花粉抗辐射损伤的动物实验研究

花粉对动物辐射损伤研究的结果为：花粉能提高辐射动物外周血粒细胞,保护骨髓、脾脏、胸腺等组织结构,增加辐射动物血浆超氧化物歧化酶（ＳｕｐｅｒｏｘｉｄｅＤｉｓｍｕｔａｓｅ,ＳＯＤ）的活力,降低脂质过氧化物（ｍａｌｏｎｉｃｄｉａｌｄｅｈｙｄｅ,ＭＤＡ）含量,此外,对辐射动物睾丸的生精作用有一定的保护。这些结果均说明花粉具有多方面的抗辐射损伤效应。     

贮藏时间对银杏花粉保护酶活性和萌发率的影响

研究了室温贮藏对银杏花粉萌发率及超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化物酶(Peroxi-dase,POD)、过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)活性的影响。结果表明,随着贮藏时间的延长,花粉萌发率由88．89％降到15．76％;贮藏15d之后超氧化物歧化酶活性降低了80％;过氧化物酶活性减少到原来的10％;过氧化氢酶活性也减少了70％。在室温贮藏条件下萌发率随保护酶活性的下降而降低。POD酶对花粉萌发率的影响比SOD、CAT酶显著。     

PGMS水稻育性转换中的多胺含量变化(简报)

在光敏核不育水稻农垦58s幼穗的花粉母细胞形成期间,短日可育株的多胺含量高于长日不育株。多胺合成的前体Arg在短日可育株中比幼穗中多胺早一个时期在叶片中达到高峰,而在长日不育株中大量积累。用甲基已二醛-双（脒腙）（MGBG）处理的短日可育株中Spd和Spm水平、花粉可育度和自交结实率都下降。用Spd补充长日不育林中多胺含量,其花粉可育度有提高。     

华北地区莴苣属（广义）植物花粉特征的研究

本文研究了华北地区莴苣属（广义）７种植物的花粉形态与微形态特征。结果表明：莴苣属（广义）内这些种具有相同的花粉类型。该属的花粉为球形,３孔沟;极面观为三裂圆形,近六边形;赤道面观为圆形;花粉表面具网状纹饰,同胞１５个,网脊上有许多小穴和规则排列的刺。与邻近属形成明显差异,使该属成为一个自然类群。新属毛鳞菊属ＣｈａｅｔｏｓｅｒｉｓＳｈｉｈｇｅｎ．ｎｏｖ．以其花粉网状纹饰的网脊上具不规则排列的短柱而有别于莴苣属（广义）。花粉的形态特征与微形态特征可为菊科属级水平分类提供重要依据。     

电化学发光分析法在核酸杂交检测和药物筛选中应用

该文简要介绍了电化学发光（ECL）核酸分析法的基本原理,评述了ECL分析法在核酸杂交检测和药物筛选中应用的研究进展。     

PCR制备地高辛素标记的探针检测轮状病毒核酸

用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）技术,制备了轮状病毒第９基因部分片段的地高辛标记的ｃＤＮＡ探针。ＤＮＡ－ＲＮＡ斑点杂交表明该探针具有轮状病毒Ａ组的特异性,可检出１０ｐｇＨＲＶ－ＲＮＡ。实验中选择了粪便标本提取核酸后点膜和粪便上清直接点膜进行斑点杂交,两种方法的结果一致;同时将斑点杂交法与ＰＡＧＥ法的结果进行了比较。实验结果表明用ＰＣＲ技术直接制备地高辛索标记的ｃＤＮＡ探针具有方便、快速、标记率高、特异性强的特点,具有一定的应用前景。     

