细胞分裂素在离体蒜苔内的运转

离体蒜苔饲喂带~3H 标记的6-苄基腺嘌呤(BA)后在暗中25℃下放置,分别在第3、5、10、15、20天取样,进行放射性物质的分布分析。结果表明:(1)BA 能沿着苔茎大量、长距离地上运,并在顶端的珠蒜中积累;(2)BA 的这种运转具有很强的向顶极性;(3)这种运转是一个平缓而稳定的过程,珠蒜中 BA 的积累与时间成较好的线性关系;(4)顶端的珠蒜对 BA 的上运是必不可少的。根据以上结果,本文对蒜苔内 BA 的运转机理及意义进行了讨论。     

6-(艹卡)基腺嘌呤对离体蒜苔中引入~3H-葡萄糖再分配的调节

离体蒜苔在贮放过程中,苔茎中的营养物质能大量、高效地向顶端珠蒜转移。蔡可和娄成后证明激动素处理苔茎基部能显著抑制这一转移过程。本文采用同位素示踪进一步研究了细胞分裂素6-苄基腺嘌呤(BA)对蒜苔营养物质再分配的调节。实验材料分幼嫩蒜苔及衰老蒜苔。幼嫩蒜苔购自市场,衰老蒜苔是前者在25℃下放置10     

贮藏过程中蒜苔细胞内含物再分配的激素控制

在10～15℃黑暗条件下,虽无光合作用和矿物质及水分的供应,但经长期贮藏的蒜苔,在顶端可形成与地下鳞茎相似的气生鳞茎(珠蒜),其所需的营养物质,完全是靠衰退蒜苔苔茎细胞内含物的转移和再利用;所形成的珠蒜大小与蒜苔苔茎重量之间呈明显的正相关,苔茎越重最后形成的珠蒜越大。利用GA处理蒜苔不同部位(基部或顶端),可阻止或促进苔茎内含物的再分配。GA处理基部可提高苔茎活力,明显防止苔茎衰老和阳抑细胞内含物向珠蒜转移,起到防衰的作用。KT的效果不如GA明显。     

GA3对离体蒜苔细胞内含物再分配过程中H2O2代谢的作用

离体蒜苔构成一个完整的细胞内含物再分配系统。25℃条件下,于黑暗中贮存时,苔茎基部细胞内含物转移到顶端珠蒜中,最后苔茎下部枯萎,顶端形成鲜嫩多汁的珠蒜。适当浓度GA3处理苔茎基部可以有效抑制上0述细胞内含物再分配过程。已有研究表明,H2O2由超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）催化产生,被过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）催化降解;H2O2对生物个体发育具有重要调节作用。本文主要测定GA3对离体蒜苔H2O2代谢的影响,为进一步探讨H2O2在细胞内含物再分配中的作用提供参考。取珠蒜未明显膨大的离体蒜苔为供试材料,采用50μg/mLGA3溶液处理蒜苔基部,用比色法和氧电极法测定珠蒜和苔茎下部H2O2水平和SOD、POD、CAT活性。结果表明：（1）在处理后48h内,珠蒜和苔茎下部H2O2代谢即产生明显差异（Fig.1-4);（2）贮存20d后对照珠蒜明显膨大,而GA3不蒜无显著变化（Table1);（3）GA3处理显著提高了珠蒜H2O2水平和SOD、POD、CAT活性,相反苔茎下部H2O2水平和POD、CAT活性受到显著抑制,而SOD活性提高(Fig.5-8)。GA3处理对珠蒜和苔茎下部H2O2代谢的相反作用可能是其调节细胞内含物再分配的作用机制。     

脱落酸（ABA）在蒜苔衰老中的作用

蒜苔在切除珠蒜后可减少贮存中干物质的损失,延缓衰老,在切口处施加外源ABA可加速苔干叶绿素的破坏和组织的老化,气相色谱与色质联用法检测完整蒜苔和无珠蒜蒜苔各部分组织中ABA含量在衰老过程中的变化,发现无珠蒜苔干上,中,下各段ABA含量在衰老进程中是逐步减少的,变化幅度小,而带有珠蒜的苔干各相应段和珠蒜的ABA含量均有一迅速增加而后减少的过程,珠蒜的ABA含量最大,ABA含量高峰出现时间最早,苔干各段ABA含量按上,中,下顺序依次减少,高峰出现的时间也是由上至下依次推迟,没有发现蒜苔在衰老过程中有乙烯放出,外加乙烯对其衰老进程影响不大,本文认为珠蒜是蒜苔衰老的关键部位,能加速苔干衰老的ABA主要是在珠蒜中合成的,并自上向下极性运往苔干组织,进而动员物质的再分配,起着信息传递作用,蒜苔的衰老过程可分为“准备期”和“活跃期”两个阶段。     

