CAAT区/增强子结合蛋白（C/EBP）的结构与功能

C/EBPs是一组耐热的转录调控因子.其作用范围广泛,既参与正常的生理代谢过程,又与多种疾病的发生和发展相关;其作用方式多样,对转录的调控既有正效应又有负作用.C/EBPs的这种功能多样性是与其结构的特征性相联系的,它们属于bZIP蛋白家族.自身或与其他异构体形成蕴含着不同调控信息的同源或异源二聚体,并且能与多种蛋白质因子协同作用,决定C/EBPs发挥作用的方式和细胞特异性.     

转录因子C／EBPβ的研究进展

C／EBPs增强子结合蛋白是核转录因子,其作用范围广泛,既参与正常的生理代谢过程,又与多种疾病的发生和发展相关,其作用方式多样,对转录有正、负调控作用。C／EBPβ是其第二位成员主要通过对靶细胞基因转录的调节,参与细胞的增殖与分化、肿瘤的发生与凋亡等重要生命活动;其功能受到蛋白酶降解、磷酸化、蛋白质相互作用等多种途径的调控。本文就C／EBPs的调控机理及其与肿瘤的关系综述如下。     

核转录因子C/EBPβ的研究进展

C／EBPβ是转录因子C／EBPs(CCAAT enhancer binding proteins)家族的重要成员,其C端具有高度保守的DNA结合域和二聚化功能域。它主要通过对靶细胞基因转录的调节,参与细胞增殖与分化、肿瘤发生与凋亡、机体炎症反应等重要生命活动;其功能受到蛋白酶降解、磷酸化、蛋白质相互作用等多种途径的调控。本综述有关C／EBPβ的生物学功能及其调控机理近年来的一些研究进展。     

过氧化物酶体增长因子活化受体（PPARs）与microRNAs

在细胞中,过氧化物酶体增长因子活化受体（PPARs）和microRNAs相互制约和调控从而影响相关细胞、组织和器官的功能,在脂肪细胞分化与代谢、炎症、癌症和心血管疾病等生理和病理过程中发挥重要作用.本文首先简要总结了PPARs发挥作用的分子机制;并分别以PPARs家族每一个成员（PPARα、PPARβ和PPARγ）为对象,分析了PPARs调控下的microRNAs表达及功能,探讨了microRNAs调控下的PPARs表达活性变化,并归纳了PPARs与microRNAs之间的调控关系;最后对PPARs相关microRNAs的应用前景进行了简单探讨.研究PPARs与microRNAs间的网络调控关系,可以为PPARs与microRNAs在理论和实践中的深入研究和应用提供参考.     

植物NAC膜结合转录因子的研究进展

NAC膜结合转录因子（NTLs）是NAC转录因子家族中一类带有跨膜结构蜮的转录调控因子,其N端含有高度保守的NAC结构域,C端含有跨膜结构域,在植物的生长发育、逆境胁迫应答中具有重要作用。主要介绍了植物NAC膜结合转录因子结构特点、生物学功能、作用机制等方面的最新研究进展。     

脂肪细胞分化的转录调控

脂肪细胞的分化是由几个转录因子协同调节的,其中最主要的是Ｃ／ＥＢＰ（ＣＡＡＴ／ｅｎ－ｈａｎｃｅｒｂｉｎｄｉｎｇｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ）家族和ＰＰＡＲ（ｐｅｒ－ｏｘｉｓｏｍｅｐｒｏｌｉｆｅｒａｔｏｒａｃｔｉｖａｔｅｄｒｅｃｅｐｔｏｒ）家族的转录调控因子。Ｃ／Ｅ...     

bHLH转录因子家族研究进展

bHLH转录因子在真核生物生长发育调控中具有重要作用, 它们组成了转录因子的一个大家族。已经有20种生物基因组中bHLH家族的成员得到鉴定, 其中动物17种、植物2种、酵母1种。动物bHLH因其调控基因表达的功能不同而被分成45个家族; 此外, 根据它们所作用DNA元件和自身结构特点又被分成6个组。A组包含22个家族, 主要调控神经细胞生成、肌细胞生成和中胚层形成; B组包含12个家族, 主要调控细胞增殖与分化、固醇代谢与脂肪细胞形成以及葡萄糖响应基因的表达; C组包含7个家族, 主要负责调控中线与气管发育和昼夜节律、激活环境毒素响应基因的转录; D组只有1个家族, 它与A组bHLH蛋白形成无活性的异源二聚体; E组有2个家族, 调控胚胎分节、体节形成与器官发生等; F组也只有1个家族, 调控头部发育、嗅觉神经元生成等。文章综述了bHLH转录因子家族分类、起源、功能方面的研究进展情况。     

Oct-4/Sox-2 协同调控下游基因表达的分子机制

Oct-4属POU家族蛋白,是一类在动物早期胚胎发育过程中起重要作用的转录因子,参与维持细胞的全能性及未分化状态。Oct-4蛋白的主要结构特征为具有POU家族特有的保守结构域（POUS）和POU同源异型结构域（POUHD）,这两个结构域可与DNA上特定区域形成双向结合,进而对基因转录进行调控。Sox-2是另一种转录因子,其HMG结构域可结合在DNA的特定序列上,并可通过与Oct-4的POUs结构域之间的蛋白质．蛋白质相互作用形成POU／HMG／DNA三元复合体以调控下游靶基因的表达。文章就POU家族成员Oct-4和HMG-box家族成员Sox-2在动物早期胚胎发育中调控部分下游基因表达的分子机制进行了概述。     

分化抑制因子3的表达调控机理及其功能

分化抑制因子3（inhibitor of differentiation 3,Id3）属于螺旋-环-螺旋（helix-loop-helix,HLH）转录因子家族成员之一,该分子参与细胞周期调控过程,在细胞生长与发育、机体的生理及病理过程中发挥重要调控作用。其表达和功能涉及许多复杂的调控机制。     

KRAB型锌指蛋白的进化及在物种演化中的功能

C2H2型锌指蛋白家族是目前发现的哺乳动物中最大的转录/转录调控因子家族,由一小群古老的含有真核锌指结构的转录因子经过多次基因复制和功能分化演化而来。KRAB型锌指蛋白(KRAB-containing zinc finger proteins, KRAB-ZFPs)作为C2H2型锌指蛋白家族中最大的亚家族,最早出现在四足脊椎动物,并随物种的进化数量快速增长,在人类中占据C2H2型锌指蛋白的60%左右。在物种演化中,进化压力主要改变KRAB-ZFPs的DNA结合能力,而KRAB-ZFPs介导的转录抑制能力则稳定存在。同时,多种KRAB-ZFPs能够与KRAB相关蛋白1(KRAB-associated protein 1, KAP1)协同作用沉默哺乳动物中反转录元件的活性,并与之协同进化,严格限制反转录原件的跳跃能力。本文综述了KRAB-ZFPs的数量倍增、锌指结构的灵活多变、KRAB-ZFPs/KAP1的转录抑制能力和反转录元件的跳跃性在促进哺乳动物调控网络的差异、基因组稳定性的变化和物种进化中的作用,旨在进一步揭示KRAB-ZFPs在推动物种稳定演化中的特点和功能。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.