原核表达的萝卜PHGPx和谷胱甘肽对NIH3T3细胞氧化损伤的联合保护作用

将大肠杆菌中高效表达的萝卜磷脂氢谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(RsPHGPx)及其底物还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)联合作用于H2O2、过氧化叔丁基(t-BHP)以及磷脂氢过氧化物(PLPCOOH)损伤的小鼠NIH3T3成纤维细胞，研究其对于细胞过氧化损伤的保护作用。发现单独加入10 μg/ml RsPHGPx并不能明显保护细胞应对过氧化损伤，但是10 μg/ml RsPHGPx与3 mg/ml GSH共同作用，可显著提高GSH对细胞过氧化损伤的保护效果，提高细胞存活率，降低细胞膜脂质过氧化水平和胞内活性氧(ROS)水平，保护细胞维持形态完整和抑制细胞凋亡。这一联合作用结果说明RsPHGPx的催化作用可以快速清除细胞内多种过氧化物，高效地保护细胞免受过氧化损伤，为RsPHGPx的应用提供了实验依据。     

竹红菌甲素（HA）光敏致实作用的研究

以中国苍鼠卵巢成纤维细胞（ＣＨＯ）为材料,通过ＨＡ光敏诱变,乌本甙（ｏｕａｂａｉｎ）筛选研究了竹红菌甲素光敏反应对细胞Ｎａ＋／Ｋ＋ＡＴＰ酶基因的诱变致灾作用。结果表明ＨＡ光敏反应可造成细胞Ｎａ＋／Ｋ＋ＡＴＰ酶基因点突变,并具有遗传稳定性。另外通过测定光敏反应细胞脂质过氧化程度及其产物与细胞ＤＮＡ形成的荧光产物表明脂质过氧化在细胞ＤＮＡ的损伤突变过程中,起着重要的作用。     

重组萝卜磷脂氢谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶在毕赤酵母优化表达初步纯化与鉴定

将萝卜磷脂氢谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（RsPHGPx）基因插入到分泌表达载体pPIC9K中，转化巴斯德毕赤酵母GS115细胞，筛选具有G418抗性的单拷贝转化子。经过优化表达条件，RsPHGPx在1%甲醇、pH6.0、28℃条件下诱导60h后得到最大表达量，产率约为102 mg/L。通过硫酸铵分级沉淀、脱盐柱脱盐、凝胶过滤等纯化步骤，得到了90%以上纯度的RsPHGPx．活性分析显示纯化获得的RsPHGPx具有依赖于GSH的还原活性, 比活性为4.2μmol/min·mg，为获得大量RsPHGPx而用于应用开发研究奠定了基础。     

竹红菌甲素（HA）光敏致实作用的研究

以中国苍鼠卵巢成纤维细胞（ＣＨＯ）为材料,通过ＨＡ光敏诱变,乌本甙筛选研究了竹红菌甲素光敏反应对细胞Ｎａ＾＋／Ｋ＾＋ＡＴＰ酶基因的诱变致突作用。结果表明ＨＡ光敏反应可造成细胞Ｎａ＾＋／Ｋ＾＋ＡＴＰ酶基因点突变,并具有遗传稳定性。另外通过测定光敏反应细胞脂质过氧化程度衣其产物与细胞ＤＮＡ形成的荧光产物表明脂质过氧化在细胞ＤＮＡ的损伤突变过程中,起着重要的作用。     

可见（激）光诱变效应分子机理研究：脂质过氧化活性产物在基因突变中的作用

可见激光诱变效应应用于作物育种,已有大量报道。已有实验报告,光敏化作用亦可造成细胞基因结构与功能的改变。众所周知,可见光不能被DNA吸收,而常用的光敏剂如HPD等主要滞留在细胞膜和胞质中,何以引起基因损伤？其机理至今尚不清楚。一些研究表明,引起突变效应的光辎射,同时导致股脂质过氧化反应发生,并且抗突变和抗脂质过氧化具有一致性,提示可见光突变效应可能与脂质过氧化活性产物有关。在生物物质中都会有大量的不饱和脂肪酸,它们主要在膜脂质中,使各种细胞膜对外界理化因素具有高度敏感性,从而导致脂质过氧化链式反应…     

黄芪对肠缺血／再灌注时脂质过氧化损伤的防护作用及其机制

目的：探讨黄芪对肠缺血／再灌注（I／R）时脂质过氧化损伤的防护作用及其机制。方法：检测红细胞膜和组织匀浆丙二醛（MDA）含量以及红细胞超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性。结果：黄芪可使MDA含量降低,且可防止SOD减少,与1／R组比较均P〈0．01。结论：肠I／R过程中体内脂质过氧化过程加强,黄芪通过抗脂质过氧化作用能稳定细胞膜,减轻组织损伤,延缓I／R损伤的进行性加剧。     