脱落酸（ABA）在蒜苔衰老中的作用

蒜苔在切除珠蒜后可减少贮存中干物质的损失,延缓衰老,在切口处施加外源ABA可加速苔干叶绿素的破坏和组织的老化,气相色谱与色质联用法检测完整蒜苔和无珠蒜蒜苔各部分组织中ABA含量在衰老过程中的变化,发现无珠蒜苔干上,中,下各段ABA含量在衰老进程中是逐步减少的,变化幅度小,而带有珠蒜的苔干各相应段和珠蒜的ABA含量均有一迅速增加而后减少的过程,珠蒜的ABA含量最大,ABA含量高峰出现时间最早,苔干各段ABA含量按上,中,下顺序依次减少,高峰出现的时间也是由上至下依次推迟,没有发现蒜苔在衰老过程中有乙烯放出,外加乙烯对其衰老进程影响不大,本文认为珠蒜是蒜苔衰老的关键部位,能加速苔干衰老的ABA主要是在珠蒜中合成的,并自上向下极性运往苔干组织,进而动员物质的再分配,起着信息传递作用,蒜苔的衰老过程可分为“准备期”和“活跃期”两个阶段。     

GA_3对离体蒜苔细胞内含物再分配过程中H_2O_2代谢的作用(英文)

离体蒜苔构成一个完整的细胞内含物再分配系统。 ２５ ℃条件下,于黑暗中贮存时,苔茎基部细胞内含物转移到顶端珠蒜中,最后苔茎下部枯萎,顶端形成鲜嫩多汁的珠蒜。适当浓度 ＧＡ３处理苔茎基部可以有效抑制上述细胞内含物再分配过程。已有研究表明, Ｈ２Ｏ２由超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）催化产生,被过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）和过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）催化降解; Ｈ２Ｏ２对生物个体发育具有重要调节作用。本文主要测定ＧＡ３对离体蒜苔Ｈ２Ｏ２代谢的影响;为进一步探讨Ｈ２Ｏ２在细胞内含物再分配中的作用提供参考。 取珠蒜未明显膨大的离体蒜苔为供试材料,采用 ５０μｇ／ｍＬ ＧＡ３溶液处理蒜苔基部,用比色法和氧电极法测定珠蒜和苔茎下部Ｈ２Ｏ２水平和ＳＯＤ、ＰＯＤ、ＣＡＴ活性。结果表明：（１）在处理后４８ｈ内,珠蒜和苔茎下部Ｈ２Ｏ２代谢即产生明显差异（Ｆｉｇ．１－４）;（２）贮存２０ｄ后对照珠蒜明显膨大,而ＧＡ３处理珠蒜光显著变化（Ｔａｂｌｅ１）;（３）ＧＡ３处理显著提高了珠蒜Ｈ２Ｏ２水平和ＳＯＤ、ＰＯＤ、ＣＡＴ活性,相反苔茎下部Ｈ２Ｏ２水平和ＰＯＤ、ＣＡＴ活性受到显著抑制,而ＳＯＤ活性提高（Ｆｉｇ．５－８）。ＧＡ３处理对珠蒜和苔茎下部Ｈ２Ｏ２代谢的相反     

