黑猩猩与人类基因相似度达96%以上

1 人类与黑猩猩基因组比较初步完成 2005年8月31日,来自美国、以色列、德国、意大利和西班牙等国家20多个科研机构的67名科学家组成的“国际黑猩猩基因测序与分析联盟”宣布,他们初步完成了黑猩猩基因组序列与人类基因组序列的     

研发动态

我国人基因组图谱研究取得重要进展 11月6日，Natue杂志以封面文章的形式，介绍了我国科学家在基因科学方面的最新成就：独立自主地完成了第一个中国人基因组序列图谱（定名“炎黄一号”）的绘制和分析工作。这篇论文描绘了第一个中国人的全基因组图谱，测序数据总量达到1177亿碱基对，基因组平均测序深度达到36倍，有效覆盖率高达99．97％，变异检测精度达99．9％以上。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌基因组研究概况

迄今为止,全球已有2个Bt株菌株完成了全基因组测序,1个Bt菌株正在拼接中,15个Bt菌株正在进行测序中.已有22个Bt质粒完成了全序列测定.Bt是作为生物农药使用最广泛的微生物菌株,也是最为成功地将其杀虫晶体蛋白基因应用于植物转基因的微生物.在基因组进化、新基因发现、基因表达调控等方面一直是科学家研究的热点,并取得了相当多的成果.本文概述了苏云金芽孢杆菌基因组测序现状、基因组特征及比较基因学等方面的研究进展.     

人类全长功能基因克隆获重大进展

我国科学家参与的人类全长功能基因克隆研究获得重大进展:从4万多个基因中整合出2万多个功能基因,向进一步弄清其确切的功能和结构迈出了一大步,将加快某些疾病的诊断和治疗方法的研究,并对重组蛋白药物的研制有着重要推动作用。这项重大研究由人类基因国际协作研究组完成。科学家对这2万多个整合过的功能基因进行了全面的注释,包括基因组结构、剪接方式、功能结构域、亚细胞定位、代谢途径、基因编码蛋白质的立体结构、基因多态性以及比较基因组分析等。这项成果的重要意义在于:为理解生物学以及在医学、生物技术等方面的应用提供了大量有…     

2011年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2011年中国植物科学得到结构生物学等领域科学家的加盟,在分子机制研究方面取得了突破性快速发展.中国科学家在植物科学各领域中取得了大量的原创性研究成果,尤其是在植物激素受体结构解析和信号转导方面获得了一系列突破,基于高通量基因测序和计算生物学平台的水稻功能基因组与进化以及系统植物学研究方面也取得了重大进展,受到国内外的高度评价.该文对2011年中国本土植物生命科学若干领域取得的重要研究进展进行概括性评述,旨在全面追踪当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿和热点事件,并展现我国科学家所取得的杰出成就.     

2016年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2016年中国植物科学持续稳步发展, 表现在中国植物科学家在国际主流高影响力学术期刊发表文章的数量稳中有升, 中国植物科学领域的期刊逆风出行, 进入研究性期刊世界前三甲行列。中国科学家在植物学诸多领域取得了丰硕的成果。水稻(Oryza sativa)产量性状杂种优势的分子遗传机制解析入选2016年中国科学十大进展; 植物受精过程中雌雄配子体信号识别机制的研究和独脚金内酯的受体感知机制入选2016年生命科学十大进展。我国植物科学, 特别是以水稻为代表的作物研究在国际学术界已占有一席之地。例如, 在水稻组学(如基因组和转录组等)资源和技术平台的建立、重测序的开发及功能基因的克隆和调控网络的解析方面取得了系列重要成果(如揭示了独脚金内酯信号转导的“去抑制化激活”机制、从分子水平上阐释了水稻籼粳杂种不育和广亲和性基因S5的作用机理及发现了控制水稻耐冷的基因组位点), 已经引领世界水稻乃至作物科学研究。该文对2016年中国本土植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究进展进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和研究热点, 与读者共享我国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

水稻基因组精细序列图绘成

"国际水稻基因组测序计划"始于1998年,由日本、美国、中国等10个国家和地区参加,定位了水稻中的37500个基因,并率先在动植物中完成了对着丝粒的测序。2002年底,科学家们初步绘制完成了水稻基因组草图。其中中国科学家圆满完成了水稻4号染色体的精细序列测定和分析工作。英国《自然》杂志日前刊登了这张迄今为止最精确、最完整的水稻全基因组序列图,这也是目前在     