江南桤木（Alnus trabeculosa）花粉形态与其生态因子

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜对产自安徽省岳西县鹞落坪国家自然保护区的桦木科江南桤木的花粉形态进行了观察和研究。结果表明花粉粒圆球形至近球形,花粉大小为22．535．0μm,平均为31．5μm。赤道面观近扁球形,极面观为四角形或五角形。光学显微镜下,4—5孔,孔的结构特殊,内、外层到孔边分离,形成显著的孔室。在光切面看,外层在孔处加厚,孔间带状加厚。同时,在扫描电镜下,萌发孔沿赤道排列,为短萌发孔,萌发孔长轴3．2μm,短轴为1．5μm,其长轴约为短轴的2倍。外壁厚为2．0μm,外壁外层明显厚于内层。外壁纹饰在光学显微镜为不明显的颗粒排列为细条纹,扫描电镜下为微刺。在透射电镜下,花粉壁分为明显的四层,即：覆盖层、柱状层、基层和内层;覆盖层有刺状纹饰等。同时研究了江南桤木花粉的地理分布及其与生态因子的关系。根据江南桤木植物赖以生存的生态因子,得出江南桤木花粉分布区的主要生态因子,包括地理位置、海拔高度、年降水量、年积温及生境,为利用地层中桦木科化石花粉重建古气候、古环境及气候变迁提供了现代孢粉学资料和依据,也为该植物的现代地理分布提供了科学依据。     

植物细胞质雄性不育的分子机制研究

当植物不能产生有功能的花粉时,称为雄性不育。它可能由核基因决定,也可能由细胞质基因决定。前者称为核雄性不育,后者称为细胞质雄性不育。细胞质雄性不育（ｃｙｔｏ－ｐｌａｓｍｉｃｍａｌｅｓｔｅｒｉｌｉｔｙ,ＣＭＳ）是一种母性传递的遗传性状,其遗传方式不符合...     

脑出血和脑梗死患者血清谷氨酸,甘氨酸和丙氨酸浓度的改变及意义

目的探讨血清中谷氨酸、甘氨酸和丙氨酸含量变化与脑出血和脑梗死的关系,为今后临床深入研究提供参考资料。方法用氨基酸分析仪对２３例急性脑出血和２６例脑梗死病人谷氨酸、甘氨酸和丙氨酸进行测定,并与对照组进行比较。结果病人组的兴奋性氨基酸谷氨酸的含量明显高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）,病人组的抑制性氨基酸甘氨酸和丙氨酸的含量与对照组无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论提示兴奋性氨基酸谷氨酸可能作为损伤因素参与脑出血和脑梗死脑损伤的发生。     

甜樱桃(Prunus avium L.)品种S基因型鉴定

根据蔷薇科S-RNase基因(S基因)高度保守区C2和RC4区设计一对特异引物PruC2和PruC4R,对甜樱桃品种的基因组DNA进行S基因特异PCR扩增。克隆S基因的扩增片段,核酸序列在GenBank上搜索,确定了4种S基因的核酸序列和大小。结果表明,在琼脂糖凝胶上位置相同的扩增带其核酸序列相同,是同一种S基因。4种S基因扩增片段的大小分别是：S1为677bp,S3为762bp,S4为945bp,S6为456bp。参试的自交不亲和品种的S基因型分别是：红灯、红艳、早红宝石和先锋相同,为S1S3;抉择、红丰和那翁相同,为S3S4;大紫为S1S6;长把红为S1S4;养老为S2S6;自交亲和品种外引7号和斯太拉为S3S4。     

Molecular assays of pollen use consistently reflect pollinator visitation patterns in a system of flowering plants

Determining how pollinators visit plants vs. how they carry and transfer pollen is an ongoing project in pollination ecology. The current tools for identifying the pollens that bees carry have different strengths and weaknesses when used for ecological inference. In this study we use three methods to better understand a system of congeneric, coflowering plants in the genus Clarkia and their bee pollinators: observations of plant–pollinator contact in the field, and two different molecular methods to estimate the relative abundance of each Clarkia pollen in samples collected from pollinators. We use these methods to investigate if observations of plant–pollinator contact in the field correspond to the pollen bees carry; if individual bees carry Clarkia pollens in predictable ways, based on previous knowledge of their foraging behaviors; and how the three approaches differ for understanding plant–pollinator interactions. We find that observations of plant–pollinator contact are generally predictive of the pollens that bees carry while foraging, and network topologies using the three different methods are statistically indistinguishable from each other. Results from molecular pollen analysis also show that while bees can carry multiple species of Clarkia at the same time, they often carry one species of pollen. Our work contributes to the growing body of literature aimed at resolving how pollinators use floral resources. We suggest our novel relative amplicon quantification method as another tool in the developing molecular ecology and pollination biology toolbox.     

