布氏田鼠肝毛细线虫感染率与其体重的关系

2005年5月和8月,在内蒙古锡林郭勒北部典型草原调查了肝毛细线虫对布氏田鼠种群的感染特征,分析肝毛细线虫对布氏田鼠的感染率与其性别、年龄、体重及种群密度的关系。结果表明:肝毛细线虫对布氏田鼠感染率没有性别差异,雄鼠与雌鼠的感染率相当;但是与布氏田鼠体重/年龄密切相关:幼鼠的感染率较低,成鼠感染率较高,感染率和平均感染度均随着个体年龄的增长而增高。布氏田鼠达到一定的年龄(或体重)后才可感染肝毛细线虫病,其最低感染体重为24.3 g。布氏田鼠的种群密度对肝毛细线虫的感染率和平均感染度没有明显的影响,但同一样地不同季节感染率不同,本次调查显示,2005年5月份感染率高于8月份群体感染率,同一样地的春季感染率与秋季感染率之间呈现出显著的正相关。     

EP-1不育剂对黑线毛足鼠种群繁殖的影响

为检验EP-1 不育剂对野外鼠类的施用效果,2004 年在内蒙古锡林郭勒盟阿巴嘎旗白音图嘎800 hm² 草场进行了大田实验,并随后进行了逐月的夹线跟踪调查,分析了不育剂(EP-1) 对黑线毛足鼠种群繁殖的效应。结果表明,EP-1 不育剂对黑线毛足鼠种群繁殖的抑制效果良好,投药区与对照区相比,投药区黑线毛足鼠的子宫损伤率达到80% ,平均胎仔数下降到对照区的2 /3 水平,妊娠率也下降到对照区的20% 。但EP-1 不育剂对雄鼠睾丸下降率的作用不明显。一次性投放EP-1 不育剂,对黑线毛足鼠种群的繁殖作用时间可维持4 个月以上,基本可实现对整个繁殖期的控制成效,这可能与黑线毛足鼠具有储藏种子的习性,储藏药饵多次进食有关。     

肝毛细线虫对雌性布氏田鼠繁殖参数的影响

2005年5月,在内蒙古锡林郭勒盟阿巴嘎旗北部,研究了肝毛细线虫(Capillaria hepatica)对典型草原区雌性布氏田鼠(Lasiopodomys brandtii)繁殖参数的影响。采用标准夹线法捕获鼠类,对捕获的鼠类进行常规生物学解剖,根据虫卵有无确定肝毛细线虫病感染情况,记录鼠类名称、体长、体重、胴体重、繁殖特征以及肝毛细线虫病感染情况。由于体重是划分鼠类年龄的常用指标之一,结合布氏田鼠的繁殖特征研究数据,采用25.1~55.0 g之间的雌性个体作为本研究分析样本,并将其分为25.1~35.0 g、35.1~45.0 g和45.1~55.0 g体重(年龄)组。采用卡方检验比较分析同一体重(年龄)组内,肝毛细线虫病感染情况与雌性布氏田鼠妊娠率的关系,T检验分析感染情况与胎仔数的关系。结果显示,在各个体重(年龄)组中,感染肝毛细线虫组布氏田鼠雌鼠妊娠率均略低于未感染组,但感染情况与妊娠情况无显著相关关系(P0.05);感染肝毛细线虫布氏田鼠胎仔数低于未感染布氏田鼠,感染情况与胎仔数有显著相关关系(P0.05)。结果表明,肝毛细线虫病对布氏田鼠妊娠率无明显影响,但对布氏田鼠胎仔数有明显的负面影响。     

山东部分地区鼠类肝毛细线虫感染调查

本文对山东部分地区鼠类肝毛细线虫感染率进行了调查。山东地区鼠类肝毛细线虫总感染率为２７．３６％。不同地区感染率不同。各地均以褐家鼠为主。通过重点对褐家感染情况分析,结果肝毛细线虫感染率及感染强度与鼠龄呈正相关;肝毛细线虫感染以整个肝脏为主,右肝感染占第二位。本文还针对农田鼠类明显缺乏肝毛线虫感染的特点,提出肝毛细线虫用于控制农田鼠类种群密度的可能性。     

长爪沙鼠的肝毛细线虫感染率与鼠类及猛禽密度的关系

为研究鼠类密度和猛禽密度对鼠类肝毛细线虫(Capillaria hepatica)感染率的影响,作者于2004年7月在内蒙古锡林郭勒盟阿巴嘎旗北部和东乌珠穆沁旗西南部典型草原草场选取了14个实验样地,采用洞口计数法(四分之一圆面积法)调查估计各实验样地内长爪沙鼠(Meriones unguiculatus)密度,同时采用夹线调查法捕获鼠类样本,进行常规解剖获取肝毛细线虫的感染数据。采用目测计数法统计猛禽的出现频次,并以其出现频次作为猛禽的相对密度指标。实验样地共捕获长爪沙鼠1 058只,观察到鹰隼类活动69只次。数据分析结果表明,长爪沙鼠肝毛细线虫感染率与鼠类密度之间存在极显著的正相关关系(P0.01,R~2=0.926),长爪沙鼠肝毛细线虫感染率与猛禽密度之间亦存在极显著的正相关关系(P0.01,R~2=0.853)。该结果说明,长爪沙鼠是肝毛细线虫的主要宿主,鼠类密度和猛禽密度的升高均会增加长爪沙鼠肝毛细线虫感染率,猛禽密度和鼠类密度之间还存在叠加效应,猛禽的捕食作用会加快肝毛细线虫病的传播周期,加重肝毛细线虫病疫情。     