2004 年中国植物科学若干领域研究进展

随着模式植物拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)和水稻(Oryza sativa)基因组测序工作的完成, 国际植物科学的研究在近年来得到了极大的推动。我国植物科学领域也在整体上取得了重大进展, 特别是水稻基因组框架图(Yu et al., 2002)和4 号染色体基因组精细图(Feng et al., 2002)以及水稻控制分蘖的MOC1基因发现(Li et al., 2003)等重大研究成果在Science和Nature等国际顶级科技刊物上的发表, 使国际科学界对中国的科学研究水平刮目相看, 亦使中国科学家为之振奋。据不完全统计, 2004年中国科学家本土取得研究成果在植物科学专业顶级学术刊物The Plant Cell、The Plant Journal 和Plant Physiology 上发表的论文有2 2 篇, 在其他重要综合性期刊Nature、Science、PNAS、Trends in Plant Science、Molecular Biolgy and Evolution、Ecology Letters和Conservation Biology等上也有论文发表, 这反映了我国科研总体水平正在迅速提高。本文基于我国科学家发表在这些著名刊物上的成果对《植物学通报》的读者作一简单介绍, 希望从一些侧面反映我国科学家在本土所做研究的主要进展, 由于篇幅有限, 不能对每个领域各项逐一介绍, 收集文献不尽完善请同行和读者见谅。下面就不同研究领域举例作一介绍。     

科学家破译乙肝病毒基因组新编码基因

近日 ,我国科学家在世界上首次成功破译了乙型肝炎病毒 (HBV)基因组新的编码基因 ,从而在对乙型肝炎病毒相关疾病的防治研究方面取得重要进展。这一研究成果是由全军病毒性肝炎防治研究重点实验主任、解放军第 30 2医院首席专家、内科传染病学和生物化学与分子生物学博士生导师成军领导的课题组研究取得的。他们发现的乙型肝炎病毒基因组两个新的编码基因——前 -前 - S基因和前 - X基因 ,改写了医学界 2 5年来认为在乙型肝炎病毒基因组中只有 4个开放读码框架的历史。这一发现表明 ,乙型肝炎病毒基因组中的开放读码框架不是 4个 ,而是 6…     

果蝇基因组与功能基因研究进展

黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster是生物科学研究中重要的模式动物之一。2000年,黑腹果蝇全基因组测序完成,随后基因组序列质量不断完善,对其功能基因进行深入研究,为其他高等动物基因组和功能基因的研究提供了巨大帮助。本文综述了近年来基因组功能元件、比较基因组学等方面的最新研究成果,着重介绍了功能基因在Hh信号通路、细胞凋亡方面的研究进展,并对最新的功能基因研究技术进行了简要概述。     

Plant molecular biology in China: Opportunities and challenges

In the 21st century, mankind has witnessed great advances in life sciences, including completion of theArabidopsis thaliana genome sequence and major advances with the rice genome. But, along with global economic development, urbanization, and depletion of natural resources, many serious problems are emerging (for example, environment, food, population, energy), which reinforce the need for sustainable development in many countries and in many institutions and prompt progress in life sciences globally. Plants offer the globe its only renewable resource of food, building material, and energy. Plants have highly sophisticated, concerted, short- and long-term adaptive mechanisms to the environment. Plants have great importance in global sustainable economic development. Plant molecular biology is a most essential and powerful tool in this process. Globally, plant molecular biology research is progressing rapidly, from use of model plants to cereal crops and from cellular processes to evolutionary mechanisms. Results of these studies have value in ecosystem regulation and environmental phytoremediation. China is a large agricultural country with one-fifth of the world's population. The gap for the level of plant molecular biology research in China is large, compared with that in other developed nations. However, some Chinese laboratories (notably those of academicians Jiayang Li, Zhihong Xu, Zhensheng Li, Mengmin Hong, Qifa Zhang and professors Yonbiao Xue, Shouyi Chen, and Zhen Zhu) have kept pace with international developments in plant molecular biology. How to fully utilize plant biodiversity in China requires future advances in plant molecular biology. This minireview discusses opportunities and challenges in plant molecular biology in China, analyzes the current status of international plant molecular biology, and provides suggestions to accelerate and advance international efforts. These authors contributed to this paper equally. Editorial note: This paper, with minor editing, is as it was presented by the authors at the Genetics Advancing Meeting of the Chinese Society of Genetics, Xiamen University, China, 13–17 May 2004.     

The molecular ecologist's guide to expressed sequence tags

Genomics and bioinformatics have great potential to help address numerous topics in ecology and evolution. Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) can bridge genomics and molecular ecology because they can provide a means of accessing the gene space of almost any organism. We review how ESTs have been used in molecular ecology research in the last several years by providing sequence data for the design of molecular markers, genome-wide studies of gene expression and selection, the identification of candidate genes underlying adaptation, and the basis for studies of gene family and genome evolution. Given the tremendous recent advances in inexpensive sequencing technologies, we predict that molecular ecologists will increasingly be developing and using EST collections in the years to come. With this in mind, we close our review by discussing aspects of EST resource development of particular relevance for molecular ecologists.     

