不同生境下濒危植物膝柄木幼树的生态适应性

膝柄木是我国极度濒危植物,也是广西滨海过渡带天然植被的重要组成树种。为了解光因子对膝柄木天然更新的限制影响,该文对林缘、林窗、林下三种不同光照生境下膝柄木幼树的生理和生长指标的年际变化特征进行了研究。结果表明：（1）光合有效辐射不足影响了膝柄木幼树的生长。林下幼树的地径、株高和叶面积增长量显著降低,而生长于光照充足林缘生境的膝柄木幼树,其生长指标增长量最大。（2）随着光合有效辐射的减少,膝柄木幼树的超氧化物岐化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活性、可溶性蛋白含量、相对电导率和丙二醛（MDA）含量林缘生境显著高于林下生境的幼树,游离脯氨酸含量林下生境的幼树显著高于林缘和林窗生境的幼树。（3）随着光合有效辐射的减弱,林下生境幼树的叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素含量均高于林缘和林窗的膝柄木幼树,而叶绿素a/b林缘幼树较高;林缘生境的膝柄木幼树净光合速率（P_n）、蒸腾速率（T_r）在三种生境中最高;林下生境的膝柄木幼树的胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）高于其他两种生境,而水分利用效率（WUE）在2—4月林缘生境的膝...     

鼎湖山南亚热带常绿阔叶林荷木种群动态变化

荷木(Schima superba)是鼎湖山南亚热带常绿阔叶林群落中的优势种,为了解南亚热带常绿阔叶林的群落构建机制,该研究分析了鼎湖山南亚热带常绿阔叶林20 hm2样地中荷木种群在2005—2017年间的动态变化,并从径级和生境两个方面分析了其死亡率的分布特征。结果表明:(1)荷木种群个体数量从2005—2017年呈现出减少的态势。(2)在径级方面,荷木的死亡率和相对生长率的变化在不同径级区间呈现出不同的变化规律。径级在1～10 cm范围的荷木相对生长率大并迅速下降,死亡率上升且维持在较高水平;径级在10～50 cm范围的荷木随着径级增大,相对生长率减缓,然后下降,而死亡率不断下降;在50 cm以上的径级范围内,荷木相对生长率小、死亡率大。(3)不同生境中,2010年各个生境死亡率相差不大,2015年高海拔生境(高坡、山脊、高谷)死亡率大于低海拔生境(低坡、低谷),2017年则为低海拔生境大于高海拔生境。(4)荷木的死亡率与土壤中酸碱度呈正相关关系,而与土壤有机质、总氮、总磷、有效钾、有效氮含量呈负相关关系。     

木兰科属间核型比较

本文对我国原始木本被子植物木兰科中的木兰属Magnolia、木莲属Manglietia、含笑属Michelia、 合果木属Paramichelia、观光木属Tsoongioderdron、拟单性木兰属Parakmeria、鹅掌楸属Liriodendron、 华盖木属Manglietiastrum 8属代表种的核型进行了研究。各属代表种的核型公式如下:夜合Magnolia coco 32m+4sm+2st(2SAT);灰木莲Manglieatia glauca 32m+4sm+2st(2SAT);合果木Paramichelia baillonii 34m(2SAT)+2sm+2st(2SAT);观光木Tsoongiodendron odorum 32m+6sn(2SAT);拟单性木 兰Parakmeria omeiensis 56m+16sm+4st(2SAT);鹅掌楸Liriodendron chinense 32+4sm(2SAT)+2st (2SAT);华盖木Manglietiastrum sinicum 28m+4sm+6st(6SAT);白兰 Michelia alba 34m+4sm(2SAT)。作者对木兰科核型进化问题进行了讨论。     