Use of novel pollen species by specialist and generalist solitary bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

If trade-offs between flexibility to use a range of host species and efficiency on a limited set underlie the evolution of diet breadth, one resulting prediction is that specialists ought to be more restricted than generalists in their ability to use novel resource species. I used foraging tests and feeding trials to compare the ability of a generalist and a specialist solitary mason bee species to collect and develop on two pollen species that are not normally used in natural populations (novel pollens). Osmia lignaria (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) is a generalist pollen feeder; O. californica, is more specialized. Adults of the specialist were more limited in use of novel hosts, but only in some contexts. Both bee species refused to collect one novel pollen. The specialist accepted a second novel pollen only when it was presented along with its normal pollen, whereas the generalist collected novel pollen whether presented alone or with normal pollen. Surprisingly, larvae of the specialist were more flexible than were generalists. The specialist grew well on mixtures of normal and novel pollen species, in some cases better than on its normal host alone. Larvae of the generalist grew more poorly on all diets containing novel pollens than on their normal host. Data on these two species of bees suggest that specialization by itself need not reduce flexibility on novel hosts. The findings also provide information about mechanisms of specialization in bees. Similar to some folivores, specific cues of the pollen host and the bee's interpretation of these contribute, along with foraging economics, to pollen choice by adults. The ability of the larvae to cope with specific components of one pollen species need not interfere with its ability to use others.     

The Impacts of the Pollen of Insect-resistant Transgenic Cotton on Honeybees

Transgenic cotton containing a synthetic version of the insecticidal toxin gene from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki has been planted in China in a large scale and may have adverse impacts on honeybees. The pollens of the transgenic cotton and the non-transgenic parental cotton were collected and their impacts on worker bees were tested. Experimental results showed that the transgenic cotton pollen had no oral acute toxic effects on worker bees. No significant difference was observed in the superoxide dismutases activity and the longevity of worker bees fed with diets containing the transgenic cotton pollen or non-transgenic parental cotton pollen. The results of our experiment indicate that the transgenic cotton has no direct adverse impacts on honeybees. Further work needs to be carried out to evaluate the long-term and indirect impacts of the transgenic cotton on honeybees.     

Changes in nutritional composition from bee pollen to pollen patty used in bumblebee rearing

Pollen patties are generally supplied to augment the nourishment of honey bee or bumblebee colonies during late winter or early spring. In the present study, we examined nutrient content of bee collected pollen (BP) and pollen patties (PT) prepared from those bee collected pollens in order to understand the chemical compositional change of pollen to pollen patty and figure out the possible benefits for bee’s health. Protein and fat contents of pollen patties were found lower than that reported for the respective bee pollens. Amino and fatty acids followed the same trend for the simple logical reason. In contrast, carbohydrate contents of pollen patties were found much higher than the bee pollen. The addition of sugar solution in the process of pollen patty preparation could presumably explain the change. Another possible determinant factor of bee’s preference of feed protein to fat ratio was found the highest for PT 2 (5.5) followed by PT 1 and BP 2 (4.1), BP Ref. (2.9) and the least value obtained for BP 1 (2.2). Additionally, we discuss the possible health benefits if the bee collected pollen is used as a human food supplement.     

Lipid-enhanced pollen and lipid-reduced flour diets and their effect on the longevity of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.)

