Mutations and the value of information.

On the basis of the literary data the relative probabilities of the point mutations are evaluated in the proteins and in RNA's. The relative probabilities of the nonsense mutations are estimated. The probability of the nonsense mutation of the codon UGG (Trp) is especially high. The notion of the value of information is introduced as the measure of the irreplaceability of an element of a message. Using the data on replaceabilities of the amino-acidic residues the tentative values of information of the codons and of the amino-acidic residues are determined. The value, i.e. the irreplaceability of the information increases in the course of biological development. The increase of the summary value of the protein chain of cytochrome c in phylogenesis is shown. The increase of the value of information correlates with the increase of the entropy of a protein chain.     

The subcapsular blastema of the adrenal cortex of the swine after continuous long-term infusion of exogenous ACTH]

After long time application of homologous ACTH the morphokinesis of the adrenal cortex of the pig was investigated experimentally. Following results were obtained: 1. In view of the controls the absolute and relative weight of the adrenals is raised considerably. 2. The progressive transformation is followed by the disappearance of the zonal structure of the adrenal cortex, and the parenchyma get the picture of fasciculata cells generally. 3. Nearly exclusive the zona fasciculata consists of great, pale activated spongiocytes with 2 nucleoli frequently. Topochemically glycogen and the lipids are inconstant, however the histochemical activity of succinodehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, acid and alkaline phosphatase are considerable raised in regard of the controls. 4. The zona fasciculata contains degenerated cells isolated only. Signs of extensive regressive changes are not present. 5. The zona glomerulosa is dissolving or eliminating respectively. The consequences for the synthesis of the adrenal steroid hormones are discussed. 6. A large, spongy subcapsular blastema with several cell layers and a rich capillary network develop between the fibrous capsula of the adrenal and the zona fasiculata. The fasciculata cells are the direct continuation of the subcapsular blastema. The blastema contains neither glycogen nor lipids and histochemical activities of the enzymes are absent, too. The significance of the subcapsular blastema for the morphological and functional adaptation of the adrenal cortex in stress are discussed. Under the conditions of the closed hypothalamo-hypophyseal-adrenal control system the new origin of cells (hyperplasia) is not significant for the morphokinetic adaptive reactions of the adrenal cortex. Rather the subcapsular blastema represents a reserve area which after the destruction of the endocrine parenchyma through specific pathogens the organism enabled to the regeneration of the adrenal cortex.     

Molecular bases of evolution

The general notions of the theory of evolution are listed. The unity of the "engineering principles" of the living nature is emphasized. The generalists and specialists species are discussed. The estimation of their evolution rates must be different if it is expressed by the number of species or by the morphological changes. The principles of "protein engineering" of the organisms and the role of metals in protein evolution are discussed. It is suggested that in the presence of ions of transition metals and zinc the Fox's proteinoids can possess more specific forms of enzymatic activity. In the evolution of language the horizontal transfer plays a much more important role than in the biological evolution. However in this case also the initial basis of the language remains. The random drift is considered and it is shown that in concordance with the neutralist theory there are no grounds to replace the calculation of the rates of mutational changes per time unity by the calculation per generation. The molecular drive is the main source of the evolutionary novelties. The drive is connected with drift. The synonymic mutations and the mutations in non-functional DNA are evolutionary important. The future mathematical theory of evolution must be based on the theory of Markov's chains with the stochastic matrix changing along the chain and containing the set of the non-diagonal members equal to zero. The results obtained in the theory of ontogeny are presented. The evolution of species is the evolution of ontogenies, the formation of the molecular theory of evolution can be possible only on the basis of the molecular theory of ontogeny. The internal causes of extinction of species reduce the accumulation of neutral and pseudo-neutral mutations.     

Computerized morphometric analysis of the chick embryo duodenum organogenesis

A computerized morphometric analysis was performed on histological sections of the proximal and distal limbs of the chick embryo duodenum, from the 8th to the 15th day of incubation, with the aim of evaluating the quantitative aspects of organogenesis. A semiautomatic digital system was used. The areas of total section, of the lumen, of the wall and of its components (subserous stratum, muscle layer, lamina propria, epithelium) and the thickness of the epithelium and muscle layer were measured; the mean +/- S.E.M. of the values obtained was calculated. The percentage of shrinkage, due to the histological procedures, was calculated for each day. The values obtained were added to the measurements of each area and thickness thus giving the true value of each parameter measured. The differences between the mean values of the areas of the proximal and the distal tract were statistically evaluated. Exponential curves and r coefficient were determined to evaluate the general growing pattern of the mean area of the components of the duodenal wall, as a function of age. The main results are the following: the areas of the wall components of the proximal limb are always greater than the corresponding areas of the distal limb of the duodenum. There are some differences between the proximal and the distal limbs of the duodenum in the growing pattern of the intestinal wall components. The anlage of the duodenum also has a different developmental pattern compared with that of the chick embryo ileum.     

