卡麦角林对雄性黄毛鼠社会行为的影响

不育控制既可直接降低害鼠种群的生育率,又能影响个体的社会行为,引起种群内等级关系和社群结构的变化,进而干扰种群繁殖。为探究不同剂量卡麦角林对雄鼠行为的影响和持效时间,选取健康雄性黄毛鼠使用50μg/kg和100μg/kg卡麦角林灌胃给药,并于给药后第1 d和第18 d与正常雄鼠遭遇,第4 d和第21 d与正常雌鼠遭遇,比较给药前(卡麦角林灌胃前4 d和前1 d时分别与正常雄鼠和雌鼠遭遇)和给药后个体行为的差异。结果显示:卡麦角林降低了雄鼠对正常雄鼠的探究、攻击时间,降低雄鼠对正常雌鼠的攻击时间和频次;100μg/kg卡麦角林降低雄鼠对正常雌鼠的探究频次,且雄鼠自身修饰和休息频次显著减少。这表明卡麦角林可干扰黄毛鼠对同性和异性个体间的社会行为。此外,药物处理后第18 d和第21 d,雄性个体与同性和异性个体的社会行为与处理前无显著差异,表明停药后药物对行为的影响会随着时间的延长逐渐消失。     

芹菜素对大鼠睾丸标志酶及氧化还原平衡的影响

本文主要探究芹菜素对雄性大鼠睾丸标志酶活力及氧化还原平衡的影响,并探讨其作用机制。通过将48只雄性SD大鼠随机分为4组,分别灌胃给予生理盐水(NS)10 mL/kg、芹菜素(AP)234、468、936 mg/kg 35 d,末次灌胃24 h后,测定大鼠睾丸标志酶及氧化还原平衡相关指标。结果发现,大鼠睾丸ACP、AKP、LDH活力及GSH含量显著降低(P0.05),Ca2+Mg2+-ATP升高(P0.05)。低剂量组SOD/(GSH-Px+CAT)降低,T-AOC升高,MDA降低(P0.05),中剂量组SOD/(GSH-Px+CAT)升高,T-AOC升高(P0.05),高剂量组SOD/(GSH-Px+CAT)升高,T-AOC降低(P0.05)。结果表明芹菜素具有抗氧化和促氧化的双重作用。本实验中AP 234、468 mg/kg主要表现为抗氧化作用,936 mg/kg表现出促氧化作用。此外,AP 234、468、936 mg/kg能降低睾丸标志酶活力。     

氯化镧对雄性小鼠精子质量及睾丸酶活力的影响

探讨氯化镧对小鼠精子质量及睾丸细胞酶的影响。40只成年昆明种雄性小鼠随机分成对照组、低(25mg·kg-1)、中(50mg·kg-1)、高(100mg·kg-1)剂量组,腹腔注射1次/4d,饲养35d。测定睾丸和附睾脏器指数,检测并计算精子数量、活精率、活动率和畸形率以及睾丸碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活力。结果显示,高剂量氯化镧降低了小鼠睾丸AKP活力,抑制了精子数量和质量;中剂量氯化镧能促进NOS活力,使精子数量减少,对精子质量造成损伤。     

镉对长江华溪蟹免疫相关酶活性的影响

采用浸浴法研究了镉(Cd2+)对长江华溪蟹Sinopotamon yangtsekiense免疫系统相关酶的影响.Cd2+处理组浓度分别为7.25 mg/L、14.5 mg/L、29mg/L、58 mg/L和116 mg/L,同时设对照组.分别在Cd2+处理24 h、48h、72 h和96 h取血清进行酚氧化酶(PO)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活力测定.结果显示,在相同处理时间,随着cd2+浓度增加,PO和SOD活力均呈现先升后降的趋势,且分别于24 h、7.25 mg/L和96 h、14.5 mg/L时达到最大值.当处理浓度相同、作用时间延长时,ACP活力先升后降,且在48 h、58 mg/L时升至最高,AKP活力则持续上升.表明Cd2+对长江华溪蟹免疫相关酶活力具有不同程度的影响,且其作用和效果具有浓度及时间效应.PO和SOD活力变化能够灵敏反映Cd2+对水生动物的胁迫程度,可作为指示镉污染的生物学指标.     

