木棉叶片叶绿素荧光参数和SPAD值对干旱胁迫的响应

采用盆栽控水干旱法模拟干旱逆境,对1年生木棉(Bombax ceiba)盆栽苗进行不同程度的胁迫处理,测定干旱胁迫时其叶片叶绿素SPAD值和荧光参数动态变化。结果表明,干旱胁迫下,木棉叶片叶绿素相对含量逐渐降低;初始荧光(Fo)随着干旱程度的加剧而呈上升趋势,而最大荧光(Fm)、潜在光化学效率(Fv /Fo)、最大光化学效率(Fv /Fm)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)和表观光合电子传递速率(ETR)下降,在中度和重度干旱胁迫时差异显著(P＜0.05);非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)变化不显著。干旱胁迫导致木棉植株出现光抑制,植株可通过降低光化学淬灭、增加热耗散的形式增强对干旱的适应能力。     

茉莉酸甲酯对干旱及复水条件下烤烟幼苗叶绿素荧光特性的影响

以烤烟品种“龙江911”为试验材料,研究了干旱及复水过程中外源茉莉酸甲酯(Me-JA)对移栽后烤烟幼苗叶绿素含量和叶绿素荧光特性的影响.结果表明:干旱下烤烟幼苗叶绿素含量、PSⅡ反应中心完全关闭时荧光产量(Fm)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学效率(φPSⅡ)、表观电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学猝灭系数(qp)下降,而初始荧光(Fo)和非光化学猝灭系数(qN)升高,0.2和0.5 mmol·L-1的外源MeJA明显减缓了干旱下烤烟幼苗Fv/Fm、Fv /Fo、φPsⅡ、ETR、qP的下降和qN的上升,而1.0 mmol·L-1 MeJA效果不明显.复水后,烤烟幼苗各项叶绿素荧光指标均有明显恢复,并且MeJA处理后的幼苗恢复更明显.表明外源MeJA减轻了干旱胁迫下烤烟叶片叶绿素的分解,对PSⅡ反应中心起到一定的保护作用,提高了电子传递速率,降低了干旱胁迫对烤烟幼苗的伤害,并且复水后叶绿素含量和叶绿素荧光参数能迅速恢复,从而保证了经干旱胁迫后烤烟幼苗能迅速缓苗.     

干旱和盐胁迫对草地早熟禾草坪质量及其叶绿素荧光参数的影响

通过干旱、盐、盐 干旱3种胁迫处理对草地早熟禾草坪质量及叶绿素荧光参数的变化进行测定分析.结果显示,(1)与对照草地早熟禾草坪相比,3种处理均随胁迫时间的延长草坪质量持续下降,且叶片细胞膜完整性、净光合速率(Pn),光合色素含量以及叶片叶绿素荧光参数PSⅡ的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光能转换效率(Fv'/Fm')、PsⅡ反应中心非环式光合电子传递效率(фPSⅡ)和光化学淬灭系数(qP)均呈下降趋势,但不同胁迫处理的下降程度不同,总体表现为:干旱 盐胁迫>干旱胁迫>盐胁迫.(2)随着3种胁迫处理时间的延长,早熟禾叶片非光化学猝灭(NPQ)均有增加,但盐胁迫下变化不显著,而干旱和盐 干旱胁迫下变化显著.结果表明,0.3%的NaCl胁迫对早熟禾的草坪质量、叶片细胞膜完整性以及叶绿素荧光参数的影响较小,而干旱、特别是盐 干旱胁迫的影响较大.     