气候变化情景下基于最大熵模型的中国西南地区清香木潜在分布格局模拟

清香木(Pistacia weinmannifolia)是中国西南干旱河谷植被的特征种。本文利用野外调查的165个清香木分布点信息以及22个环境变量数据,基于最大熵(Maxent)算法构建清香木分布的适宜生境预测模型,并据此模拟清香木在我国西南地区的适宜分布区,以及历史和未来不同气候情景下的分布格局变化。结果表明:清香木生境预测的Maxent模型准确性非常高(AUC=0.974),温度季节性变化、极端低温和降水量是限制其分布的主要气候因子。清香木当前的潜在分布区集中在我国西南干旱河谷区,其适宜生境的气候特征是降水少、温度季节性变化小且无极端低温。对清香木在末次间冰期和末次冰盛期分布的模拟结果表明,其分布区范围均以诸大江河的河谷为中心,随气候变化在我国西南地区主要呈现先向东扩张,然后向西退缩的趋势,并印证了"冰期走出横断山(glacial out-of-Hengduan Mts.)"的观点。在未来(2061–2080年)3种典型浓度路径(representative concentration pathway,RCP)的气候情景下,清香木在我国西南地区的分布都向东扩张,主要分布在云贵高原与四川盆地结合地带的河谷,以及云贵高原与广西西部交界地带的河谷中,这也反映了这些地区河谷地段干旱化的可能,而当前的潜在分布区趋于消失;清香木的潜在适宜分布面积在中低浓度路径情景下均将减少约33%,而在高浓度路径情景下有所增加。     

王朗自然保护区大熊猫原始林与次生林的生境利用比较研究

为研究大熊猫对不同森林生境的利用情况,2012年和2013年在四川省王朗国家级自然保护区布设了30条调查线路开展了大熊猫生境调查,对49个大熊猫原始林利用样方和43个次生林利用样方中的16个变量进行了调查和统计分析。研究发现大熊猫可以利用采伐后自然恢复50多年的次生林,但原始林生境和次生林生境仍存在较大差异：与大熊猫所利用的原始林生境相比较,次生林生境的乔木胸径较小,灌木密度和灌木胸径较大,倒木较少。研究发现,加强对次生林的保护对大熊猫生境的保护工作有重要的意义。     

四合木(Tetraena mongolica)水分参数季节变化及生境间差异

运用PV技术对5个不同生境四合木水分参数（ψs^sal、ψs^tlp、ROWC^tlp、RWC^tlp如、AWC、Va／Vo和ε^max）的季节动态（5、7、9月份）及生境间差异性进行研究。结果表明：（1）四合木水分参数ψs^sal、ψs^tlp值较低，AWC、Va／Vo值较高，体现荒漠灌木四合木较强的干旱适应性特点。（2）四合木主要水分参数ψs^sal、ψs^tlp值及ε^max表现为5月份〉7月份〉9月份，AWC、Va，Vo表现为5月份〈7月份〈9月份，四合木耐旱性随5月份、7月份、9月份递增，这种季节变化规律与植物生长发育的节律相吻合，即与物候的进程一致。（3）对5个生境四合木（低山、台地、丘陵、高平原、倾斜平原）耐旱性排序，得出倾斜平原、高平原〉丘陵〉台地〉低山，将3个月份5个不同生境四合木水分参数进行聚类。结果低山、台地、丘陵四合木为一类，高平原、倾斜平原四合木为一类。方差分析表明：3个月份ψs^sal值、ψs^tlp值和AWC值均表现为高平原、倾斜平原四合木显著低于低山、台地、丘陵四合木。不同生境四合木的渗透调节机制不同，倾斜平原和高平原的四合木其体内通过增加细胞质浓度进行渗透调节能力较强（较低的ψs^tlp值和ψs^sal）；而生境为低山、台地和丘陵四合木抗脱水能力较强（较大的AWC值）。     

人为干扰对乌海市四合木小灌木景观的影响

以乌海市四合木(Tetraena mongolica Maxim)为研究对象,利用2009年Quickbird高分辨率影像,结合四合木群落野外调查数据,对乌海市四合木分布区在不同人为干扰强度下的景观格局和群落进行研究。结果表明:人为干扰越强烈,四合木生境破碎化程度越严重。在植株生理年龄相近,生境相同时,四合木的高度、冠幅以及重要值随人为干扰加剧,变化趋势明显。受人为干扰程度越强地区,其物种丰富度指数越小,生物多样性越低。干扰强度发生变化时,Pielou均匀度指数均在0.77—0.90间。     