THE EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION UPON THE METAMORPHIC PATTERN OF THYROXIN- AND IODINE-TREATED TADPOLES

1. It has been shown quantitatively that the degree of response of the hind limbs of tadpoles to the action of thyroxin is dependent upon the lengths of the limbs at the beginning of treatment. 2. Both the potency of the inducing substance and the rate of penetration of the substance into the animal might be involved in the effects of hydrogen ion concentration on induced development. 3. Changes in hydrogen ion concentration affect the inducing power of thyroxin and iodine differently. With thyroxin, it is the rate of penetration of the molecule which determines the amount of growth, but with iodine it is the chemical form in which the substance has entered the animal which is of prime importance. 4. The hydrogen ion concentration of thyroxin solutions does not affect their potency when they are injected into tadpoles. 5. Change in hydrogen ion concentration of the environment does not affect the potency of thyroxin injected into tadpoles. 6. When thyroxin is administered in the environmental solution its effects, as measured by increase in hind limb length are greater at higher than at lower hydrogen ion concentrations in the range tested. 7. Since the potency of thyroxin is unaffected by change in hydrogen ion concentration when the thyroxin solution is injected, the above fact (point 6) seems explicable only on the basis of differences in the rate of penetration of thyroxin into the animals at the different hydrogen ion concentrations. 8. These differences in penetration of the thyroxin at different hydrogen ion concentrations may be the result of a differential effect of hydrogen ion concentration upon the rate of metabolism of the animal. The metabolic rate is significantly greater when the tadpoles are kept in solutions of higher hydrogen ion concentration than when they are kept in solutions of low hydrogen ion concentration. It is postulated that the rate of metabolism, since it controls the rate of intake of the environmental fluid and therefore of dissolved thyroxin, also controls the amount of thyroxin-induced development. 9. Change in hydrogen ion concentration of iodine solutions affects their potency when injected into tadpoles. A peak of effectiveness is reached at about the neutral point, with a lowered efficiency as the hydrogen ion concentration is either increased or decreased from this point. 10. Change in hydrogen ion concentration of the environment affects the potency of iodine injected into tadpoles. The effect is similar to that noted in point 9. 11. The hydrogen ion concentration of the environment seems to affect the chemical nature of the iodine in solution in the environment. If this is so, it is possible that the differences in the metamorphic effects of iodine at different hydrogen ion concentrations are dependent upon the chemical form of iodine present. 12. The effect of hydrogen ion concentration on normal development is similar to that on thyroxin-induced development; an effect on the rate of metabolism of the animal causes increased growth in more acid solutions.     

Differential diagnosis between Tunga penetrans (L., 1758) and T. trimamillata Pampiglione et al., 2002 (Insecta, Siphonaptera), the two species of the genus Tunga parasitic in man

Of the ten currently known species of sand fleas, only two, Tunga penetrans and Tunga trimamillata, are known to be parasites of man, besides other warm blooded animals, most of which are peridomestic. The hosts of the other eight are limited to a few genera of wild mammals. T. trimamillata was only recently identified and differentiated from T. penetrans by features of the gravid female phase. In the present paper the different morphological characters of both for non-gravid females and males of the two species are described. In the non-gravid-females the distinguishing characters are: a) differences in the length of the first two segments of the maxillary palps (the first is the longest in T. trimamillata, whereas the second is the longest in T. penetrans), this feature is associated with another character i.e. the presence of short, thick spines in addition to the bristles on the surface of the segments only in T. trimamillata; b) the presence, only in T. trimamillata, of a row of spines on the antero-medial surface of the libia of the 3rd pair of legs; c) the last abdominal spiracle protrudes in T. trimamillata but not in T. penetrans; d) the hood of the hilla in spermatheca is surrounded by a papilla only in T. penetrans. The following morphological characters differentiate males of T. trimamillata and T. penetrans: a) T. trimamillata has a row of spines on the antero-medial surface of the tibia of the 3rd pair of legs; b) the diameter of the abdominal spiracles of T. trimamillata is smaller than that of T. penetrans and the edges of the spiracles are more regular; c) the claspers and aedeagus of T. trimamillata are shorter than those of T. penetrans; d) the profile of the oedeagal apodeme differs between the two species.     