复水对旱后不同玉米品种植株生长恢复能力及其生理响应特性的影响

该研究选用2个抗旱能力相似但旱后恢复能力存在显著差异的玉米品种‘P3’和‘郑单958’为材料,采用盆栽称重控水法在苗期进行干旱及复水处理,通过测定其生长、水分状况、光合参数、叶绿素荧光参数以及叶绿素含量在干旱及复水过程中的变化规律,探讨干旱及复水过程中生理生化响应与旱后恢复能力的关系。结果发现:(1)抗旱性相同的2个玉米品种在干旱复水后的生长恢复能力表现为‘P3’显著强于‘郑单958’。(2)干旱胁迫后,‘郑单958’和‘P3’的叶片相对含水量差异不显著,但‘P3’能维持较高的叶水势、PSⅡ最大光化学效率和叶绿素含量。(3)经干旱胁迫复水后,‘P3’的净光合速率,PSⅡ最大光化学效率和气孔导度恢复速度快于‘郑单958’,说明‘P3’光合损失恢复能力高于‘郑单958’。研究表明,玉米品种‘P3’的旱后复水生长恢复能力较强,因‘P3’在干旱胁迫下能维持较高的Fv/Fm值和叶绿素含量,光系统的损伤较轻,而且复水后也能较快的恢复;在干旱过程中减轻干旱胁迫对植物光合系统的伤害是旱后复水快速恢复生长的基础,而在复水后快速修复光系统损失能够加快植物复水的恢复速度。     

珙桐苗木叶片光合特性对土壤干旱胁迫的响应

通过控制土壤含水量,研究了土壤干旱胁迫对2年生珙桐(Davidia involucrata Baill.)幼苗叶面积、叶绿素含量、光合作用及叶绿素荧光参数的影响,以探讨珙桐光合作用对土壤干旱胁迫的响应机理.结果表明,干旱胁迫后,珙桐叶片失水脱落,各干旱胁迫处理叶面积比对照显著降低23%～98%,但单位面积的叶绿素含量却无显著变化;干旱处理的珙桐幼苗净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、水分利用效率(WUE)显著低于对照(P<0.05);干旱胁迫对珙桐幼苗叶片的初始荧光产量(F0)及最大荧光产量(Fm)没有产生显著影响,却显著降低了PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ实际光化学量子产量(Yield)、电子传递速率(ETR)及光化学淬灭系数(qP),使非光化学淬灭系数(qN)显著升高(P<0.05).研究发现,土壤水分亏缺对珙桐叶片的光合系统造成了不可逆的伤害,严重抑制了其正常的光合作用和生长发育;珙桐幼苗对土壤干旱胁迫极为敏感.     

施氮和供水对混播和单播白羊草叶片叶绿素荧光特性的影响

为明确干旱条件下混播和施氮对白羊草〔Bothriochloa ischaemum(Linn.)Keng〕叶片叶绿素荧光参数的影响,采用盆栽法并设置不同混播比例〔白羊草与柳枝稷(Panicum virgatum Linn.)混播比例分别为8:0、6:2、4:4和2:6〕、施氮水平(即不施氮和1kg干土施01g纯氮)和供水条件(即正常供水和干旱胁迫6d后复水),对白羊草叶片叶绿素荧光参数的变化进行比较分析;在此基础上,采用一般线性模型分析这3个因素及其交互作用对白羊草叶绿素荧光参数的影响效应.结果显示:正常供水条件下,各处理组白羊草的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、表观光合电子传递速率(ETR)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)和非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)均无明显变化.干旱及复水条件下,不施氮处理组白羊草的Fv/Fm值在干旱胁迫6 d(即土壤相对含水量最低)时降至最低值,并在复水2 d后恢复至与正常供水条件下相近的水平,而施氮处理组的Fv/Fm值则一直保持与正常供水条件下相近的水平;不论施氮与否,各处理组白羊草的ΦPSⅡ、ETR、qP和NPQ值基本上均表现为在干旱胁迫6 d时达到最高值,并在复水2 d后恢复至正常供水条件下各参数值的90%以上.总体上看,混播白羊草的qP和ETR值均高于单播白羊草,而其NPQ值则低于后者.统计分析结果表明:混播比例、施氮水平和供水条件3个因素间的交互作用对白羊草的ΦPSⅡ、qP和ETR值无显著影响,施氮水平对NPQ值的单独作用、施氮水平和混播比例的交互作用对Fv/Fm值以及施氮水平和供水条件的交互作用对ETR值也无显著影响,但这3个因素的单独作用及两两因素间的交互作用对白羊草其余叶绿素荧光参数均有显著或极显著影响.研究结果表明:一定程度的干旱胁迫有利于提高白羊草叶片PSⅡ反应中心的开放程度、光合电子传递速率和热耗散过剩光能的能力;在干旱胁迫条件下,施氮有助于白羊草叶片维持PSⅡ反应中心的活性和光化学效率;并且,与柳枝稷适度混播可改善白羊草叶片的光合性能,提高其种间竞争适应性.     