抗坏血酸对花生原生质体分离过程中膜损伤的保护作用

酶解处理使花生叶肉细胞原生质体膜脂质过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）积累,添加抗坏血酸（ASA）能降低MDA的积累。未添加ASA时,酶解初期,过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性上升,说明原生质体存在各种抵御不良变化的机制,但酶解时间加长、POD活性下降。添加ASA能使超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性明显上升。试验结果说明：在原生质体分离过程中会导致膜损伤,细胞自身存在一个响应的防御机制,添加ASA能降低酶解过程对原生质膜的损伤。     

盐胁迫下大麦和小麦叶片脂质过氧化伤害与超微结构变化的关系

研究了耐盐的大麦和不耐盐的小麦幼苗在 NaCl 胁迫下叶片脂质过氧化作用、膜系统伤害、叶肉细胞超微结构变化三者之间的关系。在盐胁迫初期,叶肉细胞能维持较高的 SOD 活性,脂质过氧化作用较弱,膜系统基本完整;随着胁迫强度加大,SOD 活性下降,脂质过氧化作用加强,膜透性增加,细胞内的电解质和紫外吸收物质大量外渗,细胞器破坏,甚至整个叶肉细胞结构崩溃。试验结果表明盐胁迫下超微结构的变化反映了细胞内膜系统的紊乱和伤害,而膜系统的伤害可能是脂质过氧化作用增强的结果。     

用免疫亲和层析法纯化萝卜 PHGPx 天然蛋白

萝卜磷脂氢谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (RsPHGPx) 是一个定位于线粒体的蛋白质 . 为了阐明该蛋白质线粒体定位信号的准确切割位点,采用了免疫亲和层析方法纯化天然的 RsPHGPx. 用重组 RsPHGPx 蛋白免疫兔子获得了抗 RsPHGPx 的多克隆抗血清,以重组 RsPHGPx 蛋白为配体,采用亲和层析技术对抗血清进行了纯化,得到了单特异性的抗 RsPHGPx 的抗体 . 将纯化好的抗体偶联到一个 N- 羟基琥珀酰亚胺 (NHS) 预先激活的琼脂糖柱子上,装配成一个以单特异性的抗 RsPHGPx 抗体为配体的免疫亲和层析柱 . 经过对纯化条件的摸索和优化,形成了一个简单、特异的一步法纯化方案 . 按照该方案,从萝卜幼苗线粒体总蛋白质提取物中纯化到一个分子质量与预期值相一致的特异蛋白质 . 免疫印迹分析表明,该蛋白质被抗 RsPHGPx 的抗血清特异识别 . 酶活性分析表明,该蛋白质具有显著的 PHGPx 活性 . 这些结果表明,纯化到的特异蛋白质是萝卜的 RsPHGPx 天然蛋白 . 这是首个关于定位于植物细胞器的 PHGPx 蛋白纯化的报道 . 这一结果为准确测定 RsPHGPx 信号肽的切割位点奠定了基础,并将有助于对植物 PHGPx 的亚细胞定位机制及其生理功能的深入研究 .     

钒对人红细胞膜蛋白和膜脂质过氧化的影响

对钒酸根Ｖ（Ｖ）与红细胞膜相互作用研究表明Ｖ（Ｖ）使膜蛋白内源荧光淬火和膜巯基含量降低,但对膜脂质过氧化影响较小,提示Ｖ（Ｖ）主要与膜蛋白作用,与Ｖ（Ｖ）不同,Ｖ（Ⅳ）与红细胞膜的作用虽使膜蛋白巯基含量下降,但不显,其主要作用是引起膜脂质过氧化。     

A plant mitochondrial phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase: its precise localization and higher enzymatic activity

A novel cDNA of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx), which encodes a functional protein capable of complementing the yeast PHGHX-deletion mutant, was recently discovered in radish (Raphanus sativus) and designated as RsPHGPx [Yang X-D, Li W-J, Liu J-Y (2005) Biochim Biophys Acta 1728:199–205]. Sequence alignment suggested that RsPHGPx contains a targeting peptide required for transport to mitochondria, but the experimental evidence for the exact intracellular distribution of RsPHGPx remains to be elucidated. To uncover the cellular localization of plant PHGPx, we first investigated RsPHGPx’s intracellular distribution. Western blot analysis of subcellular fractions using the RsPHGPx antiserum clearly indicated the distribution of RsPHGPx in the radish mitochondrial fraction. Furthermore, a construct expressing the RsPHGPx precursor tagged with green fluorescent protein was introduced into tobacco and yeast cells, and the fusion protein was transported into both mitochondria, indicating that RsPHGPx was indeed localized in mitochondria. To explore the biochemical functions of this enzyme, we tested the enzymatic activity of the recombinant RsPHGPx protein. It displayed GSH-dependent peroxidase activity and exhibited the largest affinity to and the highest catalytic efficiency on phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxide, suggesting that phospholipid hydroperoxide is probably the optimum substrate for RsPHGPx. Furthermore, RsPHGPx showed a much higher V _max value, by two orders of magnitude, than those of all other known plant PHGPxs. Taken together, these results showed evidence for the first time of mitochondrial localization and higher activity of PHGPx in plants and provided a framework for continued studies on the physiological functions of RsPHGPx.     