From genome to proteome: great progress in the domesticated silkworm (Bombyx mori L.)

As the only truly domesticated insect, the silkworm not only has great economic value, but it also has value as a model for genetics and molecular biology research. Genomics and proteomics have recently shown vast potential to be essential tools in domesticated silkworm research, especially after the completion of the Bombyxmori genome sequence. This paper reviews the progress of the domesticated silkworm genome, particularly focusing on its genetic map, physical map and functional genome. This review also presents proteomics, the proteomic technique and its application in silkworm research.     

中国生物化学基础研究40年回顾

《生物化学与生物物理进展》创刊的40年中,特别是改革开放后,我国生物化学研究得到了巨大的进步,许多方面在国际生物化学界有了一席之地,有的曾处于国际领先地位.除本专刊有专文论述的酶学、生物膜、结构生物学外,本文主要介绍:人工全合成酵母丙氨酸转移核糖核酸(tRNAAla);乙肝病毒adr亚型的全基因组克隆和研究;人类、水稻和一些生物基因组研究;功能基因组研究及一些与疾病或水稻性状密切有关的基因的发现;植物分子育种方法的创立;动植物与酵母的重要基因的表达调控研究取得的突出成绩;在RNA研究,包括tRNA、SnoRNA,核酶等方面新的突破;在多肽、蛋白质、蛋白质组、糖复合物等方面取得的成绩.     

Poplar genomics is getting popular: the impact of the poplar genome project on tree research

Trees, due to their long life-span, have characteristics that distinguish them from annual, herbaceous plants. It is likely that many of these properties are based on a tree-specific genetic foundation. The U.S. Department of Energy initiated a genome-sequencing project for Populus, a model perennial plant. Through international collaboration and input to the sequencing effort, the annotated whole genome sequence of Populus trichocarpa will be released to the public in early 2004. This genomic resource will, for the first time, allow comparison between a perennial and an annual plant on a whole genome basis and therefore provide clues for molecular research on tree-specific questions like dormancy, development of a secondary cambium, juvenile-mature phase change, or long-term host-pest interactions. The approximately 520 Mbp of annotated genomic sequence will complement and expand the knowledge provided so far by the 125,000 ESTs from poplar that are available in public databases. This article introduces the international poplar research programmes and points out the significance of the poplar genome project for plant research.     

细胞筛选平台在人类功能基因组研究中的应用

人类基因组全序列的精细图已完成,当前生命科学面临的重要任务就是如何将基因组序列信息转化为基因的功能信息,了解生命活动的分子机理,改善人类健康,为生物技术发展提供动力 . 在一系列功能基因组研究新技术中,高通量 (high-throughput) 和高内涵 (high-content) 的细胞筛选技术平台已经显示出巨大潜力,发挥着越来越重要的作用 . 通过在体外培养的哺乳动物细胞中基因过表达或抑制基因表达,分析所产生信号传导通路和 / 或细胞表型改变,可以直接发现基因功能 . 近年来一些技术上的进展,使细胞筛选平台具有微量、自动、高效、高通量,以及可以系统研究的特点,已经成为功能基因组研究的核心方法之一 . 近 2~3 年来已经出现一批成功应用细胞筛选平台进行大规模功能基因组研究的报道 . 我国在这一领域的研究也开始起步,将对我国生物技术的源头创新研究产生深远的影响 .     

Functional genomics as a tool in virus research

Genomics is the study of an organism’s entire genome. It started out as a great scientific endeavor in the 1990s which aimed to sequence the complete genomes of certain biological species. However viruses are not new to this field as complete viral genomes have routinely been sequenced since the past thirty years. The ‘genomic era’ has been said to have revolutionized biology. This knowledge of full genomes has created the field of functional genomics in today’s post-genomic era, which, is in most part concerned with the studies on the expression of the organism’s genome under different conditions. This article is an attempt to introduce its readers to the application of functional genomics to address and answer several complex biological issues in virus research.     

Malaria entomology: can genomics help?

The field of genomics has advanced over the last decades to the forefront of molecular genetic research. Many genomes, including that of yeast, have already been sequenced and the determination of the genome sequence of several higher organisms is now within sight, including the complete DNA sequence of Homo sapiens. Here I review the state of the Anopheles gambiae genomic research and I present the current plans for an 'Anopheles Genome Project'. An understanding of the structure and function of the vector's genome may ultimately provide better tools for the control of the malaria mosquito.