Ontogeny and morphology of the round window and aqueduct of cochlea in Tupaia and other mammals

Studied the morphogenesis of the Fenestra rotunda and of the Aquaeductus cochleae in a series of 23 dated embryos and postnatal stages of Tupaia belangeri. The ontogeny of the Fenestra rotunda is the result of the caudal growth of the Processus recessus (DE BEER 1937). The Processus arises from the caudal ridge of the floor of the cochlear part of the otic capsule. On the 28th d of ontogeny (the gestation period of Tupaia belangeri is 43 d), it is fused with the lateral edge of the parachordal plate. On the 40th d, the Processus recessus joins the ventral surface of the canalicular part of the otic capsule, which develops a small cartilaginous process to meet it. In Tupaia, the Processus recessus is a large cartilaginous plate in a nearly horizontal position. It does not reach the plane of the Foramen perilymphaticum. The Processus recessus can be regarded as a part of the parachordal plate that was shifted laterally together with the Recessus scalae tympani by the enlargement of the cochlear part of the otic capsule in the ancestors of living mammals. The Processus forms the floor of the Aquaeductus cochleae, by which the laterally shifted Recessus scalae tympani of mammals remains connected with the cranial cavity. The Aquaeductus cochleae contains the Ductus perilymphaticus connecting the Cavum perilymphaticum of the inner ear with the Cavum leptomeningeum. The Fenestra rotunda of mammals is homologous with the lateral aperture of the Recessus scalae tympani of reptiles. In some mammals (e.g. Micropotamogale), the Membrana tympani secundaria spans the lateral aperture of the Recessus scalae tympani, as in many reptiles. Both the Membrana tympani secundaria of reptiles and that of mammals are homologous. Secondarily, in a large number of therian mammals (e.g. Myotis [Frick 1952]), the tympanic cavity extends into the Recessus scalae tympani displacing the Membrana tympani secundaria medially from the lateral aperture of the Recessus scalae tympani (= Fenestra rotunda of mammals) and even into the plane of the Foramen perilymphaticum. Thereby the Fossula fenestrae rotundae is formed, which in bounded medially by the Membrana tympani secundaria.     

大黄鱼精子的超微结构

大黄鱼的精子由头产和尾部两部分组成。头部结构较为独特,其腹侧有一较大的细胞核,背部有中心粒复合体。头部的后端是袖套。细胞核的腹面稍向外突出背面则稍向内凹。细胞核中的染以质浓缩成致密的团块状。团块状的染色质之间分布着松散的纤维状染色质。植入窝位于细胞核的背部表面,由细胞核背面向内凹陷而成,呈一沟状,其走向与精子的长轴平行。     

The relative duration of similar periods in the early embryogenesis of teleosts

The absolute (in min.) and relative (in the number of tau0) duration of the periods of cleavage, epiboly and that between the onset of gastrulation and the stage of 10 pairs of somites were determined in Cyprinus carpio L., Misgurnus fossils L., Esox lucius L. and Coregonus peled Gmel. at different constant temperatures. The stability of the dimensionless characteristics for the duration of each of these periods in the species in question within the limits of optimum temperatures was shown. A comparison of the relative duration of the same periods of early embryogenesis in C. carpio, M. fossilis, E. lucius, Salmo trutta L. morpha fario and S. gairdneri Rich. has shown that in the species under comparison the relative durations of the period of synchronous cleavage divisions are similar, whereas those of the period of asynchronous cleavage divisions differ. The relative durations were found to be similar for the period between the onset of gastrulation and the stage of 10 pairs of somites in M. fossilis, E. lucius and 2 species of Salmo. Differences were revealed in the relative duration of the period of epiboly; the average relative rate of the movement of blastoderm cells toward the vegetative pole is similar in the species with the eggs of small size (C. carpio, M. fossilis, Coregonus peled) and increases with the egg size. The temporal relationships between the embryonic periods under study in the species in question and possible mechanism which determine these relationships are considered with respect to the data on egg structure, as well as on the stage when the isolated blastoderm acquires the capacity of differentiation in vitro.     