H2O2参与离体蒜苔细胞内含物再分配的调控

植物生长发育过程中经常发生新老器官更替和细胞内分物的再分配，再利用。Lepold提出新生器官向衰老器官传递某种信息，动员后者细胞内含物向前者再分配。但是该信息的化学本质迄今仍不清楚。大蒜（Allium sativum)的离体蒜苔是研究细胞内分物再分配的良好材料，细胞内含物大量从苔茎向珠蒜中再分配。结果珠蒜显著膨大而苔茎衰老死亡。蔡可等发现赤霉素（GA3）处理可有效抑制细胞内含物再分配。我们此前的研究发现GA3处理苔茎基部可显著改变珠蒜和苔茎H2O2代谢。本研究中我们分别用GA3和3－氨基－1，2，4－三唑（AT）H2O2清除酶catalase的专一性抑制剂处理珠蒜，结果发现GA3和AT均可有效抑制离体蒜苔细胞内含物再分配（Fig.1)。根浓度不同，H2O2可以诱导细胞产生保护性反应或凋亡，细胞内含物再分配过程中珠蒜H2O2浓度显著下降后保持于低水平，相反苔茎H2O2浓度极显著升高10倍以上，而且细胞内含物转移早的苔茎下部H2O2峰值出现也早（Fig.2)。GA3或AT处理珠蒜，珠蒜H2O2浓度显著提高而苔茎H2O2浓度保持稳定的低水平或峰值显著推迟（Fig.2)，可见苔茎高浓度的H2O诱导了苔茎细胞凋亡并把细胞内含物转移给珠蒜。已知经2％的呼吸耗氧生成H2O2。珠蒜呼吸速率显著高于苔茎（王文宏等）表明珠蒜H2O2生成速率大于苔茎。珠蒜H2O2清除酶peroxidase和catalase活性逐步下降，与苔茎相反（Fig3,4)，可见珠蒜H2O2浓度应该显著高于苔茎，但事实上珠蒜H2O2水平显著低于苔茎，已知H2O2具有寿命长，易扩散和运输的特点，可见苔茎中积累的H2O2应该主要来自珠蒜。GA3和AT处理对珠蒜和苔茎中H2O2代谢的作用进一步表明，H2O2可能参与离体蒜苔细胞内含物再分配的调控。     

H_2O_2参与离体蒜苔细胞内含物再分配的调控(英文)

植物生长发育过程中经常发生新老器官更替和细胞内含物的再分配、再利用。Lepold提出新生器官向衰老器官传递某种信息 ,动员后者细胞内含物向前者再分配。但是该信息的化学本质迄今仍不清楚。大蒜 (Alliumsativum)的离体蒜苔是研究细胞内含物再分配的良好材料。细胞内含物大量从苔茎向珠蒜中再分配 ,结果珠蒜显著膨大而苔茎衰老死亡。蔡可等发现赤霉素 (GA3)处理可有效抑制细胞内含物再分配。我们此前的研究发现GA3处理苔茎基部可显著改变珠蒜和苔茎H2 O2 代谢。本研究中我们分别用GA3和 3-氨基 - 1 ,2 ,4-三唑 (AT)H2 O2 清除酶catalase的专一性抑制剂处理珠蒜 ,结果发现GA3和AT均可有效抑制离体蒜苔细胞内含物再分配 (Fig .1 )。根据浓度不同 ,H2 O2 可以诱导细胞产生保护性反应或凋亡。细胞内含物再分配过程中 ,珠蒜H2 O2 浓度显著下降后保持于低水平 ,相反苔茎H2 O2 浓度极显著升高 1 0倍以上 ,而且细胞内含物转移早的苔茎下部H2 O2 峰值出现也早 (Fig .2 )。GA3或AT处理珠蒜 ,珠蒜H2 O2 浓度显著提高而苔茎H2 O2 浓度保持稳定的低水平或峰值显著推迟 (Fig .2 )。可见苔茎高浓度的H2 O2 诱导了苔茎细胞凋亡并把细胞内含物转移给珠蒜。已知约 2 %的呼吸耗氧生成H2 O2 。珠蒜呼吸速率显著高于苔茎 (王     

蒜苔中大分子物质的细胞间迁移及其与细胞内含物再分配、再利用的关系

以贮存蒜苔为材料,研究了在茎苔衰退与顶端珠蒜成长过程中物质的再分配,及其在显微、亚显微结构上的反映。观察到类 P-蛋白丝状物在衰退细胞中的形成及其经胞间连丝在薄壁细胞间、薄壁细胞与韧皮部之间进行运转的多种迹象,提出了大分子物质以集装囊泡的形式进行运输的新论点。进一步发现大分子物质在质外体(导管与细胞间隙)中存在与迁移状态;初步论证了它们与导管堵塞物在质上的差异;指出在特定生理状态下,质外体提供的“自由空间”作为大分子物质主动迁移途径的可能性。     

Effects of Abscisic Acid in Senescence of Garlic Al1tium sativura Scape

Removing the apical cloves from the excised garlic scapes could delay the senescence of scape and decrease the rate of dry matter loss during storage. The ABA content of all the portions of the scapes with apical cloves is decreased as the prolongation of storage period; but its content of all the portions of the scapes with the cloves reaches their peak one after another within the first 6 days of the experiment period. The peak of ABA in the apical cloves appears earliest; the ABA content of any portion of the scapes is lower than that of the cloves, and gradually decreases from upper to lower portions, and the peak of ABA content appears in the sequence as above. Exogenous ABA which is added to the top of the scapes without cloves would simulate the function of the apical cloves in part and accelerates the chlorophyll destruction and senescence of the scapes. No ethylene can be detected by the G. C., in the process of senescence. The authors suggest that ABA is mainly synthesized in the cloves, and then transported into the scapes from there. In the senescence of garlic scapes and in the redistribution of material between the apical cloves and the scapes (the relation between the sink and source), ABA functions as transporting information and promoting senescence but ethylene has not such a function. The senescence of garlic scape could be divided into two stages: first the static phase and second, the active phase.     

