诺瓦克和诺瓦克病毒的研究进展

诺瓦克和诺瓦克样病毒作为急性胃肠炎的病原之一,日益受到人们的重视。本文主要对这种病原所致疾病的流行情况、病原的血清免疫学及其基因组织和蛋白表达等方面进行了综述。     

上海地区小鼠诺瓦克病毒的检测分析及病毒分离

目的了解上海地区实验小鼠自然感染小鼠诺瓦克病毒(murine norovirus,MNV)的状况,并分离毒株。方法抽取委托检测单位送检的SPF小鼠319只,分别采集盲肠内容物及血液样本,应用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法扩增小鼠盲肠内容物样本中MNV的特异性基因片段来检测MNV的感染情况,同时采用酶联免疫吸附试验(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)与核酸检测方法进行对比。将RT-PCR扩增结果为阳性的盲肠内容物样本稀释并经0.22μm滤膜过滤,接种到小鼠巨噬细胞系RAW 264.7细胞,盲传后采用RT-PCR方法鉴定。结果 RT-PCR检测的319份小鼠盲肠内容物样本中,阳性样本95份,阳性率为29.78%。对180份经RTPCR检测的小鼠血清进行ELISA检测,阳性样本70份,阳性率为38.89%。RAW 264.7细胞盲传5代后在72 h内出现细胞病变,经RT-PCR鉴定,显示187 bp的目的条带。结论通过核酸检测方法和血清学方法证实上海地区实验小鼠存在MNV自然感染,且感染率较高,应加强实验小鼠的饲养管理。     

高密市2014年人群乙型病毒性肝炎血清流行病学调查

目的了解高密市乙型病毒性肝炎(乙肝)流行现状,为完善乙肝疫苗策略提供依据。方法采用分层多阶段随机抽样方法,抽取高密市1~<5岁、5~<15岁、15~<30岁和30~<60岁常住人口497人进行乙肝血清流行病学调查,采用酶联免疫吸附试验标本进行乙肝病毒(Hepatitis B virus,HBV)血清学标志物(HBsAg、抗-HBs、抗-HBc、HBe Ag和抗-HBe)检测。结果共采集血清494份,HBV流行率为12.55%、HBsAg阳性率为1.42%、抗-HBs阳性率为52.02%、抗-HBc阳性率为12.55%,男、女性别差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);5~14岁组HBV流行率和抗-HBc阳性率均最低,且随年龄增长呈现升高趋势。各年龄组间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);HBsAg阳性率各年龄组间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);抗-HBs阳性率随年龄增长呈下降趋势,各年龄组间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);HBV流行率、HBsAg阳性率、抗-HBs阳性率在城乡之间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),但抗-HBc阳性率乡镇高于城市(P<0.05);7名HBsAg阳性患者中,15~<30岁组和30~<60岁组HBe Ag阳性各1人;15~<30岁组和30~<30岁组抗-HBe阳性分别为1人和4人。结论高密市为乙肝中度流行区,青少年和成人中HBV流行强度高于儿童,高密市实施以"新生儿Hep B接种"为主的乙肝控制策略取得了显著成效。     

2003-2008年我国实验猴BV抗体检测结果及抗体水平变化规律的分析

目的对近年来我国实验猴BV（猴疱疹病毒Ⅰ型）抗体检测结果进行比较分析,以了解我国实验猴BV感染情况及其抗体水平变化规律,为我国实验猴质量控制及标准化提供依据。方法根据国标中ELISA方法 ,对2003～2008年我国11个单位送检的2个品种猴血清进行BV抗体检测,并对检测结果进行统计分析。结果检测的4612份猴血清中,有1843份BV抗体呈阳性,阳性率为39.96%;6年中检测猴群BV抗体阳性率基本在30%～50%。幼年（≤2岁）、青年（2.1～4.0岁）、成年（4.1～6.5岁）、老年（≥6.5岁）4个不同年龄段猴BV感染率分别为26.28%、31.53%、53.74%、87.27%。不同年龄感染率差异显著（P〈0.01）。雌猴BV感染率（35.91%）高于雄猴（34.93%）,但两者差异不显著（P〉0.05）。结论不同年龄猴BV感染率不同,随着年龄的增长BV感染率升高。     