Mechanisms of the suprasegmental adjustment of the operation of the generators of cyclical motoric reactions

Concousions Analysis of the problem of the organization and mechanisms of the functioning of the system of suprasegmental control of cyclical movements can be recapitulated in the following manner. The systems of control of the cyclical movements (of the locomotion and scratching type) are adaptive control systems in which there are adaptive mechanisms (regulators) of both the spinal and supraspinal levels. The spinocerebellar loop presents as an important component of the supraspinal regulators. The cerebellum apparently plays the role of an adaptive filter in the adaptational mechanism of the supraspinal level, a filter which accomplishes the spatial-temporal filtration of information arriving along its various afferent inputs. That phase and amplitude modulation of the effectiveness of the influence of the corresponding descending systems on the spinal centers of rhythmic movements is accomplished on this basis, modulation which in the final analysis ensures the achievement of a stable state of the limited interaction of the centers with the supraspinal systems. The systems of control of the locomotor and scratching movements differ above all in the quality (degree) of their adaptedness. A higher degree of adaptedness of the system of control is characteristic for the locomotor movements than for the scratching movements.A. A. Bogomolets Institute of Physiology, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, Kiev. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 24, No. 6, pp. 736–755, November–December, 1992.     

STUDIES IN THE DYNAMICS OF HISTOGENESIS : II. TENSION OF DIFFERENTIAL GROWTH AS A STIMULUS TO MYOGENESIS IN THE ESOPHAGUS.

Esophageal Development. 1. The region of most active mitosis per mm. of cross-section in the esophagus is the entodermal epithelial tube. The mitotic figures follow a spiral path in the manner of a left-handed helix from the cephalic to the caudal direction. 2. The region of least active growth per mm. of cross-section in the esophagus is the mesenchyme surrounding the epithelial tube. 3. The helicoidal activity of the epithelial tube causes a vortical reaction in the surrounding mesenchyme. The mesenchymal whirlpool represents a reaction to the spirally grooving epithelial tube. 4. In embryos 9.5 to 14 mm. in length the esophageal epithelial tube grows relatively more rapidly in width than in length. During this period the myoblasts which form the inner, close spiral, muscle coat of the esophagus are becoming rapidly differentiated in the outer condensed margin of the mesenchymal maelstrom. 5. The nuclei, first spherical then oval, and finally rod shaped with rounded ends, are drawn out in the direction of the circumference of the mesenchymal rim which is directed tangentially. 6. The cytoplasm is also drawn out in the direction of the mesenchymal rim of the vortex. The elongated rows of isolated granules appear which subsequently, by confluence, form the myofibrillæ. These cytoplasmic derivatives are elongated in the direction of the circumference of the vortex. 7. Between the epithelial tube and the myoblastic rim at the periphery of the mesenchymal whorl is found the embryonic connective tissue. From this direct observation the conclusion is made that an optimum tensional stress stimulus is necessary to elicit the formation of muscular tissue at the circumference of the mesenchymal vortex. Consequently, the formation of a specific derivative from a pluripotent mesenchymal cell is due to the fortuitous circumstance of position. 8. In embryos from 14 to 24 mm. in length, the esophagus grows relatively more rapidly in length than in width. This elongation is due to two factors; first, the descent of the stomach, and, second, the resistance to diametrical growth presented by the inner close spiral musculature. The epithelial tube, still the dominant zone of mitotic activity, pursues the lines of least resistance, and consequently growth in length takes place. This is due to the shifting of the planes of cell division on account of the compression of the inner, close spiral, muscle coat. 9. The undifferentiated mesenchyme peripherad to the inner, close spiral musculature is elongated and the histogenetic changes in muscular formation are gradually taking place between 14 and 24 mm. A very attenuated, outer, elongated, spiral, or longitudinal muscle coat is detected in the esophagus of a 24 mm. pig embryo. 10. The characteristic intestino-colic flexure is a torsional reaction of the mesenchyme. The mesenchymal cells are thrown into a left-handed helicoidal series, corresponding to the activity in the epithelial tube. The right-handed helicoidal reaction of the mesenchyme, therefore, is due to the left-handed helicoidal growth of the epithelial tube. 11. The normal asymmetry of the abdominal viscera as well as the position of the gut is dependent upon the clockwise reaction of the stretched mesenchymal cell. These cells are stretched by the left-handed helicoidal growth of the epithelial tube. One factor producing situs inversus viscerum could be the reversal of the spiral growth of the epithelial tube resulting in a reaction of the mesenchyme in a direction opposite, namely counterclockwise, to that which occurs normally.     