Isolation and characterization of a novel PHGPx gene in Raphanus sativus

A full-length cDNA encoding putative phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx) was cloned from Raphanus sativus. The cDNA, designated RsPHGPx, includes an open reading frame which encodes 197 amino acid residues. The alignment of amino acid sequences showed that RsPHGPx had the highest sequence homology to plant PHGPx and contained an N-terminal extension characteristic of a mitochondrial targeting peptide. Northern blot analysis indicated that RsPHGPx was constitutively and ubiquitously expressed during radish development, and its expression was differently regulated by various stress conditions. The expression of RsPHGPx in a yeast PHGPx-deletion mutant significantly rescued the mutant sensitivity to oxidation-sensitive linolenic acid, just as the yeast PHGPx3 gene did. This suggested that RsPHGPx encodes a functional PHGPx protein.     

萝卜磷脂氢谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶基因结构及其调控序列分析

磷脂氢谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (PHGPx) 是谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (GPx) 家族的重要一员,是目前已知能直接保护生物膜免受过氧化损伤的唯一酶类 . 此前的研究表明,萝卜磷脂氢谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶基因 (RsPHGPx) 编码一个有生理功能的过氧化物酶 , 并且 RsPHGPx 基因的表达可能受发育和环境胁迫信号的复杂调控 . 要深入了解该基因的表达调控机制首先必须阐明 RsPHGPx 基因的结构及其上游调控序列 . DNA 印迹表明萝卜 RsPHGPx 基因以单拷贝的形式存在于基因组中 . 以基因组 DNA 为模板,通过常规 PCR 与染色体步行相结合的方法克隆到了一段 3.3 kb 长的 RsPHGPx 基因组序列 . 分析发现,该基因由 7 个外显子和 6 个内含子组成,所有内含子的剪切位点均符合真核生物 GT-AG 规则 . 另外还发现该基因的上游基因是生物素合成酶基因;位于 RsPHGPx 基因上游的调控序列只有不足 300 bp. 这些结构特征与拟南芥 AtGPX3 基因极其相似 . 顺式作用元件的数据库搜索发现 RsPHGPx 基因的上游调控序列含有多个响应激素 ( 如 E-Box 和 W-Box) 、胁迫 ( 如转录因子 MYB 和 MYC 的结合位点 ) 和光 ( 如 Box Ⅱ和Ⅰ -Box) 信号的元件 . RNA 印迹分析表明 RsPHGPx 基因的表达受到脱落酸 (ABA) 和连续光照 ( 在黄化苗中 ) 处理的负调控,受到冷胁迫 (4℃ ) 的正调控,这暗示了预测的顺式作用元件的调控作用 . 然而,除草剂 paraquat 对该基因表达的正调控作用,暗示了某些与氧化胁迫相关的未知元件的存在 . 这些结果进一步印证了 RsPHGPx 基因的表达受发育和环境胁迫信号复杂调控的推测 . 这是迄今为止首个关于植物 PHGPx 基因结构和上游调控序列的系统报道,为今后全面认识植物 PHGPx 基因的表达调控机制奠定了必要基础 .     

Qualitative and quantitative variability in different classes of proteins: Comparison of mouse and rat

Summary Proteins of membranes and cytosols were extracted from the livers and brains of mice (inbred strain DBA/6J) and rats (inbred strain DA/Han) and separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). The 2-DE patterns were compared with regard to qualitative (spot position) and quantitative (spot intensity) characteristics of the proteins of these two species.The following results were obtained: (1) Brain had more (higher percentage) conservative proteins (proteins found in both mice and rats) than liver; (2) plasma membranes had more conservative proteins than the cytosols; (3) organ-unspecific proteins contained more conservative proteins than relatively organ-specific proteins; (4) the pattern of distribution of genetic variability among different classes of proteins represented by findings 1–3 was the same for the qualitative and quantative characteristics of the proteins; and (5) some observations indicated that quantitative variability occurred more frequently among proteins than did qualitative variability. Our conclusion is that regulatory sequences in the DNA (regulatory genes) are subjected to functional constraints that differ in strength among different classes of proteins by the same ratios as the constraints acting on the structural genes. The overall effect of the selective pressure is, however, less stringent for regulatory genes than for structural genes.The results obtained here by comparing two different species are very similar to previous results we obtained by studying different subspecies (inbred strains of the mouse). From this finding arises a new concept: the study of molecular evolution on the basis of different classes of proteins.Our results were compared with data from the literature that were obtained in part from studies on cultured cells. The comparison suggested that cultured cells have lost their tissue-specific proteins, and so generate predominantly extremely conservative proteins.     