高盐胁迫对凡纳滨对虾消化及免疫相关酶活力的影响

为探讨高盐对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)消化及免疫相关酶活力的影响,实验设置了30、40、50、60共4个盐度梯度。对虾体长(7.84±0.68)cm,养殖密度333尾/m~3,每个梯度设3个平行,实验周期30d。取血淋巴、肌肉、肝胰腺等组织,检测其超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)及蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶活力。结果表明,盐度显著影响凡纳滨对虾肝胰脏中胃蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶的活力(P0.05);随着盐度增加,消化相关酶活力均不断下降,处理间差异显著(P0.05);盐度对凡纳滨对虾不同组织的免疫指标产生影响,表现为随着盐度升高,血淋巴中,AKP活力逐渐升高,ACP、CAT和SOD活力均表现为先升高后降低;肌肉中,AKP、ACP和SOD活力呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势;肝胰脏中,AKP活力呈现先降低后升高再降低的变化趋势,ACP活力高盐处理间差异不显著(P0.05),CAT活力先降低后升高,SOD活力盐度40后逐渐降低。实验结果初步说明,高盐显著影响凡纳滨对虾的消化及免疫相关酶活力,且盐度对不同组织中免疫酶活力影响存在一定的组织特异性,50以上的高盐胁迫对对虾消化和免疫相关酶活力的影响尤为显著。     

嗜水气单胞菌感染对背角无齿蚌5种免疫相关酶活力的影响

本研究以背角无齿蚌为材料,利用嗜水气单胞菌为诱导刺激物,对背角无齿蚌进行注射感染,在注射后3、6、12 、24、48h分别取血淋巴、肝胰腺,测定其超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、酚氧化酶 (PO)、酸性磷酸酶 (ACP)、碱性磷酸酶 (AKP) 及过氧化氢酶 (CAT) 的活力,并研究各项酶活力的变化规律。结果表明：除3h肝胰腺外,实验组的SOD活力均不同程度地高于对照组;血清实验组的PO活力开始显著高于对照组,然后降低,而肝胰腺实验组的PO活力持续高于对照组;另外,与对照组相比,实验组中血淋巴与肝胰腺的ACP、AKP和CAT活力在不同的时间段虽然有所增强,但两者之间无显著差异。因此,认为SOD、PO活性可以作为背角无齿蚌免疫抗病功能指标参数,而ACP、AKP及CAT活性能否作为该参数还有待于进一步研究。     

饲料中黄曲霉毒素B1对克氏原螯虾幼虾生长、饲料利用和肝胰腺组织结构的影响

以含不同浓度黄曲霉毒素B₁(AFB₁)(0、10、100和1000μg/kg饲料)的4种饲料饲喂初始均重为(0.382±0.005) g的克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)幼虾42d,探讨AFB₁对克氏原螯虾幼虾生长性能、饲料效率和肝胰腺组织结构的影响。结果显示, 100和1000μg/kg毒素组幼虾的存活率、摄食率、终末体重、特定生长率和饲料效率均显著低于对照组, 10μg/kg毒素组与对照组无显著差异。10μg/kg毒素组幼虾肝胰腺碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量均与对照组无显著差异,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著低于对照组。饲料AFB₁含量≥100μg/kg时显著影响了克氏原螯虾幼虾上述肝胰腺酶的活性。10μg/kg毒素组肝胰腺组织结构发生轻微变化, 100和1000μg/kg毒素组幼虾的肝胰腺表现出严重病变, R细胞数量减少而B细胞...     

