虎纹蛙(Hoplobatra chuschinensis)繁殖后期的生境特征及生境选择

了解动物的生境特征及其生境选择性,对于动物野生种群的保护具有重要意义。2013年9月,在浙江温州楠溪江流域对国家二级保护动物虎纹蛙的野外生境进行了研究,并利用生境喜好系数和主成分分析法对其生境选择性进行了分析。结果表明:虎纹蛙偏好的生境特征为地形较平缓,坡度较小;地表基质类型为淤泥和细沙,相对湿度较大;植被类型为水稻和草丛,高度和盖度适中;离大型水体的距离较远,离小型水体的距离较近,其栖息水域为静水水域,流速较缓、深度较浅、水质较好、温度较高;离农田的距离较近,离道路的距离适中,离居民点的距离较远;影响虎纹蛙生境选择的主要因子为坡度、坡位、植被高度、植被盖度、地表基质类型、地表温度、离水体的距离、水体温度、水体p H、水体氧含量、离农田的距离和离道路的距离。     

猫儿山小鲵(Hynobius maoershanensis)繁殖期生境选择

在广西猫儿山自然保护区的山顶湖、三江源、野人湖等地区,基于植被类型、水体类型、岸边条件、卵袋悬挂物、水中覆盖物、人为干扰程度等20种生境因子,通过61个样方（26个选择样方和35个对照样方）,对猫儿山小鲵繁殖期的生境选择做进行了研究,并得出以下4个主要结论：（1）在基于描述型生态因子的研究中,结果显示选择样方与对照样方在水体类型、岸边条件、水中覆盖物3种因子上差异显著,而植被类型、卵袋悬挂物、人为干扰程度3种生态因子对其生境选择无显著影响。（2）基于14种数值型生态因子的研究结果显示,选择样方和对照样方间的植被盖度、水体面积、水体流速和水底泥沙比方面具有显著差异。植被盖度较低、水体面积较大的水域、水体流速低和水底泥沙比较低的水域是猫儿山小鲵的优选繁殖地。（3）基于14种数值型生态因子的逐步判别表明,通过植被盖度和水底泥沙比2个生态因子可分辨选择样方和对照样方,正确判别率达80.3%,且对于检验也具有最大的贡献值,分别为0.840和0.622。（4）对猫儿山小鲵卵袋对数和14种数值型生态因子的逐步回归分析结果显示猫儿山小鲵在繁殖期生境选择与地表湿度显著正相关,与植被盖度呈显著负相关,高地表湿度和低植被盖度对猫儿山小鲵的产卵量起促进作用。猫儿山小鲵繁殖期间偏好的微生境为较低植被盖度、较大面积水体和较低流速、低水底泥沙、多水中覆盖物、复杂岸边条件的静水型水塘,与选择偏好的微生境相关的生态因子是猫儿山小鲵繁殖期生境选择的主要因子。     

宁波地区黑斑蛙的繁殖生态和产卵地选择

黑斑蛙是我国分布最广的两栖动物之一,但目前有关其繁殖生态和产卵地选择还所知甚少,而且多局限于定性描述。2004—2006年在宁波地区黑斑蛙的繁殖期,对黑斑蛙的繁殖生态研究分析表明,该蛙在繁殖期的种群密度为0.0903±0.0029只/m(n=11);该蛙是雌雄二形性的蛙类,雌性蛙类的体重和体长都显著大于雄性;该蛙窝卵数的变化幅度较大(1546—7897个),平均窝卵数为4643.04±235.96个(n=50);卵径范围为1.50—1.74mm,平均卵径大小为1.6050±0.0046mm(n=226)。对黑斑蛙产卵地选择的研究结果表明,产卵地在水域比率、裸地比率、植被盖度、水深、水温和水的透明度等方面与随机样方不同;该蛙偏爱在水域比率和植被盖度较高的生境产卵,而避免在水体较深的生境产卵。为了更好地保护黑斑蛙的产卵栖息地,今后应优先保护水域比率和植被盖度较高而水体不深的生境。     