外源亚精胺对盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗光合作用的影响

采用营养液栽培,研究了外源亚精胺对50mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫下黄瓜幼苗植株生长、叶片叶绿素含量、光合气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光参数(PSⅡ光化学效率)的影响。结果表明:NaCl胁迫显著降低了黄瓜植株生长量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)(P<0.05),但对PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ФPSⅡ)、光化学淬灭(qP)、有效光化学效率(Fv′/Fm′)、非光化学淬灭(qN)和PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)无显著影响(P>0.05);外源亚精胺显著提高了盐胁迫下黄瓜植株生长量、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度,增加了ФPSⅡ、qP、Fv′/Fm′,降低了qN(P<0.05);外源亚精胺对Fv/Fm影响不显著(P>0.05)。外源施加亚精胺可增强盐胁迫下黄瓜植株的光合能力,主要是由于减弱了盐胁迫对植株的气孔限制,但对PSⅡ实际光化学效率影响较小,且叶面喷施比根施处理对改善盐胁迫下植株的生长和光合作用更有效。     

渗透胁迫对小麦幼苗叶绿素荧光参数的影响

用叶绿素荧光诱导动力学技术,研究模拟干旱条件对小麦幼苗叶片叶绿素荧光参数,即原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm) 、光合电子传递量子效率 (ΦPSⅡ)、qP（光化学猝灭）、qNP（非光化学猝灭）、ETR（表观光合量子传递效率）的影响.结果表明,渗透胁迫对小麦幼苗叶绿素荧光参数影响较大.随着渗透胁迫的加剧, Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo都表现出现降低-增加-降低的趋势,在渗透胁迫24 h以前,小麦叶片内部没有发生光抑制,但随着胁迫的加剧, Fv/Fm值增加,使得小麦幼苗叶内发生光抑,导致ΦPSⅡ和ETR的下降;在渗透胁迫过程中,小麦叶片吸收光能的光化学猝灭（qP）的下降和光化学猝灭（qNP）呈现先降低后增加的趋势,说明小麦在受到干旱胁迫前期,PSII反应中心的开放比例降低; 在胁迫24h后,随着胁迫的加剧,qP和qNP增加有利于提高PSⅡ反应中心开放部分的比例,将更多的光能用于推动光合电子传递,提高了光合电子传递能力,同时非光化学能量耗散的提高,有助于耗散过剩的激发能,以保护光合机构,缓解环境胁迫对光合作用的影响,体现了小麦叶片的自我保护机制.两个品种相比,长武134的叶绿素荧光参数的变化幅度比陕253小,具有更强的抵御干旱胁迫的能力.     