不同生境条件下四合木（Tetraena mongolicaMaxim.）种群结构特征

对天然分布区及不同生境内四合木种群的径级结构、年龄结构、冠幅结构、高度结构及空间结构特征进行了比较分析,运用静态生命表描述了四合木种群年龄结构动态变化规律,应用Clark-Evans的 R值法计算出四合木个体空间分布格局指标.结果表明:四合木种群径级、龄级与高度级结构均基本呈正态分布,冠幅级结构呈现出近乎指数型的衰减趋势;但不同生境的四合木种群因所处微环境各异,在径级、龄级、高度级、冠幅级结构上表现出一定差异.四合木种群的存活率随龄级的增大而降低,死亡率和消失率随龄级的增大而升高,其存活曲线接近于DeeveyⅠ型,表明该种群为下降种群.不同生境的四合木种群个体分布均不均匀,其空间分布为随机型.     

山东海岸木生海洋真菌的研究I.(英文)

为调查中国黄海海域的丝状海洋真菌,从山东威海潮间带海滩收集了沉没木、附着木和沙埋木,并从其上分离到7种高等海洋真菌。Arenariomycestrifurcata,Corollosporamaritima,Alternariamaritima,Trichocladiumachrasporum为中国大陆新记录种,Chaetomiunglobosum,Tetraploaaristata,Torulasp.为中国大陆新生境报道。对每个种作了描述并对分类和形态进行了讨论。     

不同生境条件四合木(Tetraena mongolica)内源激素季节变化及种群差异

四合木(Tetraena mongolica Maxim)是西鄂尔多斯地区特有的单种属古地中海残遗植物.选择了分布区内有代表性的低山、台地、丘陵、高平原、倾斜平原5个典型生境的四合木种群为研究对象.对不同生境四合木种群密度、盖度、年龄结构和根际土壤理化性质进行研究,运用酶联免疫吸附法对四合木叶片内源激素(ABA、IAA、GA3、ZT)季节变化和生境间差异性进行探讨.结果表明:(1)不同生境四合木种群密度、盖度、年龄结构存在显著差异,且低山、台地、丘陵种群所处生境有利于幼苗更新,其密度和盖度均显著大于高平原和倾斜平原种群;(2)四合木根际土壤有机质含量、土壤含水量、营养元素(N、P、K)、微量元素(Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Mo、B)含量均较低,pH偏高,体现出贫瘠碱性化的荒漠土壤特点.运用数理统计将5个样地土壤理化性质进行聚类分析,分为两类:低山、台地、丘陵种群为一类(A类),高平原、倾斜平原为一类(B类).方差分析表明:A类样地土壤营养元素(N、P、K)和微量元素(全Fe、Mn、Zn、B、Mo与有效量)、土壤有机质含量及土壤含水量都显著高于B类,而pH值显著低于B类.(3)5个四合木种群ABA和GA3含量均表现为:8月份＞6月份＞5月份;IAA的含量和ZT的含量均表现为:6月份＞8月份＞5月份.方差分析表明:5月份IAA含量表现为在A类样地＞B类样地,8月份ABA含量和GA3含量表现为在A类样地＞B类样地.(4)四合木分布区存在较大的生境异质性,在其长期适应过程中,生境条件差异导致了种群在生理生态方面的分化.四合木种群密度、盖度、年龄结构以及土壤养分、水分和内源激素在生境间存在着差异.     

Meta‐analysis of anthropogenic habitat disturbance effects on animal‐mediated seed dispersal

Anthropogenic habitat disturbance is a strong biodiversity change driver that compromises not only the species persistence but also the ecological interactions in which they are involved. Even though seed dispersal is a key interaction involved in the recruitment of many tree species and in consequence critical for biodiversity maintenance, studies assessing the effect of different anthropogenic disturbance drivers on this interaction have not been performed under a meta‐analytical framework. We assessed the way habitat fragmentation and degradation processes affect species diversity (abundance and species richness) and interaction rates (i.e., fruit removal and visitation rates) of different groups of seed‐disperser species at a global scale. We obtained 163 case studies from 37 articles. Results indicate that habitat degradation had a negative effect on seed‐disperser animal diversity, whereas habitat fragmentation had a negative effect on interaction rates. Birds and insects were more sensitive in terms of their diversity, whereas mammals showed a negative effect on interaction rates. Regarding habitat, both fragmentation and degradation had a negative effect on seed‐disperser animal diversity only in temperate habitats, and negative effects on interaction rates in tropical and temperate habitats. Our results indicate that the impact of human disturbance on seed‐disperser species and interactions is not homogeneous. On the contrary, the magnitude of effects seems to be dependent on the type of disturbance, taxonomic group under assessment, and geographical region where the human impact occurs.     