宁波地区黑斑蛙的繁殖生态和产卵地选择

黑斑蛙是我国分布最广的两栖动物之一，但目前有关其繁殖生态和产卵地选择还所知甚少，而且多局限于定性描述。2004—2006年在宁波地区黑斑蛙的繁殖期，对黑斑蛙的繁殖生态研究分析表明，该蛙在繁殖期的种群密度为0.0903±0.0029只/m (n=11)；该蛙是雌雄二形性的蛙类，雌性蛙类的体重和体长都显著大于雄性；该蛙窝卵数的变化幅度较大 (1 546—7 897个)，平均窝卵数为4643.04±235.96个 (n=50)；卵径范围为1.50—1.74 mm，平均卵径大小为1.6050±0.0046 mm (n=226)。对黑斑蛙产卵地选择的研究结果表明，产卵地在水域比率、裸地比率、植被盖度、水深、水温和水的透明度等方面与随机样方不同；该蛙偏爱在水域比率和植被盖度较高的生境产卵，而避免在水体较深的生境产卵。为了更好地保护黑斑蛙的产卵栖息地，今后应优先保护水域比率和植被盖度较高而水体不深的生境。     

四川铁布梅花鹿自然保护区梅花鹿夏季栖息地选择

四川梅花鹿Cervus nippon sichuanicus为国家Ⅰ级重点保护动物,四川铁布梅花鹿自然保护区分布有我国现存最大的梅花鹿野生种群。2011年6-9月,采用样方法对保护区梅花鹿夏季栖息地选择进行了调查,共布设109个样方(利用样方61个,对照样方48个),测量并比较了海拔、坡度等20个生境因子。结果显示,梅花鹿偏好利用的植被类型为灌丛、草甸、针叶林,同时选择隐蔽度较高的生境;此外,距水源距离、灌木高度、灌木盖度、灌木密度、草本高度和草本盖度6个连续变量在利用样方和对照样方之间差异有统计学意义(F<0.05或U<0.05)。回归模型分析结果表明,梅花鹿夏季偏好选择草本盖度大、靠近水源和林缘的生境,回避远离水源和林缘的生境。     

古尔班通古特沙漠植被与环境的关系

对古尔班通古特沙漠进行了纵向及横向的路线调查,植被测度和土壤理化性质分析。对比发现该沙漠地貌形态纵、横向上的显著差异,使沙漠植被分布格局存在着异质性,即植物群落的物种多样性、优势度及盖度在纵、横向上明显不同。CCA排序结果显示,土壤的有机质含量、全盐含量、分选系数、含水量和pH值等微生境使植被沿其变化梯度以不甚耐盐碱的短命、类短命草本和小半灌木、半灌木为主的群落逐渐向耐盐碱的灌木、小乔木类群落转变。地形和土壤质地可使横向上相当数量的植物种产生空间分化,而这种分化在纵向上不明显。沙漠植被物种在各生境梯度作用下形成3类组合,其在横向上对应3个地段,但在纵向上没有清晰的对应空间(除南北边缘区外),原因是多数植物的生境处于沙漠纵向微生境梯度的中间序位。     

野生扬子鳄栖息地水环境重金属元素含量及pH值的初步研究

为了研究野生扬子鳄种群数量急剧下降的原因,于2002～2003年在安徽省南部对野生扬子鳄栖息地现状进行了调查,采集了21个样地的水样,测定了重金属元素(Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb)含量及pH值.结果表明,野生扬子鳄栖息地水环境中的pH值为7.84±0.62,2组样地(有鳄分布、无鳄分布)pH值差异不显著(F=3.26,P＞0.05),而3种类型栖息地的pH值差异显著(F=7.32,P＜0.01).2组样地水环境中Cu、Zn、Cd元素差异不显著,野生扬子鳄栖息地重金属Pb含量为0.0233±0.0164 mg·L-1,Pb元素差异显著(F=5.477,P＜0.05).最后分析了野生扬子鳄栖息地内重金属Pb的污染源.     