浑善达克沙地小毛足鼠的食量与食性动态

采用夹捕取样法采集内蒙古浑善达克沙地各月份小毛足鼠的样本,根据对样本的颊囊与胃内容物的组成分析研究了浑善达克沙地小毛足鼠的食性及其季节动态。结果表明,该鼠主要取食植物种子,占其食物组成的85%以上,其余部分为昆虫与植物茎叶。通过对实验室内饲养的小毛足鼠日食量的测定表明,小毛足鼠的日食量(D)与体质量(M)关系可用数学表达式表示为D=1.422×lnM-1.780。结合其种群结构特征,可以计算出小毛足鼠日均消耗2g左右的植物种子。     

肝毛细线虫的鼠体感染及虫卵扫描电镜观察

肝毛细线虫 Capillaria hepatica(Bancroft 1893)Travssos 1915属于毛细科Capillartidae毛细属Capillaria中的一种小型线虫,为世界性分布,是鼠类肝脏中常见的一种寄生虫。近年来发现可广泛寄生于多种哺乳动物,包括人体内。1982年12月在浙江天台县一公社对鼠类体内肝毛细线虫的感染进行了调查,以了解鼠体在冬季情况下对此种线虫的感染率,并对其虫卵进行了扫描电镜的观察,以与在外部形态上极为相似的毛首鞭形线虫(Trichuria trichiura)卵加以区別。     

锡林郭勒地区肝毛细线虫病自然疫源地与鼠类分布的关系

2000~2005年,在内蒙古锡林郭勒地区开展了肝毛细线虫病自然疫源地的调查工作。采用夹线法捕获鼠类样本,解剖检视各个采样点鼠类肝毛细线虫病的感染情况。结果表明,锡林郭勒地区存在肝毛细线虫病自然疫源地。疫源地分布在锡林郭勒的北部和东北部地区,包括东乌珠穆沁旗、阿巴嘎旗、锡林浩特市、苏尼特左旗和西乌珠穆沁旗,2004年自然疫源地总面积为32932km2。肝毛细线虫病可感染疫源地的多种鼠类,其自然疫源地分布区与布氏田鼠分布区重叠程度很高,重叠度指数为1.37,而与其他鼠类的分布重叠度不高,这表明布氏田鼠可能是肝毛细线虫的主要宿主。     

黄海太平角鼠尾藻有性繁殖分配

以位于黄海的青岛太平角自然生长的鼠尾藻为对象,研究其有性繁殖分配动态及相关环境因子.结果表明:鼠尾藻于6月初开始进入有性繁殖期,于7月中旬海水温度22℃左右达到繁殖高峰,7月19日平均繁殖分配(RA)达76.7%,8月末有性繁殖结束.鼠尾藻繁殖分配与平均分枝长度呈显著线性相关(r=0.855,P<0.01).长度在10cm以下的藻体在整个繁殖期内的RA较低,而长度在10cm以上的藻体在成熟高峰期的RA在70.0%以上.析因方差分析表明,潮位和浪冲击度均对鼠尾藻有性繁殖分配有显著影响(潮位:F=175.62,P<0.001,浪冲击度:F=95.35,P<0.01),且二者之间存在交互作用(F=9.14,P<0.05).其对RA的影响大小依次为潮位>浪冲击度>潮位×浪冲击度.     