Reactive oxygen species scavenging capacity of different cooked garlic preparations

It was studied if the ability of aqueous garlic extracts to scavenge superoxide anion (O(2)(*-)), hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), and hydroxyl radical (OH(*)) is altered in the following aqueous preparations: (a) extracts of boiled garlic cloves (BG), (b) extracts of microwave-treated garlic cloves (MG), and (c) extracts of pickled garlic (PG), and heated extracts of (a) garlic powder (HGP) and (b) raw garlic (HRG). The data were compared with the unheated raw garlic (RG) or with the unheated garlic powder (GP). Extracts of GP and RG scavenged O(2)(*-), H(2)O(2), and OH(*) in a concentration-dependent way. The reactive oxygen species scavenging capacity was not decreased in the aqueous garlic extracts except in MG and HRG (for O(2)(*-)) and in HGP and PG (for H(2)O(2)). The heating before or after garlic cutting was unable to eliminate the capacity of the extracts to scavenge H(2)O(2), O(2)(*-), and OH(*).     

Disinfection Alternatives for Control of Ditylenchus dipsaci in Garlic Seed Cloves

Hot-water dips with and without the additives abamectin and sodium hypochlorite were evaluated for control of Ditylenchus dipsaci infection of garlic seed cloves. All treatments were compared to hot water-formalin clove dip disinfection and to nontreated infected controls for garlic emergence, midseason infection, bulb damage, and yield at harvest in field plots in 12 experiments. Hot-water treatments without additives only partially controlled D. dipsaci when a warming presoak dip (38 C) of 30, 45, or 60 minutes'' duration was followed by a hot-water dip (49 C) of 15-30 minutes'' duration. Exposure to 49 C for 30 minutes caused slight retardation of garlic emergence, although normal stand was established. Abamectin at 10-20 ppm as the 20-minute hot dip (49 C) or as a 20-minute cool dip (18 C) following a 20-minute hot-water dip and sodium hypochlorite at 1.052-1.313% aqueous solution as the 20-minute hot dip were highly effective in controlling D. dipsaci and were noninjurious to garlic seed cloves. None of these treatments was as effective as a hot water-formalin dip and were noneradicative, but showed high efficacy on heavily infected seed cloves relative to nontreated controls. Abamectin was most effective as a cool dip. These abamectin cool-dip (following hot-water dip) and sodium hypochlorite hot-dip treatments can be considered as effective alternatives to replace formalin as a dip additive for control of clove-borne D. dipsaci. Sodium hypochlorite was less effective as the cool dip, and at concentrations of 1.75-2.63% was phytotoxic to garlic.     

大蒜不同品种蒜薹发育的解剖学研究

通过形态观测和石蜡切片法,比较了2个大蒜品种的蒜薹发育和解剖结构。结果表明：（1）“陇县火蒜”比“改良蒜”蒜薹的表皮细胞形状规则,排列致密;角质层较薄;（2）“陇县火蒜”比“改良蒜”蒜薹表面的气孔数量少,但开张度大;分泌细胞出现早、体积大、数量多;维管束数量少、直径小;（3）“陇县火蒜”蒜薹髓细胞卫多边形,髓细胞间隙率小,而“改良蒜”蒜薹的髓细胞呈椭圆形,髓细胞间隙率大。     

Dormancy in Garlic (Allium sativum L.) cv. Rosado Paraguayo II. The Onset of the Process during Plant Ontogeny

Dormancy in garlic cv. Rosado Paraguayo was studied during plantontogeny in relation to endogenous growth regulators and bulb-forming.The differentiation of seed cloves began coincidently with abulb-forming rate of 0.47 and a lack of gibberellin and moderateinhibitor activities. This hormone levels remained at harvest,when the seed cloves, which had completed their final size,were unable to sprout. Considering these and previous results,the lack of gibberellin like promoters could be the main factorwhich controls dormancy in garlic. (Received May 7, 1985; Accepted November 26, 1985)     

Differential organ infection studies, potyvirus elimination, and field performance of virus-free garlic plants produced by tissue culture