Statistics of hits to bone cell nuclei

The statistics of hits to the nuclei of bone cells irradiated from alpha sources labeling bone tissue is described. It is shown that the law of remodeling of a bone structural unit (BSU), which describes the distribution of quiescence periods of this unit, affects the statistics of hits. It the irradiation of bone cells occurs during the whole cell cycle, the mean number of hits is independent of the law of remodeling. In this case the variance of hits has the minimum value for constant quiescence periods of BSUs (deterministic remodeling) and the maximum value for exponentially distributed quiescence periods (random remodeling). For the first generation of bone cells, i.e. for the cells which existed at the moment of the uptake of the nuclide, the mean number of hits depends on the law of remodeling. For random remodeling the mean number is equal to the mean value for the complete remodeling cycle. For deterministic remodeling the mean is only half this value. For the first generation of bone cells, changing the law of remodeling from random to deterministic increases the probability of no hits to the nuclei of bone cells. For the same mean value of hits, the difference does not exceed 13.3 % of the total number of cells. For the subsequent generations of bone cells, such a change of the law of remodeling decreases the probability of no hits by 20.4%.     

Growth of the Tops of Sweet Potato and the Translocation of the Nutrients from Leaves

1. Experiments were carried out in Hangchow on the increase of dry matter in the tops of sweet potato plants. The increase can be divided into three periods: (1) slow accumulation of dry matter; (2) rapid increase of accumulation of dry matter, reaching a maximum; (3) decline of accumulation of dry matter, later on account of senility and the dropping of leaves, there was a marked reduction in the dry matter of the tops. The increase in dry matter is in proportion to the leaf area. The amount of fertilizer used is closely related to the increase of dry matter and leaf area. 2. The yield of sweet potato is related to the increase in dry matter of the tops of the plant. To a certain extent, the greater the amount of dry matter, the more rapidly will the tubers enlarge, finally results in a higher yield. Excessive use of fertilizer leads to an abnormal elongation of the plant. During this period an increase in dry matter of the tops not only fails to induce the enlargement of the tubers, but also leads to the consumption of the dry matter, and consequently causes a reduction in yield of sweet potato. From the curve of T/R ratio, the sooner the downward translocation of the tops nutrients occurs, the faster the tubers will form and enlarge. 3. Experiments with p32 show that the various growth conditions of the tops are closely correlated with the translocation of the tubers. With well growing and high yielding plants the nutrients move from the tops to the tubers as soon as the root enlarges. This translocation is even accelerated during the later stage. During the earlier stage of development, much of the plant nutrition is translocated to the stems and leaves, particularly to the latter; then gradually it is diverted to the leaves and the root system, and finally concentrates in the roots. The increase of the area of green leaves and the number of branches during the period of early growth, and the promoting of favourable conditions for the formation and enlargement of the roots, as well as the facilitating of the translocation of nutrients to the roots during the later stage are the determinative factors necessary for obtaining high yield of sweet potato.     

The use of internal controls of different lengths in the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis DNA by the polymerase chain reaction method

To detect C. trachomatis DNA, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the use of primers corresponding to variable sites of rRNA gene 16S was carried out. As the positive control of the reaction, the amplification fragment of gene 16S of rRNA, cloned in the plasmid vector and having the length of 530 nucleotide pairs (n.p.), was used. On its basis 2 kinds of the internal control of the reaction were obtained with the deletion of 110 n.p. (pMOS-Chl420) and the insertion of 930 n.p. (pMOS-Chl1460) within the cloned amplification fragment. The study revealed that the addition of the DNA of pMOS-Chl420 or pMOS-Chl1460 into the reaction mixture did not affect the sensitivity of PCR (0.02 pg of bacterial DNA in the sample) in the detection of C. trachomatis DNA isolated both from the culture of bacterial cells and from clinical samples. But in some cases of the amplification of the DNA of internal control pMOS-Chl420, but not pMOS-Chl1460, was observed in the presence of DNA obtained from clinical samples. It was supposedly linked with a higher sensitivity of Taq DNA-polymerase to the action of inhibitors in the synthesis of high-molecular DNA fragments. The observed high frequency of the inhibition (17%) of PCR makes it expedient to carry out this reaction with the use of the internal control.     