Seed Dispersal Phenology and Germination Characteristics of a Drought-Prone Vegetation in Southeastern Brazil

Seed germination is determined by the environmental conditions typical of a habitat and also by the geographical origin of the source species pool. During the Quaternary, Brazilian Atlantic Rain Forest species expanded their distribution into the sandy coastal plains (restingas). Periods of water shortage, however, are frequent in the sandy substrate of the restinga. We investigated whether the germination characteristics of restinga species are more related to their biogeographical origin in the humid forest or to water shortage on sandy substrates. We characterized the seed dispersal phenology of a restinga community and conducted experiments to determine the water requirements for seed germination and the short-term seed dehydration sensitivity of different species. Species shed seeds throughout the year in the restinga. When subjected to Ψ=−0.37 MPa, seed germination percentage decreased and germination time increased in six of ten species when compared with Ψ=0 MPa. Most species showed high seed moisture content (MC>40 %) at seed dispersal. Seeds took 3–17 d to dehydrate when subjected to relative humidity≤76 percent and only two of eight species had seeds sensitive to short-term dehydration. Thus, rather than a specific set of germination characteristics related to humid or dry habitats, we gathered evidence to show that the germination characteristics of restinga species represent a multiplicity of responses that may be found in both kinds of habitat.     

Constraints on colonization and species richness along a grassland productivity gradient: the role of propagule availability

An important goal in ecology is to discern under what habitat conditions community structure is primarily regulated by local ecological interactions and under what conditions community structure is more regulated by the pool of available colonists. I conducted a seed addition experiment in successional grassland to evaluate the relative significance of neighbourhood biotic interactions and propagule availability in regulating plant colonization and species richness along a natural gradient of grassland productivity. In undisturbed field plots, seed additions of 34 species led to an increase in species richness in locations of low productivity, an effect that declined in magnitude as productivity increased. In disturbed plots, seed additions led to a relatively constant increase in species richness at all levels of productivity. The results support the hypothesis that the role of propagule availability in regulating colonization dynamics and species richness declines in significance relative to local-scale competitive interactions as habitat productivity increases.     

Seed Density Significantly Affects Species Richness and Composition in Experimental Plant Communities

Studies on the importance of seed arrival for community richness and composition have not considered the number of seeds arriving and its effect on species richness and composition of natural communities is thus unknown. A series of experimental dry grassland communities were established. All communities were composed of the same 44 species in exactly the same proportions on two substrates using three different seed densities.The results showed that seed density had an effect on species richness only at the beginning of the experiment. In contrast, the effects on species composition persisted across the entire study period. The results do not support the prediction that due to higher competition for light in nutrient-rich soil, species richness will be the highest in the treatment with the lowest seed density. However, the prevalence of small plants in the lowest seed density supported the expectation that low seed density guarantees low competition under high soil nutrients. In the nutrient-poor soil, species richness was the highest at the medium seed density, indicating that species richness reflects the balance between competition and limitations caused by the availability of propagules or their ability to establish themselves. This medium seed density treatment also contained the smallest plants.The results demonstrate that future seed addition experiments need to consider the amount of seed added so that it reflects the amount of seed that is naturally found in the field. Differences in seed density, mimicking different intensity of the seed rain may also explain differences in the composition of natural communities that cannot be attributed to habitat conditions. The results also have important implications for studies regarding the consequences of habitat fragmentation suggesting that increasing fragmentation may change species compositions not only due to different dispersal abilities but also due to differential response of plants to overall seed density.     