NaCl胁迫下交替呼吸途径对叶绿素含量及其荧光特性的影响

以菜豆幼苗作为试验材料,分析了NaCl胁迫下交替呼吸对叶绿素含量以及叶绿素荧光特性变化特征的影响,以探讨交替呼吸途径在逆境下的生理学作用以及植物在盐胁迫下光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的调节作用机制。结果表明:(1)随着NaCl胁迫浓度(0、100、200、300mmol/L)的增高,菜豆幼苗叶片叶绿素含量显著下降,叶片光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)潜在最大光化学量子效率(Fv/Fm)、光适应下最大光化学效率(Fv′/Fm′)、PSⅡ光适应下实际光化学效率[Y(Ⅱ)]和光化学荧光猝灭(qP)与对照相比均显著性下降,而非光化学猝灭(NPQ)较对照组显著增加,同时交替呼吸容量在NaCl胁迫下也显著上升。(2)与单独NaCl胁迫相比,在NaCl胁迫下施加交替呼吸的抑制剂水杨基氧肟酸(SHAM)会导致菜豆幼苗叶片叶绿素含量、Fv/Fm、Fv′/Fm′、Y(Ⅱ)和qP进一步显著下降、NPQ进一步显著增加。研究认为,NaCl胁迫导致菜豆叶片光系统Ⅱ光化学效率下降和光能耗散增加,交替呼吸途径可有效缓解NaCl胁迫下菜豆叶绿素含量的减少以及光系统Ⅱ光化学反应效率的下降。     

干旱胁迫对金花茶幼苗光合生理特性的影响

以金花茶一年生实生苗为材料,采用盆栽控水试验,研究不同水分处理(CK、T1、T2、T3,土壤含水量分别为田间持水量的85%~90%、65%~70%、50%~55%、35%~40%)对金花茶幼苗光合生理指标的影响。结果显示:(1)在重度干旱胁迫(T3处理)下,金花茶植株都因干旱而死亡,表明金花茶幼苗对干旱胁迫的耐受极限为田间持水量的50%~55%(土壤含水量为15.04%~16.54%)。(2)随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,金花茶幼苗叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔限制值(Ls)和PSⅡ实际光化学量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)均显著降低,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和水分利用效率(WUE)无显著变化,干旱胁迫下金花茶光合速率降低的主要原因是由非气孔因素所致。(3)与CK相比,T1处理下叶片初始荧光(F0)、最大荧光(Fm)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和丙二醛(MDA)含量均无显著变化,而T2处理下F0、MDA含量显著升高,Fm、Fv/Fm显著降低;T1处理下金花茶的PSⅡ反应中心还未受到伤害,而T2处理下其光合机构发生了不可逆的破坏。(4)叶片叶绿素总量(Chl)、叶绿素a(Chl a)、叶绿素b(Chl b)、类胡萝卜素(Car)含量、Chl a/Chl b、Car/Chl、叶片相对含水量(RWC)均随干旱胁迫的增强而降低,脯氨酸(Pro)含量随干旱胁迫的加剧呈现出先升高后降低的趋势。研究表明,金花茶对干旱胁迫极为敏感,水分稍有亏缺,便会明显抑制其光合作用;金花茶不耐干旱的生理特性可能是限制其种群扩散的一个重要原因。     

塔里木河下游地下水位对柽柳叶绿素荧光特性的影响

选取塔里木河下游3处地下水埋深6m的监测井位作为研究点,结合典型生态监测断面的地下水位监测数据,分析不同地下水埋深处柽柳的叶绿素荧光特性和光系统的光合活性.结果表明:随着地下水埋深加大和干旱胁迫加剧,柽柳叶片的实际光化学效率、电子传输速率和光化学猝灭等参数普遍下降;非光化学猝灭和调节性能量耗散量子产量等参数显著升高,而最大光量子产量总体处于相对适宜状态.干旱胁迫下柽柳的PSII光合活性随地下水埋深增大而下降,捕获光能的过剩程度加剧,发生光抑制的几率增大,其自身良好的抗旱性和自我调节机制,使光系统II尚未发生显著光损伤.     

The effect of drought stress on chlorophyll fluorescence in Lolium-Festuca hybrids