黑线毛足鼠能量策略的个体差异与权衡北大核心CSCD

为了应对由冬季低温与食物匮乏所带来的挑战,动物进化出了不同的能量策略,如迁徙、换毛、贮食、储脂和蛰眠等,但个体间可能存在差异,且不同策略之间可能存在一定的权衡。有研究者认为,黑线毛足鼠(Phodopus sungorus)的贮食和日蛰眠等能量策略之间可能存在权衡。本研究测定了低温短光[(10±2)℃,光照与黑暗之比L︰D为8︰16]及自由取食或限食条件下黑线毛足鼠的体重、摄食量、贮食量、食物摄取总量、基础代谢率、体核温度与活动性等7项指标的个体差异,并探讨摄食(包括贮食)、基础代谢率与蛰眠之间是否存在权衡,以推测黑线毛足鼠对低温与食物匮乏能量响应策略的个体差异产生的原因。结果显示,在低温短光、自由取食条件下,摄食量无性别差异,雄性个体的体重大于雌性个体,体核温度及活动性低于雌性个体。在限食阶段且低温短光情况下,出现了蛰眠个体,蛰眠个体在自由取食阶段的活动性高于非蛰眠个体,即活动性高的个体更可能产生蛰眠。蛰眠个体与非蛰眠个体的基础代谢率无差异。但是,在蛰眠个体中,基础代谢率与蛰眠频率负相关,活动性与蛰眠持续时间负相关。在非蛰眠个体中,限食程度升高后活动量显著增加。此外,虽然与贮食和蛰眠可能存在负相关关系的预测相符,贮食个体均不蛰眠,但是动物是否贮食、贮食量以及食物摄取总量(包括贮食量)均与蛰眠无显著相关。本研究表明,能量对策之间的权衡并非发生于贮食和蛰眠之间,而是存在于基础代谢率、活动性与蛰眠之间,不蛰眠的个体倾向于降低活动性以节约能量,而基础代谢率和自由取食阶段活动性高的蛰眠个体则拥有更低的蛰眠表达。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Cytoskeleton and mitochondrial morphology and function

It has been well established that the cytoskeleton is an essential modulator of cell morphology and motility, intracytoplasmic transport and mitosis, however cytoskeletal linkage to the organelles has not been unequivocally demonstrated. Indeed, cytoskeleton appears to be essential in determining and modulating gene phenotype as a function of cellular environment. According to recent studies, the organization of the cytoskeleton network together with associated protein(s) could be essential in regulating mitochondrial function and particularly the permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane to ADP. The aim of this chapter is to summarize the main properties of the cytoskeletal environment of mitochondria and the possible role(s) of this network in mitochondrial function in myocytes.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Cross-reactivity between storage and dust mites and between mites and shrimp

Many patients have sensitivities to multiple species of storage and house dust mites. It is not clear if this is because patients have multiple sensitivities to species-specific mite allergens or if these mites share many cross-reacting allergens. Our objective was to further define the cross-allergenicity between several species of storage and house dust mites using crossed-immunoelectrophoresis (CIE), crossed-radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE), immunoblotting, and ELISA. CIE and CRIE reactions revealed that storage mites shared two cross-antigenic molecules and one of these bound IgE in a serum pool from mite allergic patients. Antibody in anti-sera built to each species of mite recognized many SDS–PAGE resolved proteins of other mite species and this suggested the potential for other cross-reactive allergens. Among patient sera, IgE bound to many different proteins but few had IgE that bound to a protein with common molecular weights across the mite species and this suggested mostly species-specific allergens. Antiserum built to each mite species precipitated one protein in shrimp extracts that bound anti-Der p 10 (tropomyosin) and IgE in the serum pool. Anti-Der p 10 showed strong binding to shrimp tropomyosin but very little to any of the mite proteins. ELISA showed the mite extracts contained very little tropomyosin. The storage and dust mites investigated contain mostly species-specific allergens and very small amounts of the pan-allergen tropomyosin compared to shrimp and snail.     

人血管能抑素基因的克隆、表达及其表达产物的纯化和生物活性测定

以人胎盘脐带组织为材料,提取组织总RNA,用netRTPCR方法合成人血管能抑素cDNA基因,将该cDNA克隆进pSP72载体获得重组质粒pSP72C, DNA序列分析结果与预期序列一致。用BamHⅠ和NdeⅠ双酶切,切下pSP72C上的血管能抑素cDNA,插入pET3c载体的相应位点获得重组表达质粒pETC, 转化E. coli BL21(DE3), SDSPAGE分析显示：在IPTG诱导下,血管能抑素基因获得了高效表达,表达量约占菌体总蛋白的 27.9 %,主要以包涵体形式存在。包涵体经过洗涤、裂解、蛋白复性以及Sephadex G75凝胶过滤层析等步骤后,获得了纯度达91.4 %的人血管能抑素。CAM实验证明10 μg纯化蛋白就能显著抑制鸡胚新生血管生成。     

Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase

In spite of the many studies on protein modifications by reactive species, knowledge about the products resulting from the oxidation of protein-aromatic residues, including protein-derived radicals and their stable products, remains limited. Here, we compared the oxidative modifications promoted by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite in two model proteins, ribonuclease (6Tyr) and lysozyme (3Tyr/6Trp). The formation of protein-derived radicals and products was higher at pH 5.4 and 7.4 for myeloperoxidase and peroxynitrite, respectively. The main product was 3-nitro-Tyr for both proteins and oxidants. Lysozyme rendered similar yields of nitro-Trp, particularly when oxidized by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylated and dimerized products of Trp and Tyr were also produced, but in lower yields. Localization of the main modified residues indicates that peroxynitrite decomposes to radicals within the proteins behaving less specifically than myeloperoxidase. Nitrogen dioxide is emphasized as an important protein modifier.