Abstract  As eucalypt pollens contain low concentrations of lipid, enhancing pollen diets with fatty acids was hypothesised to improve honey bee longevity. Different concentrations of linoleic and oleic acid added to eucalypt pollen were trialled in small cages containing approximately 1400 bees each. Bees fed diets of redgum ( Corymbia calophylla (Lindl.) Hill & Johnson, formerly Eucalyptus calophylla ) pollen had the lowest mortality of 22 diets tested for 6 weeks and had life spans (50%) greater than 42 days. Linoleic acid mixed with a redgum diet in concentrations >6% corresponded to life spans of 24–25 days. Bee longevity appeared to be more sensitive to oleic acid as life spans decreased to 15–21 days when diets had concentrations >2%. The life spans of bees fed soya bean flour were 26 days on low (0.6% lipid) fat, 19 days on defatted and 20 days on full-fat diets. Bees fed lupin flour had a life span of 23 days. Adding redgum pollen to lupin flour caused increased mortality, but addition of pollen to soya bean flour was beneficial. Thus, beekeepers who choose to utilise soya bean or lupin flours as protein substitutes to pollen will have bees with reduced longevity. Bees fed redgum pollen that had been dried, crushed, irradiated and hermetically stored in a cool room for several years had similar longevity to bees fed fresh-collected and frozen redgum pollen.     

Evaluation of the nutritive value of maize for honey bees

In modern managed agro-ecosystems, the supply of adequate food from blooming crops is limited to brief periods. During periods of pollen deficiencies, bees are forced to forage on alternative crops, such as maize. However, pollen of maize is believed to be a minor food source for bees as it is thought to be lacking in proteins and essential amino acids. This study was conducted to verify this assumption. In maize, a strikingly low concentration of histidine was found, but the amount of all other essential amino acids was greater than that of mixed pollen. The performance and the immunocompetence of bees consuming a pure maize pollen diet (A) was compared to bees feeding on a polyfloral pollen diet (B) and to bees feeding on an artificial substitute of pollen (C). Consumption of diets A and C were linked to a reduction in brood rearing and lifespan. However, no immunological effects were observed based on two parameters of the humoral immunity.     

The effect of pollen protein concentration on body size in the sweat bee Lasioglossum zephyrum (Hymenoptera: Apiformes)

Adult bees and wasps provide all the food their offspring require to grow from egg to adult. For a given diet, offspring body size generally increases with an increase in the amount of food consumed as a larva, but the extent to which body size is influenced by the type of food consumed is poorly known. Pollen ranges from 2–60% protein among plant species, and bees are extremely efficient at assimilating nitrogen; therefore, it seems likely that either parent bees adjust the size of larval provisions to compensate for differences in pollen protein concentration or bee offspring attain different body size depending on the pollen type(s) consumed as a larva. We presented the generalist sweat bee Lasioglossum zephyrum with pollen diets that differed in protein content and monitored offspring body size during two experiments. In a protein supplementation experiment, diets ranged from 20–66% protein and consisted of Typha pollen amended with soy protein. On a pollen/soy diet, offspring body size increased 25% with a shift from 20–37% protein, but did not increase further at greater protein concentrations. In a multiple pollen experiment, pollen diets ranged from 20–39% protein and consisted of eight pollens that differed naturally in protein concentration. The largest offspring arose from the most protein-rich pollens, whereas much smaller bees developed on protein-poor pollens. Provision size only predicted offspring size when pollen type, and therefore protein quantity, was considered. Adult foragers did not adjust provision size to compensate for pollen protein. Therefore, offspring body size appears to result from a combination of controlled (provision size) and uncontrolled (pollen quality) factors that arise out of bee foraging decisions.     

Influence of Pollen Nutrition on Honey Bee Health: Do Pollen Quality and Diversity Matter?