三峡水库岛屿成岛前的植被特征与物种丰富度

三峡水库蓄水导致原有生境的岛屿化,本文调查了三峡水库6个即将形成的岛屿蓄水前的植被特征,并对这些岛屿上各类群落类型的物种丰富度进行了分析。共调查到群落类型28个,其中草丛12个,灌丛7个,森林9个。研究结果表明,绝大多数岛屿自然植被覆盖率低,植被退化严重。主要表现为森林比重很小,群落多样性低,撂荒地上处于次生演替初始阶段的杂类草草丛占了相当大的比例。6个岛屿的植物种数分别为126、157、175、189、242、254;其中森林群落的平均物种丰富度指数为42.19,灌、草丛分别为15.96和17.89。杂类草草丛具有较高的丰富度指数,而演替到较为稳定的退化草丛物种丰富度指数呈下降趋势。各类灌丛之间物种丰富度指数相差不大。在针阔混交林向阔叶林演替过程中,物种丰富度指数表现为较大的波动性。由于自然植被被严重破坏,岛屿上外来入侵种形成了较大的灾害。三峡库区即将形成的这些岛屿具有重要的研究价值,建议选择一些岛屿建立保护区。     

阿尔金山保护区藏野驴和野牦牛夏季生境选择分析

本研究在2012至2013年进行两次调查,采用样带法和样方法在阿尔金山自然保护区东部(37°15'~37°23'N,90°11'~90°20'E)对藏野驴(Equus kiang)、野牦牛(Bos grunniens)的分布及其栖息地进行调查,共设置3条样线(总长达146.9 km)和128个样方。调查发现,藏野驴主要集中于伊协克帕提附近的荒漠草原,而野牦牛的主要栖息地位于沙山附近的阿坝堤坝草场。通过Vanderloeg和Scavia选择系数以及主成分分析,对藏野驴和野牦牛对不同环境因子(包括植被类型、植被盖度、草本种类数、土壤pH、海拔、坡度、坡向、水源)的选择性以及各因子在物种栖息地选择的重要程度进行研究,同时利用独立T检验分析两物种之间的环境变量选择差异性。结果表明,藏野驴倾向选择植被盖度小于70%,坡度2°~5°的南坡,海拔3800~4000 m,土壤pH 8.0~8.5的高寒荒漠生境;野牦牛则偏好选择植被盖度大于70%,坡度5°~15°的东坡或者北坡,海拔4200~4600 m,土壤pH 7.0~8.0,与水源距离小于1000 m的高寒荒漠草原以及沼泽草甸生境;影响藏野驴生境选择的主要因子为植被类型和坡度,而影响野牦牛生境选择的主要因子是植被盖度;虽然藏野驴和野牦牛在资源利用上存在部分重叠,但它们对栖息地植被盖度、植被高度、海拔和坡度的选择存在显著差异性(P0.05)。     

海南岛黎母山四眼斑水龟对春季生境的选择性

2004年3—4月,在海南岛黎母山采用系统抽样法对四眼斑水龟春季生境选择进行了初步研究。在海拔170～1170m设196个研究样点,共1392个笼捕日。其中在海拔170～470m的26个布笼点共捕获四眼斑水龟36只,而在海拔470～1170m未捕获到四眼斑水龟。采用Kruskal Wallis检验,对海拔500m以下四眼斑水龟利用样地(n=26)和海拔500m以上的对照样地(n=26)的生态因子差异显著性进行检验。结果表明,两类样地的海拔、植被类型、植被盖度、落叶厚度、土壤类型、坡度、水面宽、水深、水面流速、基底类型、露石率、食物丰度、干扰距离13个生态因子差异均显著,仅石洞数目差异不显著。说明海拔500m以上和以下的环境差异较大。主成分分析结果表明,影响四眼斑水龟生境选择的主要生态因子依次为海拔、干扰距离、植被盖度、土壤类型、水深和落叶厚度。而植被类型、食物丰度、露石率、基底、石洞数目、坡度、水面宽和水面流速8个生态因子的影响不明显。保护好近河岸植被和提高当地群众对龟类的保护意识对四眼斑水龟的保护十分重要。     

