前,都是用离心法纯化膜颗粒的,但离心法纯化的膜颗粒纯度不够高。相分配法作为离心法的辅助技术,则能满足实验对分离纯化的膜颗粒的纯度