18～60岁健康人群肺炎链球菌IgG抗体水平调查

目的了解18~60岁健康人群肺炎链球菌IgG抗体水平,为肺炎链球菌性疾病的预防与控制提供参考依据。方法选取甘肃、宁夏健康献浆员为调查对象,分为18~30、31~40、41~50、51~60岁4个年龄组,共调查347人。采用WHO推荐的标准化酶联免疫吸附试验检测12种肺炎链球菌血清型IgG抗体水平,并计算IgG抗体阳性率和几何平均浓度(Geometric mean concentration,GMC)。结果质控血清QC907的IgG抗体浓度均值与参考值之间的误差百分数均未超过±40%,测定值符合其参考值范围,各血清型抗体浓度检测结果的CV均30%。347份血清样品肺炎链球菌IgG抗体总阳性率为64.8%~96.0%,GMC为0.37~2.24μg/m L。不同血清型间IgG抗体GMC差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。不同年龄组同种血清型IgG抗体阳性率及GMC均无统计学意义(P0.05)。除19F型外,不同地区同种血清型IgG抗体阳性率均有统计学意义(P0.05);除4、7F、14和18C型外,不同地区同种血清型IgG抗体GMC间差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 18~60岁健康人群肺炎链球菌IgG抗体水平普遍较高,对肺炎链球菌主要流行血清型均具有一定的保护力。     

新疆地区猪戊型肝炎血清流行病学调查

The purpose of the present study was to determine the prevalence of swine Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in Xinjiang. 813 swine serum samples collected from 1 to 12 months of age at 9 swine farms in Xinjiang region were tested by ELISA for the presence of IgG antibodies against HEV. The recombinant protein pUS 166 containing region 452-617aa of the ORF2 of HEV US strain was used as coating antigen. The result showed that anti -HEV IgG were detected in 265 of 405 pigs (65.43%) in one group and 238 of 408 pigs (58.33%) in another group, and that the seropositivity rate was not related to geographic district and breeds, but differed remarkably by age, being 40% among the 1- to 3-month-old piglets, but 77.33% among ones over 3-month-old. It suggested that swine HEV was widespread in different geographic regions of XinJiang.     

用国产重组抗原研制丙肝病毒抗体检测试剂

用克隆表达的丙型肝炎病毒核心蛋白及非结构 3区蛋白、非结构 4区蛋白和非结构 5区蛋白作为抗原 ,研制装配了第三代丙肝病毒抗体检测试剂。用该试剂检测国家第三代丙肝病毒抗体检测试剂标准血清 ,40份阴性血清全部符合 ,40份阳性血清出现 1份假阴性。分析探讨了各种影响试剂质量的因素     

应用抗体捕捉ELISA法测定病毒特异性IgM抗体

本文以测定麻疹IgM抗体为模型,研究了应用抗体捕捉酶联免疫吸附法(Antibody capture ELISA简称ACELISA)测定病毒性疾病特异性IgM抗体的实验条件,结果表明;用于包被的抗μ链抗体、抗原,检测抗体的剂量对所测得的标本OD值都有不同程度的影响,其中以抗原的影响最大,不同株单克隆抗体(McAb)作检测抗体效果也有差别,最佳株与多克隆抗体(PcAb)相似,以本方法测定麻疹IgM抗体的敏感性和特异性很高,并不受类风湿因子的干扰。     

用ND-O-BSA-IgM-ELISA测定正常人、麻风及结核患者血清抗体水平

目的 用ND-O-BSA-IgM-ELISA测定正常人和麻风及结核患者血清抗体水平以界定大连地区正常临界值及方法的敏感性和特异性.方法 用ND-O-BSA抗原对60例麻风患者,各100例男、女正常人和30例肺结核患者血清进行酶联免疫吸附试验.结果 ND-O-BSA在血清浓度1∶100和临界值取0.14时,ND-O-BSA-IgM-ELISA对麻风患者检测的敏感性为95％,特异性为96.5％;结核患者无一例阳性.结论 ND-O-BSA-IgM-ELISA实验敏感性和特异性均较高,且不存在与结核血清的交叉反应,可用来早期检测麻风杆菌的感染.     

应用纯化的重组Epstein-Barr病毒早期抗原建立检测鼻咽癌病人血清IgA/EA抗体的ELISA方法

利用凝胶和离子交换柱(Mono Q)两次层析,将大肠杆菌表达的EB病毒早期抗原P138片段多肽纯化。以此P138为抗原,增加鼠抗人IgA单克隆抗体以扩大IgA的反应,建立了三步ELISA法。用本法检查了100例鼻咽癌病人和63例正常人血清中抗EB病毒IgA/EA抗体,病人血清的阳性检出率为86％,正常人有3例阳性(4.7％)。此结果表明,三步ELISA法较常用的间接ELISA法(阳性检出率为71％)敏感。     

育龄妇女和母婴巨细胞病毒感染的流行病学调查

我们应用ＥＬＩＳＡ技术和ＰＣＲ技术对武汉市地区１０５１名育龄妇女和１　９　５对母婴的巨细胞病毒感染进行了血清流行病学调查。结果表明：１２４６名受检妇女ＣＭＶ　ＩｇＭ和　ＩｇＧ抗体阳性率分别为３．６％和８２．２％。１９５对母婴有２０名产妇尿中ＣＭＶ－ＤＮＡ阳性,所生子女中　有３名尿中ＣＭＶ－ＤＮＡ阳性,相关率为１５％。受检妇女中９８名有不良孕产史,其ＣＭＶ　ＩｇＭ和ＩｇＧ抗　体阳性率与无不良孕产史妇女比较均有显著性差异（ｐ＜０．０１）。     

Seroepidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection in Greece

Abstract Helicobacter pylori infection is strongly associated with chronic gastritis and peptic ulceration. As the prevalence of H. pylrori infection in southern European populations is not known, a serological survey of 1069 samples from three different age groups in the Greek population was carried out with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for antibodies to these bacteria. The antigen was an ultracentrifuged supernate of whole cell sonicates of 5 isolates of H. pylori assessed by electrophoresis and by immunoblotting with negative and positive sera. The sensitivity of the test was 97.43% and the specificity 100% for IgG antibodies; IgA and IgM antibodies to the antigen preparation were not found. Antibodies to H. pylori were detected among 39.49% of children aged 1–10 years, 67.1% of recruits (20–27 years) and 70% of blood donors (20–50 years). The prevalence of antibodies did not differ iwth sex in each of the age groups. The proportion of individuals with antibodies to H. pylori was higher in the younger age groups than those reported for similar age groups in Western Europe.     

Paracoccidioidomycosis in wild monkeys from Paraná State, Brazil

The aim of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection in wild New World monkeys (Cebus sp. and Alouatta caraya). A total of 93 animals (Cebus sp., n = 68 and Alouatta caraya, n = 25) were captured in the Paraná River basin, Paraná State, Brazil and the serum samples were analyzed by ELISA and immunodiffusion using P. brasiliensis gp43 and exoantigen as antigens, respectively. The seropositivity observed by ELISA was 44.1% and 60% for Cebus sp. and A. caraya, respectively, while by immunodiffusion test Cebus sp. showed positivity of 2.9% only. No significant difference was observed in relation to age and sex. This is the first report of paracoccidioidomycosis in wild capuchin monkeys and in wild-black and golden-howler monkeys. The high positivity to P. brasiliensis infection in both species evaluated in our study and the positivity by immunodiffusion test in Cebus sp. suggest that natural disease may be occurring in wild monkeys living in paracoccidioidomycosis endemic areas.     

四种血清学方法检测烟草TMV、CMV的比较

本文应用ELISA－异种动物抗体双夹心法（DSM－ELISA）、ELISA－A蛋白酶联法（SPA－ELISA0、ELISA－斑点免疫法（Dot-ELISA)和葡萄球菌凝集法（SA－test)等四种血清学方法检测TMV、CMV感染的烟草病叶,结果以Dot-ELISA法灵敏度最高,其检测病叶粗汁液的稀释度为1：1280－2560,其次是DSM－ELISA和SPA－ELISA,均为1：640,SA－test灵敏度较低,为1：80。SPA－ELISA的非特异性反应比DSM－ELISA低,用健康汁液附抗血清,可以明显降低Dot-ELISA和SA-test的非特异性反应。     

Prevalence of rotavirus and norovirus antibodies in non-human primates

Rotavirus and norovirus are associated with a substantial burden of diarrheal disease in humans and some animals, but their role in acute viral gastroenteritis in non-human primates has not been established. We examined sera from five species of Old and New World monkeys and chimpanzees for antibodies to rotavirus and norovirus by enzyme immunoassays using RRV and three recombinant human norovirus capsid proteins, respectively. Most (88%) of the 3 Old World monkey species (mangabey, pigtail, and rhesus) and apes were seropositive for rotavirus. Norovirus antibody was prevalent in the three monkey species, with 53% (44/83) and 58% (48/83) seropositive for GI and GII strains, respectively. Eleven (92%) of the 12 chimpanzees tested were seropositive for GI norovirus. Given the high rate of infection with both viruses, the role of these agents in causing acute gastroenteritis in non-human primates and the value of these animals as models of infection and disease need to be assessed.     

在我国腹泻患儿中发现诺瓦克样病霉感染

诺瓦克病毒是引起无菌性急性胃肠炎爆发的重要病原。１９９０年１０月至１９９１年１月从河南省急性腹泻门诊患儿便样中发现了诺瓦克样病毒。经电镜观察,病毒直径约为２８ｎｍ,病毒壳似由有结构的亚单位组成,进一步用诺瓦克病毒特异的寡核苷酸引物做逆转录一聚合酶链式反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）,检定为阳性。由ＰＣＲ产物测得的核苷酸序列与诺瓦克病毒原型株相应序列比较,同源性为７２％。以上结果证实,在我国腹泻病人中有诺瓦克样病毒感染。这对我国病毒性胃肠炎流行的防治研究具有重要意义。