川西北高原藏原羚夏季生境选择

利用数量化理论对川西北高原藏原羚夏季生境选择进行了研究,发现影响藏原羚夏季生境选择的主要因子有水源、植被类型、隐藏条件,次要因子为食物丰盛度、人为干扰和海拔高度;其最适生境为隐蔽条件较好、水源较近的草甸草原。     

Afforestation suppresses Oncomelania hupensis snail density through influencing algae in beaches of the Dongting Lake

BackgroundOncomelania snails serve as the sole intermediate host for Schistosoma japonicum, one of the most important neglected tropical diseases in the world. Afforestation suppression of the Oncomelania hupensis snail has been a long-term effective national strategy to decrease snail density in China. Many previous studies have made clear that vegetation (biotic factors) and soil (abiotic factors) were the basic requirements for snail survival on beaches. Moreover, a lot of research on snail control has been focused on the specific influencing environmental factors for snail survival, such as the vegetation community structure, species composition, diversity index, and the physical and chemical properties of the soil. Most of the existing research has studied the influence of a single factor on snail population density. Conversely, there have been only a few studies focused on the food sources and food composition of the snails. The current research situation on snail control has indicated that the mechanisms underlying ecological snail control have not been systematically characterized. The question of whether biotic or abiotic factors were more important in influencing snail survival remains unclear. Afforestation on beaches has significantly suppressed snail density in China so far. In this study, we proposed that the reduction of snail density was not affected by a single factor but by the interactions of multiple related factors introduced by afforestation. Moreover, different biotic and abiotic factors have significantly different effects on snail control. Therefore the goal of this study was to evaluate the relative importance and interactions of related biotic and abiotic factors on snail density. Methods: Four major vegetation communities: Sedge, Reed, Artificial poplar (3 years of age) and Artificial poplar (5 years of age), on the beaches of the Yangtze River in China were selected for vegetation and snail surveys, as well as for soil sampling. Structural Equation Model (SEM) analysis was used to assess the interactions of biotic and abiotic factors in the context of snail ecology. The soil properties were considered as abiotic factors, while algae of Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta and Bacillariophyta phyla were considered to be biotic factors. In the path analysis, the total effect between the variables was the sum of the direct and indirect effects.ResultsThe snail density had significant correlations with soil properties, such as water content, bulk density, capillary porosity and pH value, as well as with all three types of soil algae, Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta, and Bacillariophyta. Snail density had a direct negative relationship with capillary porosity and soil bulk density, an indirect negative relationship with soil pH value and an indirect positive relationship with soil water content via soil algae. Meanwhile, as an important food source for the snail, the Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta and Bacillariophyta algae had a significant positive correlation with snail density. High soil pH had a negative impact on Chlorophyta, Bacillariophyta, while soil water content had a positive impact on Chlorophyta, and soil bulk density had a negative impact on Cyanophyta. In addition, the soil pH value and soil bulk density both had negative correlations with soil water content.ConclusionAfforestation of the beach environment can significantly reduce the snail population density by altering ecological factors. Soil algae (biological factors) might be the key element that drives ecological snail control. As important habitat determinants, the impact of the properties of the soil (non-biological factors) on the snail population was largely mediated through soil algae.     

Relationships between land snail assemblage patterns and soil properties in temperate-humid forest ecosystems