灭幼脲Ⅰ号对致倦库蚊幼虫磷酸酶活力的影响

本文用稍加改良的磷酸苯二钠法,测定了经灭幼脲Ⅰ号处理的致倦库蚊4龄期幼虫的酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活力的变化,发现被处理幼虫的这两种磷酸酶活力均受到影响。在整个4龄期,灭幼脲Ⅰ号对AKP活力的抑制都比较明显,抑制强度甚至达80％,对ACP活力的抑制则比较弱;但在化蛹前,当对照幼虫的ACP活力增高时,被处理幼虫的ACP活力却下降,致使两者活力也相差一倍以上。由于灭幼脲Ⅰ号对幼虫两种磷酸酶产生明显的抑制作用,从而导致幼虫的生长发育缓慢,幼虫4龄期延长,幼虫不能化蛹而终于死亡。     

灭幼脲Ⅰ号对致倦库蚊幼虫磷酸酶活力的影响

本文用稍加改良的磷酸苯二钠法,测定了经灭幼脲Ⅰ号处理的致倦库蚊4龄期幼虫的酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活力的变化,发现被处理幼虫的这两种磷酸酶活力均受到影响.在整个4龄期,灭幼脲Ⅰ号对AKP活力的抑制都比较明显,抑制强度甚至达80%,对ACP活力的抑制则比较弱;但在化蛹前,当对照幼虫的ACP活力增高时,被处理幼虫的ACP活力却下降,致使两者活力也相差一倍以上.由于灭幼脲Ⅰ号对幼虫两种磷酸酶产生明显的抑制作用,从而导致幼虫的生长发育缓慢,幼虫4龄期延长,幼虫不能化蛹而终于死亡.     

纳米氧化铈对48h睡眠剥夺小鼠生精能力的影响

为了研究纳米氧化铈(cerium oxide nanoparticles, CeO2NPs)对48 h睡眠剥夺小鼠生精能力的影响,并探讨其作用机制。将36只6周龄雄性健康清洁级ICR小鼠分为6组:空白对照组、溶剂对照组、睡眠剥夺对照组、CeO2NPs低、中、高剂量组。CeO2NPs低、中、高剂量组分别以4 mg/kg、8 mg/kg和16 mg/kg灌胃1 m L的纳米氧化铈溶液,溶剂对照组和睡眠剥夺对照组灌胃等量溶剂,空白对照组灌胃等量蒸馏水,连续30 d。第31天,采用单平台水环境法进行48 h睡眠剥夺。继之,测定小鼠每日精子生成量、睾丸组织内标志酶(G6PDH,LDH和ACP)及抗氧化指标(CAT, MDA和T-AOC)。与溶剂对照组比较,48 h睡眠剥夺使小鼠睾丸每日精子生成量降低,睾丸标志酶G6PDH、ACP和LDH活力下调,睾丸组织CAT活力和T-AOC水平降低,小鼠睾丸MDA含量升高。与睡眠剥夺对照组比较,CeO2NPs低、中、高剂量组均改善了48 h睡眠剥夺小鼠的每日精子生成量,其中中剂量组的改善更为明显,且在调节睡眠剥夺小鼠睾丸标志酶G6DPH、LDH和ACP活力、提高睾丸组织内CAT活力、T-AOC水平及降低MDA含量方面最为显著。纳米氧化铈可以改善睡眠剥夺雄性小鼠的生精能力,这可能与提高了睾丸组织的抗氧化能力,从而改善了氧化应激损伤并调节了能量消耗代谢有关。     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

Time of detection of recessive genes: effects of system of mating and number of examined individuals

Summary Anthers were cultured from two sets of seven lines of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with different cytoplasms, the euplasmic nucleus donors, Siete Cerros 66 and Penjamo 62, as well as their six alloplasmic lines derived from wild relative species of the genera Triticum and Aegilops. Significant cytoplasmic and nuclear effects but no cytoplasmic-nuclear interaction were found for embryogenic anther response, with the best performance of Penjamo 62 in Ae. kotschyi cytoplasm. Plant regeneration was not affected significantly by the cytoplasmic background of the lines cultured. The possible genetic implications of the observed cytoplasmic and nuclear influences on the in vitro haploid induction of wheat are discussed.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。