Effect of phylogeny, life history and habitat correlates on seed germination of 69 arid and semi-arid zone species from northwest China

We tested the effects of phylogeny, life history and habitat conditions for seedling establishment on seed germination of 69 arid/semi-arid zone species from northwest China. Final germination percentages had a bimodal distribution, whereas, days to first germination were skewed toward short periods. Stepwise multi-way ANOVAs showed that the amount of variance in final germination percentage among species for seeds incubated in light was explained by phylogeny (13.6%), dispersal mode (11.9%), seed mass (3.6%), and habitat (0.2%); in darkness by dispersal mode (17.5%), phylogeny (12.7%), seed mass (5.7%), and habitat (0%). A series of ANOVAs revealed that the variance in final germination percentages among species is largely dependent upon phylogeny and dispersal mode but that it is also influenced by seed mass and habitat. The effects of dispersal mode and seed mass on final germination percentage among species were phylogenetic group- and habitat-specific. Wind-dispersed seeds had higher germination percentages than unassisted and vertebrate-dispersed seeds. Compared to xerophytes, mesophytes tended to have smaller seed mass, higher mean germination percentages and a greater effect of seed mass on final germination fractions. Our results suggest that phylogeny and life history should be taken into account in studies on the role of natural selection in regulation of seed germination.     

Consequences of tropical dry forest conversion on diaspore fate of Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Fabaceae)

Habitat conversion is one of the major threats for biodiversity conservation and viability of natural populations. Thus, habitat disturbance alters distinct ecological processes, such as plant reproductive success and diaspore fate. In this study, we determined the effects of seasonally tropical dry forests (STDFs) conversion by anthropogenic disturbance by assessing diaspore fate of Enterolobium contortisiliquum. We compared 20 adult trees present in a STDFs preserved area and 20 adult trees present in a human-converted area. In general, diaspore fates from both areas were similar, i.e., there was no difference in the reproductive success of trees in STDFs and human-converted area. Habitat disturbance did not affect the length or width of fruits; only fruit thickness was larger in trees of STDFs habitat. None of the biometric seed measures differed between different habitat conditions. Likewise, the number of undamaged seeds, aborted seeds, pre-dispersal predated seeds, and seed production were independent of habitat conditions. Besides, we did not observe any effect of habitat disturbance on germination percentage. However, seeds from preserved STDFs germinated faster than seeds from the human-converted area. Even though the effects of human-modified habitats on the diaspore fate have already been studied, tree species exhibit different responses to habitat conversion regarding seed predation, seed dispersal, seed germination, and seedling establishment. Overall, our results show that habitat disturbance does not affect the diaspore fate of E. contortisiliquum. This study also highlights the importance of remnants trees in converted landscapes as the population’s connectors which maintain plant–animal mutualistic and antagonistic interactions that mitigate the effects of habitat disturbance.

     

Spatial structure and genetic diversity of three tropical tree species with different habitat preferences within a natural forest

Analyses of the spatial distribution pattern, spatial genetic structure and genetic diversity were carried out using a 33-ha plot in a hill dipterocarp forest for three dipterocarps with different habitat preferences, i.e. Shorea curtisii on the ridges, Shorea leprosula in the valleys and Shorea macroptera both on the ridges and in the valleys. The significant spatial aggregation in small-diameter trees of all the three species was explained by limited seed dispersal. At the large-diameter trees, only S. macroptera showed random distribution and this might further prove that S. macroptera is habitat generalist, whilst S. curtisii and S. leprosula are habitat specific. The levels of genetic diversity estimated based on five microsatellite loci were high and comparable in all the three studied species. As the three studied species reproduced mainly through outcrossing, the observed high levels of genetic diversity might support the fact that the plant mating system can be used as guideline to infer the levels of genetic diversity, regardless of whether the species is habitat specific or habitat generalist. The lack of spatial genetic structure but significant aggregation in the small-diameter trees of all the three species might indicate limited seed dispersal but extensive pollen flow. Hence, if seed dispersal is restricted but pollen flow is extensive, significant spatial aggregation but no spatial genetic structure will be observed at the small-diameter trees, regardless of whether the species is habitat specific or habitat generalist. The inferred extensive pollen flow might indicate that energetic pollinators are involved in the pollination of Shorea species in the hill dipterocarp forests.     