Use of Staphylococcus aureus 6-P-beta-galactosidase and GFP as fusion partners for lactose-specific IIC domain from Staphylococcus aureus

The hydrophilic part of membrane proteins plays an important role in the formation of 3D crystals. The construction of fusion proteins using well crystallizing proteins as fusion partners is a possibility to increase the hydrophilic part of membrane proteins lacking large hydrophilic domains. These fusion proteins might be easier to crystallize. Two bifunctional fusion proteins containing the membrane-bound, lactose-specific enzyme IIC domain of the lactose transporter (IICB(lac)) from S. aureus as N-terminal fusion partner were constructed by gene fusion. The C-terminal fusion partners were S. aureus 6-P-beta-Galactosidase and GFP, respectively. Both proteins were overexpressed in E. coli, purified to homogeneity and kinetically characterized: In the presence of the components of the lactose phosphotransferase system of S. aureus, the hybrid proteins phosphorylated their substrates, indicating that the fusion partners are sufficiently flexibly linked to allow the interaction of the IIC(lac) domain with the IIB(lac) domain of the lactose transporter. The activity of the 6-P-beta-Galactosidase as well as the fluorescence of GFP were preserved in the fusion proteins. The Vmax values determined for the IIC domain in the fusion proteins were dramatically reduced compared with the values determined for the separate IIC(lac) domain and the complete lactose transporter (IICB(lac)). The Km values were only slightly increased indicating that the Vmax values are much more influenced by the fusion than the substrate affinities. The substrate affinity and the Vmax value determined for the GFP-fused IIC(lac) domain are higher than for the 6-P-beta-Galactosidase-fused IIC(lac). The results suggest that the fusion with GFP enables a better interaction with the IIB(lac) domain than the fusion with 6-P-beta-Galactosidase. Moreover, the GFP-fused IIC(lac) domain proved to be more stable than the 6-P-beta-Galactosidase fusion protein.     

Dephosphorylation of neurofilament proteins enhances their susceptibility to degradation by calpain.

The degradation of phosphorylated and dephosphorylated neurofilament proteins by the Ca2+-activated neutral proteinase calpain was studied. Neurofilaments were isolated from bovine spinal cord, dephosphorylated by alkaline phosphatase (from Escherichia coli) and radioiodinated with [125I]-Bolton-Hunter reagent. The radioiodinated neurofilament proteins (untreated and dephosphorylated) were incubated in the presence and absence of calpain from rabbit skeletal muscle, and the degradation rates of large (NF-H), mid-sized (NF-M) and small (NF-L) neurofilament polypeptides were analysed by SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. The degradation of dephosphorylated neurofilament proteins occurred at a higher rate, and to a greater extent, than did that of the phosphorylated (untreated) neurofilament proteins. The dephosphorylated high-molecular-mass neurofilament (NF-HD) was proteolyzed 6 times more quickly than the untreated NF-H. The degradation rate of the NF-M and NF-L neurofilament proteins was also enhanced after dephosphorylation, but less than that of NF-H. This indicates that the dephosphorylation of neurofilament proteins can increase their sensitivity to calpain degradation.     

Composition and genetic variability of heparin-sepharose CL-6B protein fractions obtained from the solubilized proteins of mouse organs

The solubilized proteins of liver and brain from mice of two inbred strains (C57BL/6J and DBA/2J) and their hybrids were subfractionated by heparin Sepharose (H-S) CL-6B affinity chromatography. The H-S binding and nonbinding proteins were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis. The protein patterns obtained were analyzed with regard to their protein composition and their genetic variability (qualitative and quantitative variants). Eighty to ninety percent of the H-S binding proteins were unique to this class of proteins. This class was rich in organ-specific proteins. Compared to the nonbinding proteins the portion of basic proteins was only slightly increased, suggesting that most of the H-S binding proteins interact specifically with heparin. The frequency of qualitative protein variants revealed that H-S binding proteins are more conservative than H-S nonbinding proteins. The quantitative genetic variability was higher in liver than in brain. Quantitative protein variants occurred more frequently than qualitative variants.