The effects of drought on photochemical efficiency of PSII in leaves of 22 hybrids of Festuca pratensis × Lolium multiflorum and Festuca pratensis × Lolium perenne and of Festuca pratensis cv. Skra were investigated. A significant decrease of electron transport efficiency (about 25%) in PSII (Φ_PSII) was not found before 9 days of seedling growth in hydroponics with water potential (Ψ_w) equal to −0.8 MPa (simulated “soil drought”). The decrease of Φ_PSII was similarly related to that of excitation energy capture by open PSII reaction centre (Fv’/Fm’) and also to the decrease of the proportion of oxidized to reduced Q_A (photochemical fluorescence quenching, q_p). According to the drought prolongation, variation of all parameters of fluorescence between genotypes significantly increased. The seedlings of some genotypes were able to recover electron transport efficiency in PSII after increasing water potential in nutrient solution (removing the “soil drought”). When plants grew in containers with soil and 4 genotypes with the highest sensitivity of electron transport to drought (S) as well as 4 genotypes with the highest tolerance (T) were compared 17 days after watering ceased, Ψ_w in leaves considerably decreased, but the differences between S and T genotypes were often not significant in this respect. The differences between S and T genotypes, as values of Fv/Fm were concerned, also appeared small (about 5%), similarly as that of Fv’/Fm’ (5%), q_p (12%) and Φ_PSII (about 15%). Drought stress increased non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence (NPQ) 15 to 47% and this could protect the PSII reaction centres from damages because of energy excess. The increase of NPQ was not closely connected with drought resistance of plants because it was similar in some genotypes tolerant to dehydration as well as in sensitive ones. The results of the experiments suggest that resources of genetic variability in Festulolium may be sufficient for revealing differences between genotypes on the basis of measurement of chlorophyll a fluorescence, as far as their tolerance to soil drought is concerned. As the tolerance of PSII against drought is high, the determinations of fluorescence should be performed rather under severe stress. Such methods seem to be useful for selection of genotypes with high drought tolerance as well as with the ability to at least partial repairing of PSII after drought.     

华山新麦草光合特性对干旱胁迫的响应

以濒危植物华山新麦草为材料进行盆栽试验,设置3个水分梯度,研究生长指标、气体交换、叶绿素荧光参数、光合色素含量、光响应特征及丙二醛(MDA)含量.结果表明:随干旱胁迫的加剧,株高、叶宽和光合色素含量降低,根长和丙二醛(MDA)含量增加;水分胁迫导致净光合速率(PN)、气孔导度(gs)、蒸腾速率(E)、最大荧光(Fm)、光合电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学猝灭系数(qP)降低,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、瞬时水分利用效率(WUE)、初始荧光(Fo)和非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)升高;光系统Ⅱ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)不变;干旱胁迫下光响应曲线拟合结果显示,干旱胁迫造成最大光合速率和光能利用效率下降.综上表明,干旱对光系统Ⅱ的伤害是制约华山新麦草光合作用的主要原因.     

Protective mechanism of desiccation tolerance in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Reaumuria soongorica</Emphasis>: Leaf abscission and sucrose accumulation in the stem

Reaumuria soongorica (Pall.) Maxim., a perennial semi-shrub, is widely found in semi-arid areas in northwestern China and can survive severe desiccation of its vegetative organs. In order to study the protective mechanism of desiccation tolerance in R. soongorica, diurnal patterns of net photosynthetic rate (Pn), water use efficiency (WUE) and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of Photosystem II (PSII), and sugar content in the source leaf and stem were investigated in 6-year-old plants during progressive soil drought imposed by the cessation of watering. The results showed that R. soongorica was characterized by very low leaf water potential, high WUE, photosynthesis and high accumulation of sucrose in the stem and leaf abscission under desiccation. The maximum Pn increased at first and then declined during drought, but intrinsic WUE increased remarkably in the morning with increasing drought stress. The maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) and the quantum efficiency of noncyclic electric transport of PSII(Φ_PSII) decreased significantly under water stress and exhibited an obvious phenomenon of photoinhibition at noon. Drought stressed plants maintained a higher capacity of dissipation of the excitation energy (measured as NPQ) with the increasing intensity of stress. Conditions of progressive drought promoted sucrose and starch accumulation in the stems but not in the leaves. However, when leaf water potential was less than −21.3 MPa, the plant leaves died and then abscised. But the stem photosynthesis remained and, afterward the plants entered the dormant state. Upon rewatering, the shoots reactivated and the plants developed new leaves. Therefore, R. soongorica has the ability to reduce water loss through leaf abscission and maintain the vigor of the stem cells to survive desiccation.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizae improves low temperature stress in maize via alterations in host water status and photosynthesis

The effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus, Glomus etunicatum, on growth, water status, chlorophyll concentration and photosynthesis in maize (Zea mays L.) plants was investigated in pot culture under low temperature stress. The maize plants were placed in a sand and soil mixture at 25°C for 7 weeks, and then subjected to 5°C, 15°C and 25°C for 1 week. Low temperature stress decreased AM root colonization. AM symbiosis stimulated plant growth and had higher root dry weight at all temperature treatments. Mycorrhizal plants had better water status than corresponding non-mycorrhizal plants, and significant differences were found in water conservation (WC) and water use efficiency (WUE) regardless of temperature treatments. AM colonization increased the concentrations of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and chlorophyll a + b. The maximal fluorescence (Fm), maximum quantum efficiency of PSII primary photochemistry (Fv/Fm) and potential photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fo) were higher, but primary fluorescence (Fo) was lower in AM plants compared with non-AM plants. AM inoculation notably increased net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and transpiration rate (E) of maize plants. Mycorrhizal plants had higher stomatal conductance (g_s) than non-mycorrhizal plants with significant difference only at 5°C. Intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci) was lower in mycorrhizal than that in non-mycorrhizal plants, especially under low temperature stress. The results indicated that AM symbiosis protect maize plants against low temperature stress through improving the water status and photosynthetic capacity.     

土壤水分对湿地松幼苗光合特征的影响

通过设置常规供水(CK)、轻度干旱(T1)、水饱和(T2)、水淹(T3)4个处理组,研究湿地松当年实生幼苗在不同土壤水分条件下的光合生理响应及叶绿素荧光特性。结果表明:不同水分处理对湿地松幼苗的叶片气体交换参数、水分利用效率(WUE)、光合色素、叶绿素荧光参数等指标有不同的影响;其中,T3的光合色素含量最低;T2、T3组的湿地松幼苗表现出较低的净光合速率(Pn)、电子传递速率(ETR)和PSⅡ光化学的量子效应(ΦPSⅡ),但与其他耐水淹植物相比,T3条件下的湿地松幼苗仍具有较高的Pn,说明湿地松幼苗具有较强的耐水淹能力;在T1条件下,湿地松幼苗具有较高的WUE和较低的蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)以对抗干旱的逆境,其Pn、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、ETR和ΦPSII均有所下降,但仍能维持在相对正常的水平。研究证明,湿地松幼苗具有一定的耐淹耐旱特性,可运用于三峡库区消落带的植被重建。     

Comparative effect of water, heat and light stresses on photosynthetic reactions in Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench

Five varieties of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench., differing in their drought tolerance under field conditions have been used to study the effect of individual components of drought stress, namely high light intensity stress, heat stress and water stress, on their photosynthetic performance. Chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco, EC 4.1.1.39) content, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPcase, EC 4.1.1.31) activity and photo-synthetic oxygen evolution were used as key parameters to assess photosynthetic performance. The results indicated that photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) was severely reduced by all three stress components, whereas PEPcase activity was more specifically reduced by water stress. Degradation of Rubisco and chlorophyll loss occurred under high light and water stress conditions. Of the four drought-tolerant varieties, E 36-1 showed higher PEPcase activity, Rubisco content and photochemical efficiency of PSII, and was able to sustain a higher maximal rate of photosynthetic oxygen evolution under each stress condition as compared to the other varieties. A high stability to stress-induced damage, or acclimation of photosynthesis to the individual components of drought stress may contribute to the high yields of E 36-1 under drought conditions. In the E 36-1 variety markedly higher levels of the chloroplastic chaperonin 60 (cpn 60) were observed under all stress conditions than in the susceptible variety CSV 5.Key words: Chlorophyll fluorescence, drought stress, oxygen evolution, phosphoenopyruvate carboxylase, Sorghum.      