Honey bee colonies are highly dependent upon the availability of floral resources from which they get the nutrients (notably pollen) necessary to their development and survival. However, foraging areas are currently affected by the intensification of agriculture and landscape alteration. Bees are therefore confronted to disparities in time and space of floral resource abundance, type and diversity, which might provide inadequate nutrition and endanger colonies. The beneficial influence of pollen availability on bee health is well-established but whether quality and diversity of pollen diets can modify bee health remains largely unknown. We therefore tested the influence of pollen diet quality (different monofloral pollens) and diversity (polyfloral pollen diet) on the physiology of young nurse bees, which have a distinct nutritional physiology (e.g. hypopharyngeal gland development and vitellogenin level), and on the tolerance to the microsporidian parasite Nosema ceranae by measuring bee survival and the activity of different enzymes potentially involved in bee health and defense response (glutathione-S-transferase (detoxification), phenoloxidase (immunity) and alkaline phosphatase (metabolism)). We found that both nurse bee physiology and the tolerance to the parasite were affected by pollen quality. Pollen diet diversity had no effect on the nurse bee physiology and the survival of healthy bees. However, when parasitized, bees fed with the polyfloral blend lived longer than bees fed with monofloral pollens, excepted for the protein-richest monofloral pollen. Furthermore, the survival was positively correlated to alkaline phosphatase activity in healthy bees and to phenoloxydase activities in infected bees. Our results support the idea that both the quality and diversity (in a specific context) of pollen can shape bee physiology and might help to better understand the influence of agriculture and land-use intensification on bee nutrition and health.     

Pollen morphology and its effect on pollenl collection by honey bees,Apis Mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), with special Reference to Upland Cotton,Gossypium Hirsutum L. (Malvaceae)

Honey bees, Apis mellifera, forage readily on flowers of upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum, to harvest nectar. The abundant pollen gets caught in the haircoat of the bees, but cotton pollen is nevertheless rarely collected. Honey bee pollen collection effectiveness was therefore investigated in a flight room using cotton and five other spheroidal pollen taxa presented in sequence. Honey bees visited all pollen dishes, but okra pollen (Abelmoschus esculentus) was never packed successfully by the bees landing in the pollen dish. Cotton pollen was collected by 16% of the landing foragers, pumpkin pollen (Cucurbita pepo) by 71%, and pollen of corn (Zea mays), pigweed (Amaranthus palmeri), and sunflower (Helianthus annuus) were readily collected by nearly all foragers. The amount of time spent in the pollen dish was always short (1 to 9 seconds) and homogeneous among all pollen taxa, indicating that none of them was strongly repellent to the bees. The reduced effectiveness with which honey bees collected cotton pollen was demonstrated by the longer amount of time needed for pollen grooming and packing between two consecutive landings in the pollen dish and the small size of cotton pollen pellets (averages of 0.42 mg and 8.23 mg per pellet for cotton and corn pollen, respectively). This reduced efficiency in cotton pollen collection was associated primarily with the length of the spines on cotton pollen which physically interfered with the pollen aggregating process used by honey bees.     

Forage quality and quantity affect red mason bees and honeybees differently in flowers of strawberry varieties

Nectar is a vital source of energy for bees and other pollinators and pollen represents the only source of protein in the diet of bees. Nectar and pollen quality and quantity can therefore affect foraging choices. Strawberry, Fragaria × ananassa (Rosaceae), is a flowering crop that requires insect pollination for the berries to develop optimally. The solitary red mason bee, Osmia bicornis L. (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), occurs naturally but like the eusocial western honeybee, Apis mellifera mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), it is also a commercially reared pollinator used in strawberry production. We hypothesized that strawberry nectar and pollen quality would affect the foraging choice of these two types of bees. In this study nectar and pollen quality is represented by various levels of sugar and protein content, respectively, as well as the number of open strawberry flowers in the experimental field, would affect the foraging choice of these two types of bees. Consistent with previous studies, we found significant and major differences between strawberry varieties in proportions of sucrose in the nectar sugar and in pollen viability – a proxy for pollen protein content. All measured parameters had a significant effect on red mason bee visitation frequency. Contrary to expectations, honeybee foraging behavior was only affected by the number of open flowers and not by any of the quality parameters measured. Our findings indicate that red mason bees were capable of assessing nectar and pollen quality and prioritize accordingly. The pattern observed indicates that individual red mason bees changed foraging focus between strawberry varieties depending on whether nectar or pollen was collected. Our results suggest that targeted breeding of varieties toward high levels of nectar sugar and sucrose concentrations and high pollen protein content may increase pollination success from red mason bees and possibly other solitary bees.