Rareness starts early for disturbance-dependent grassland plant species

Ecological communities always contain a few common species and an abundance of uncommon species. Given that most plant mortality occurs in seeds and seedlings, recruitment success often predicts plant community assemblage and patterning, but observational patterns do not reveal whether plant populations are seed or habitat limited. Grassland plant species make up a sizable portion of the overall native flora in northeastern North America (N.A.), but approximately 30 % of the area’s threatened and endangered flora are grassland species, possibly leftovers from the post-glacial landscape. Yet, close relatives of many rare grassland species thrive in the same range. We investigated whether seed or habitat limitation explained rarity and commonness in remnant grassland species. We used seed addition experiments coupled with microhabitat manipulations (burning and herbivore exclusion) in three different habitat types to evaluate recruitment (germination and seedling survival) limitation for three rare and three common grassland species. Rare grassland species successfully recruited where burning reduced initial competitor density, but seedling survival suggested they were severely limited by interspecific competition. Both the rare and common plant species survived equally well in forest habitats where herbaceous density was low whereas neither survived in the edge habitats. Only the common plants thrived in the high-competition meadow habitat, further suggesting that the rare grassland species are poor competitors. Commonness and rarity are temporal designations that can change as disturbance alters the landscape. Glacial retreat and low precipitation in northeastern N.A. created a landscape suitable for poor competitors that tolerated poor conditions. Our results suggest that rare remnant grassland plants, unlike their close relatives, display more biotic than abiotic limitation as they do not compete well with other plants. These results suggest that suitable habitat is not a spatial location but a temporally transient assemblage of species requirements.     

Broad-scale reciprocity in an avian seed dispersal mutualism

Aim Coevolved relationships between individual species of birds and plants rarely occur in seed dispersal mutualisms. This study evaluates whether reciprocal relationships may occur between assemblages of bird and plant species. Location Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada (48°50′‐N, 125°22′‐W). Methods The distribution and fruiting phenologies of seven shrub species were compared to seasonal changes in habitat selection and seed dispersal by six fruit‐eating bird species. Results Shrub species inhabiting forest understorey habitat had earlier fruiting phenologies than shrub species inhabiting forest edge habitat along lake and bog margins. Birds showed a parallel pattern in habitat selection, being more abundant in the forest understorey early in the fruiting season, and more abundant in the forest edge later in the season. Rates of seed deposition covaried with avian habitat selection, in such a way that birds directed seed dispersal into habitats preferred by shrubs. Conclusions These results depict a broad‐scale pattern in the abundance of birds and fruits indicative of reciprocal interactions. Seasonal changes in seed dispersal to each habitat appear to reinforce the relationship between shrub habitat affinities and fruiting phenologies. Phenological differences between habitats may also reinforce seasonal changes in avian habitat selection. Therefore, although reciprocal interactions between pairs of bird and plant species are rare, broad‐scale reciprocal relationships may occur between assemblages of bird and plant species.     

Impact of flooding on potential and realised grassland species richness

In order to reduce flood risk, river management policies advise floodplain restoration and the recreation of water retention areas. These measures may also offer opportunities for the restoration of species-rich floodplain habitats through rewetting and the restoration of flood dynamics. The potential to enhance biodiversity in such flood restoration areas is, however, still subject to debate. In this paper we investigate whether flooding along a small altered lowland river can contribute to the potential and realised species richness of semi-natural meadows. We compare the seed bank and vegetation composition of flooded and non-flooded semi-natural meadows and test the hypothesis that flooding contributes to an input of diaspores into the meadow seed banks, thereby promoting seed density and potential species richness. Furthermore we hypothesise that, where habitat conditions are suitable, flooding leads to a higher realised species richness. Results showed that seed densities in flooded meadows were significantly higher than in non-flooded meadows. The seed banks of flooded meadows also contained a higher proportion of exclusively hydrochorous species. However, the seed bank species richness, as well as the species richness realised in the vegetation did not differ significantly between flooded and non-flooded meadows. Finally, the seed bank and standing vegetation of flooded sites showed larger differences in species composition and Ellenberg nitrogen distribution than non-flooded sites. From these results we conclude that, although flooding does contribute to the density and composition of the seed bank, most imported seeds belong to only a few species. Therefore, it is unlikely that flooding substantially enhances the potential species richness. Furthermore, even if new species are imported as seeds into the seed bank, it seems unlikely that they would be able to establish in the standing vegetation. However, it is unclear which factors impede the establishment of imported species in the vegetation. The implications of our findings for flood meadow restoration are discussed.