Presence of potyvirus in single garlic (Allium sativum L.) cloves from the same bulb, and in five single leaves excised from commercial field-grown individual plants was studied using ELISA. It was found that the viruses were not present in all organs of the same plant, since some cloves of the same bulb were infected with potyvirus but some others were potyvirus-free. Analyzed leaves from a given plant also exhibited irregular distribution of potyvirus. This study also aimed to obtain potyvirus-free plants from two commercial garlic cultivars (Taiwan and Chileno) using cloves subjected to thermotherapy, chemotherapy or meristematic dissection followed by in vitro culture. Thermotherapy (sequential treatment at 32°C for a week, 36°C for 2 weeks, and 38°C for 3 weeks) was found to affect survival of explants and 36.5% cloves from Taiwan and 26.8% from Chileno cultivars were recovered after the treatment. ELISA tests showed that 63% of the cloves of Taiwan that survived the treatment and 70.9% of Chileno explants were potyvirus-negative. Regarding chemotherapy (205 μM Ribavirin solution), the explants (cloves) survived, but only an average of 27.0–34.8% were negative for the presence of potyvirus. When meristematic dissection was applied, an average of 41.7% explants of Taiwan and 34.2% of Chileno survived the treatment, and approximately 64% of these explants from both cultivars were potyvirus-negative. Potyvirus-free garlic plants grown in field conditions showed longer stems with a major fresh and dry weight per bulb, and also exhibited a higher yield than non-treated plants.     

Production and characterization of an interspecific hybrid between leek and garlic

An interspecific hybrid between leek ( Allium ampeloprasum L.) and garlic ( Allium sativum L.) was produced by hybridization using a fertile garlic clone as a pollen donor and an ovary culture. The hybridity was confirmed by chromosome observation (2n = 3 x = 24) and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. The interspecific hybrid showed a vigorous growth habit, and its foliage was larger than that of the parental species. The bulb of the interspecific hybrid was heavier than that of the parents, containing an intermediate number of cloves. The hybrid could be propagated vegetatively by planting cloves. The odor compounds of garlic, which leek did not have, were detected in the volatiles of the hybrid with a certain concentration. The results of the study suggest the possibility of direct use of an interspecific hybrid between A. ampeloprasum and A. sativum as a new crop.     

Population dynamics of the citrus nematode,Tylenchulus semipenetrans,on navel orange as affected by some plant residues,an organic manure and a biocide

The population dynamics of the citrus nematode, Tylenchulus semipenetrans, on navel orange trees was studied from January 2012 to September 2012. The highest population of the citrus nematode appeared in May 2012 in the soil of navel orange trees, and the highest nematode population in roots appeared in August in the same year. Control of the citrus nematode by using smashed garlic cloves, powders of olive leaves and orange peels, an organic manure, chicken litter, either alone or in combination with a biocide, and sincocin compared to two nematicides, fenamiphos 10%G and oxamyl 24%L, was carried out in April 2012 .The best results for controlling the citrus nematode were obtained four months after the addition of the tested materials in soil; the highest nematode percentages reduction obtained were 90.9%, for smashed garlic cloves, and 72.8%, for chicken litter. On roots, the best results were 92.3% for garlic cloves and 92.0% for oxamyl, one month after application. The concomitant treatments of sincocin plus garlic clove or sicocin plus chicken litter were most effective in managing T. semipenetrans on navel orange trees after four and five months of application.     

The Distribution of Garlic Viruses in Leaves and Bulbs during the First Year of Infection

Garlic plants are naturally infected with a mixture of viruses. Virus‐free garlic plants, obtained by meristem culture, rapidly become reinfected when planted in the field. With the aim of understanding virus movement and fluctuations in virus concentration in leaves and cloves of garlic plants in the first year after infection, Onion yellow dwarf virus, Leek yellow stripe virus, and other viruses were analyzed by double‐antibody sandwich enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Significant differences were detected in virus concentration in different leaves, but the distribution of the viruses was variable. Therefore, no one type or position of leaf is preferable for detecting virus presence. Instead, sampling any leaf at the end of the crop cycle, about 200 days after planting, is advisable because virus concentration is several times higher in older plants. The analysis of virus distribution in bulbs revealed that virus concentration was higher in early‐inoculated than in late‐inoculated plants. In 81% of the bulbs, cloves were either all positive or all negative in serological tests. Only in 6% of the cases were positive and negative cloves found in the same bulb, and in 13% of the bulbs, negative results coexisted with an uncertain status. The tests of virus concentration in relation to the layers of each bulb revealed important differences. Only the innermost layer showed differences with other layers, but this was poorly represented as it had fewer cloves.