Aim The objectives were to (1) analyse the combined effects of soil pH, Ca content and soil moisture on total density and species richness of land snails in forest ecosystems, (2) explore relationships between the quantitative composition of snail assemblages and habitat characteristics, (3) investigate the relationships between soil pH and density of some of the most frequent species, and (4) compare the data with those from studies conducted in other temperate‐humid regions of Europe. Location Study sites were selected from 15 landscape types including different lithologies within the area of Baden‐Württemberg (35,000 km²), SW Germany. Methods Snails were recorded quantitatively from 83 study sites, with four plots representing a total of 0.25 m² per site. Topsoil samples from each site were analysed for pH, exchangeable Ca, and Ca content of carbonates. Three categories of soil moisture (dry, intermediate and wet) were established and defined according to the (climatic) water balance. Numbers of individuals and species were brought in relation to soil moisture and soil pH. Cluster analyses were conducted to identify groups of quantitatively similar snail species assemblages. Results Topsoil pH (2.7–7.5) and soil Ca contents were closely correlated. On dry soils, total snail density and species richness are generally low and do not change with pH, but clearly increase with increasing pH on intermediate moisture soils and on wet soils. On the latter, numbers of individuals and species are generally much higher compared with intermediate moisture sites at the same value of soil pH. Changes of density in relation to soil pH vary between species. Depending on the species, density increases only in the lower or only in the higher range of pH, is not related to pH, or decreases with increasing pH. Furthermore, these patterns vary within the same species depending on the region. This became evident from comparisons with other studies, particularly between sites in SW Germany and southern Scandinavia. From cluster analyses, subgroups of snail assemblages of high quantitative similarity were identified. Group formation is explained by soil pH to some extent, and one subgroup showed a connection with coniferous woodland sites on acidic soils. No further environmental factors available from our data could explain the clustering of snail assemblages more detailed. Main conclusions Soil moisture is the strongest determinant of snail density and species richness at undisturbed woodland sites, but effects of soil moisture and soil pH on these patterns are closely interrelated on intermediate moisture soils and wet soils. However, the quantitative species composition of the land snail assemblages is related to soil properties to a lower degree than snail density and species richness, and other habitat characteristics such as vegetation or litter quality, can be important for species dominance in addition.     

Attributes of the seed bank after a century of primary succession on islands in Lake Hjälmaren, Sweden

1 A large number of islands was created when the water table of Lake Hjälmaren, south central Sweden, was lowered between 1882 and 1886. We have complete lists of vascular plant species for 40 of these islands from 1886, 1892, 1903–04, 1927–28 and 1984–85.
2 We have investigated the seed bank on nine of these islands and compared species composition at different soil depths with the species lists from the islands in 1886–1985, and with the present vegetation in the area of seed bank sampling. We have also investigated the distribution in the soil of seeds from species with different ecological attributes, including seed longevity, successional status, seed weight, seed form and species longevity.
3 Seeds in soil samples were allowed to germinate over the course of two summers with an intermediate cold storage. We found 1944 seeds representing 65 taxa. The mean seed density was 84 seeds dm ^–2 .
4 The similarity between the surface soil (0–3 cm) seed bank and the vegetation at the different vegetation analyses increased from 1886 to 1993. The similarity between the present vegetation and the seed bank decreased with increasing soil depth, and the soil at 12–15 cm had no species in common with the present vegetation. Several species now absent from the vegetation were found in the seed bank.
5 Deeply buried seeds came from early successional, annual species with long-term persistent and low-weight seeds, as expected from seed bank theories, but were slightly elongated, which was in contrast to theories. Spherical seeds were associated with the surface soil, as were short-lived and high-weight seeds from late successional, perennial species.     

川西北高原马麝(横断山亚种)的夏季生境选择

在野外调查的基础上,利用数量化理论处理分析数据,对川西北高原马麝(横断山亚种)夏季生境选择进行了研究。结果表明,影响马麝(横断山亚种)夏季生境选择的主要因子有植被类型、隐蔽条件、坡向和人为干扰,次要因子有食物丰盛度、坡度、坡位、水源和天敌干扰,其最适生境条件为隐蔽条件好、干扰少、主要位于阴坡的灌丛。     

Dynamics of habitat use by the river lapwing Vanellus duvaucelii (Lesson, 1826)