铝胁迫对蓼科植物生长和光合、蒸腾特性的影响

采用水培试验,设置5种铝处理浓度,研究了铝对3种蓼科植物酸模叶蓼、杠板归和辣蓼叶片光合、蒸腾和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明,高铝处理(400μmol.L-1)显著抑制3种蓼科植物地上部和根系生长,并且导致3种蓼科植物叶片叶绿素含量、Chla/Chlb、净光合速率(Pn)、水分利用效率(WUE)、PSII光合电子传递量子效率(φPSII)和光化学猝灭系数(qP)显著下降。中低铝处理(25~100μmol.L-1)时,与对照相比,酸模叶蓼生物量显著增加,杠板归显著减少,辣蓼先增加后减少。其中,酸模叶蓼和辣蓼叶绿素含量、Chla/Chlb、Pn、蒸腾速率(Tr)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、PSII最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、qP均未发生显著变化,但辣蓼WUE、φPSII和非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)显著下降,酸模叶蓼无显著变化;而杠板归除Ci、Fv/Fm外,其余叶片光合、蒸腾及叶绿素荧光参数均出现显著下降。上述结果表明,酸模叶蓼在中低铝处理条件下可通过保持较高的叶绿素含量、Chla/Chlb、WUE、Pn、PSII反应中心光化学反应效率以及提高非辐射能量耗散来增强其对铝的耐性。     

Ecophysiological responses of Caragana korshinskii Kom. under extreme drought stress: Leaf abscission and stem survives

Caragana korshinskii Kom. is a perennial xerophytic shrub, well known for its ability to resist drought. In order to study ecophysiological responses of C. korshinskii under extreme drought stress and subsequent rehydration, diurnal patterns of gas exchange and chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence parameters of photosystem II as well as Chl content were analyzed. Plant responses to extreme drought included (1) leaf abscission and using stem for photosynthesis, (2) improved instantaneous water-use efficiency, (3) decreased photosynthetic rate and partly closed stomata owing to leaf abscission and low water status, (4) decreased maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) (variable to maximum fluorescence ratio, F_v/F_m), quantum efficiency of noncyclic electron transport of PSII, and Chl a and Chl b. Four days after rehydration, new leaves budded from stems. In the rewatered plants, the chloroplast function was restored, the gas exchange and Chl fluorescence returned to a similar level as control plant. The above result indicated that maintaining an active stem system after leaf abscission during extreme drought stress may be the foundation which engenders these mechanisms rapid regrowth for C. korshinskii in arid environment.     

Photosynthetic activity of homoiochlorophyllous desiccation tolerant plant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Haberlea rhodopensis</Emphasis> during dehydration and rehydration

The functional state of the photosynthetic apparatus of flowering homoiochlorophyllous desiccation tolerant plant Haberlea rhodopensis during dehydration and subsequent rehydration was investigated in order to characterize some of the mechanisms by which resurrection plants survive drought stress. The changes in the CO₂ assimilation rate, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, thermoluminescence, fluorescence imaging and electrophoretic characteristics of the chloroplast proteins were measured in control, moderately dehydrated (50% water content), desiccated (5% water content) and rehydrated plants. During the first phase of desiccation the net CO₂ assimilation decline was influenced by stomatal closure. Further lowering of net CO₂ assimilation was caused by both the decrease in stomatal conductance and in the photochemical activity of photosystem II. Severe dehydration caused inhibition of quantum yield of PSII electron transport, disappearance of thermoluminescence B band and mainly charge recombination related to S₂Q_A⁻ takes place. The blue and green fluorescence emission in desiccated leaves strongly increased. It could be suggested that unchanged chlorophyll content and amounts of chlorophyll–proteins, reversible modifications in PSII electron transport and enhanced probability for non-radiative energy dissipation as well as increased polyphenolic synthesis during desiccation of Haberlea contribute to drought resistance and fast recovery after rehydration.