There is little information about habitat use pattern of river lapwing in India as well as in Southeast Asia. In this regard, we employed the line transect method to quantify the density of river lapwing concerning vegetation height, water depth and soil penetrability. Scan and focal sampling methodology was adapted to investigate the activities (foraging and roosting) and breeding events. The results showed that invertebrates were abundant at 4 cm of soil penetrability, particularly in open unvegetated river bank (OURB) and open unvegetated river island (OURI) habitat types. River lapwings were significant in short vegetation. They occurred in high density in the vicinity of river water at 5 cm of water depth and 4 cm of soil penetrability in OURB and OURI habitat types. Human activities also influenced the density of river lapwing in different habitat types. Results of GLM analysis revealed that all interactions strongly influenced the density of river lapwings except two interactions, e.g. vegetation height*water depth and vegetation height*soil penetrability. Moreover, we found that river lapwing foraged more frequently in OURB and OURI habitat types while less in vegetated river bank (VRB) and crop fields (CF). Roosting activities were more frequently observed in VRB and CF habitat types. Different breeding events (nest seen, chick seen, alarm calling and territory defence) were primarily seen in OURB and OURI habitat types. Finally, developing greater understanding of the river lapwing could help us to design effective conservation measures for this species.

     

Factors shaping European rabbit abundance

This study analyses differences in European rabbitOryctolagus cuniculus (Linnaeus, 1758) abundance between fragmented and continuous populations and the relative importance of habitat structure (micro- and macrohabitat) and isolation in determining the abundance pattern in fragmented and continuous areas of central Spain. The species was mainly restricted to mediterranean vegetation habitat. In fragmented areas, rabbit abundance was linked to scrubland cover but was not correlated to pasture/cropland cover. The model explained very little of the observed variance. Distance to continuous populations did not improve the model. Stochastic phenomena or unmeasured factors (predation level, soil type) could be acting in this context. Rabbits were more abundant in continuous areas than in fragmented ones. In continuous areas, rabbit abundance was associated with mosaics of pastures, scrublands, and croplands. These habitat features are linked to shelter and feeding requirements of rabbits. The model explained an important part of the observed variance. This supports that management and conservation strategies should be based on the landscape pattern in each situation.     

挠力河流域东方白鹳生境质量变化景观模拟

挠力河流域是濒危水禽东方白鹳主要繁殖区域。基于东方白鹳主要生境因子与景观植被类型之间的关系,利用GIS技术,以其生境类型图为基础,通过建立HSI模型,模拟评价了近40年来东方白鹳生境质量变化过程。结果显示（1）该流域湿地面积丧失了87％;（2）两种重要生境类型完全丧失,湖泊数量丧失93％左右,岛状林湿地数量丧失66％;（3）湿地景观的这些变化以及地理隔离导致了东方白鹳最佳适宜生境面积减少了95％,最小繁殖生境面积减少了97％;（4）东方白鹳种群数量迅速下降,20世纪80年代后其繁殖种群逐渐消失;（5）研究也显示,东方白鹳潜在的生境质量使该区依然具有恢复一定种群数量的能力。     

洞庭湖青山垸退耕地不同水位土壤种子库特征

研究退耕地土壤种子库的组成特点和分布规律是评价受损湿地生态恢复效应的重要组成部分.本文以洞庭湖典型退田还湖区——青山垸为对象,研究了不同水位及湿地土壤(0～2、2～5和5～10 cm)种子库的大小、物种组成多样性及其与地上植被的关系.结果表明: 青山垸土壤种子库密度、丰富度指数以及地上植被与土壤种子库的相似性系数沿低-中-高水位梯度呈“V”型变化.常淹区种子库密度最高,为(36943±5207)粒·m^-2,偶淹区最低,为(18618±6977)粒·m^-2,洪淹区居中,为(30572±5329)粒·m^-2;地上植被与土壤种子库的相似性系数(Sorensen系数)为常淹区(0.76)>洪淹区(0.53)>偶淹区(0.41).种子库密度、物种多样性指数和物种丰富度指数沿土壤剖面呈递减趋势,但不同水位的递减幅度存在差异.种子库密度、物种丰富度以及地上植被与湿地种子库的相似性系数沿水位梯度呈规律性变化,与其所处的地理位置水文波动和植被的物种生活型组成等密切相关.