Function of alpha-motoneurons of the human foot muscles in normal conditions and with descending and segmental deprivation

The characteristics of the central response of the abductor hallucis muscle to stimulation of the posterior tibial nerve were studied in healthy subjects and neurological patients. In normal subjects over 22–23 years old the response has the usual properties of a late potential recorded from the small muscles of the foot (F-wave) whereas in children and adolescents it has the features of the central response of a leg muscle. A unilateral lesion of the posterior sacral roots leads to an increase in amplitude and regularity of the F-wave of the foot muscle on the side of the lesion. This is evidence of the antidromic origin of the principle component of the F-wave and points to increased antidromic excitability of the spinal motoneurons in man in the presence of partial segmental deafferentation. A disturbance of descending control, resulting in the loss predominantly of pyramidal influences, is accompanied by regeneration of the characteristic features of the late potential found in responses recorded in adolescent subjects. The same phenomenon can also be observed in pathology of the posterior horns of the cervical portion of the spinal cord when no pyramidal disorders can be detected clinically. The central response is much less frequently changed in lesions of the ventral structures of higher segments. The significance of descending control for establishment of the level of excitability in the population of motoneurons innervating the muscles of the human foot is discussed.O. V. Kuusinen Petrozavodsk State University. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 5, No. 6, pp. 563–570, November–December, 1973.     

不同海拔高度大血藤群体遗传多样性的RAPD分析及其与环境因子的相关性

利用 RAPD技术分析了分布于浙江省天台山 3个不同海拔高度的天然大血藤群体的遗传多样性、遗传分化以及与环境因子的相关性。 13种随机引物在 3 6株个体中共检测到 88个可重复的位点 ,其中多态位点 74个 ,总多态位点百分率为84.0 9% ,大血藤具有丰富的遗传多样性。 Shannon信息指数显示的遗传多样性以海拔 950 m的群体为最高 ,其次是海拔 73 0 m的群体 ,最低的是海拔 52 0 m的群体 ;群体内的遗传多样性占总遗传多样性的 43 .68% ,群体间的遗传多样性占 56.3 2 %。 Nei指数估计大血藤群体间的遗传分化系数为 0 .540 6,大血藤群体间的基因流很低。大血藤海拔 73 0 m群体与海拔 52 0 m群体的遗传相似度较高 ,海拔 950 m群体与其它两群体的遗传相似度较低。大血藤群体内的遗传多样性与土壤总氮呈极显著的正相关。     

Characteristics of the composition of higher fatty acids in methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococci

The composition of fatty acids of methicillin-resistant (MR) and methicillin-sensitive (MS) strains of Staph. aureus and Staph. epidermidis was determined with the method of reactive gas liquid chromatography. The MS staphylococci of the above species differed by the content of acids with branched chains of iso- and anteisostructures and straight chains. Anteisoacids in the cells of Staph. epidermidis amounted almost to 80 per cent of the total number of the acids, while in the cells of Staph. aureus, their total number amounted only to a half of the fatty acid pool. Comparison of the composition of the fatty acids of the MS and MR strains of Staph. aureus revealed differences in the proportions of the anteiso- and isoacids. The total number of the long-chain C20.0 acid in the cells of Staph. epidermidis resistant to methicillin was lower as compared to that in the sensitive cells.     

大白鼠脑干听觉中枢的研究下丘中心核内神经突触的特点

1.大白鼠下丘中心核(the Central Nucleus of the Inferior Colliculus,ICCN)内神经末稍以群体的形式有在,神经突触排列的类型主要为系列突触.2.末稍群体(Clustered ending)中轴突终末内含有多种类型的突触小泡.3.ICCN内具有不对称突触与对称突触两种类型的突触结构.4.在ICCN内,突触前终末有大量的突触小泡聚集,并且在突触后常有1—2个大线粒体靠近突触后膜.5.以上结果表明了脑干听觉中枢下丘中心核的结构及其突触连结的模式;突触的结构及其特点,这是频有意义的.     

Effectiveness of dioxidine in a model of Staphylococcal necrotic-suppurative encephalomeningitis (according to electron microscopy data]

Dioxidine efficacy was studied on a model of staphylococcal necrotic suppurative encephalomeningitis. There was a relationship of the development of disease signs to the value of the contaminating dose. Dioxidine was shown to have a therapeutic effect. Purulent inflammation in the brain either undevelop or was more limited. Examination of the changes in the ultrastructure of the nervous tissue also confirmed the efficacy of dioxidine. The treated mice had single inflammation infiltrations in the presence of the intact structure of the nervous tissue, the cell composition of the infiltrations changing in the direction of predominance of the mononuclear phagocytes. The phagocytes were in the state of hyperactivity and phagocytosis was of the completed nature. Secondary phagocytosis of the phagocytes and cell detritus was recorded.     

Real neuron assemblies forming during screen structure activities of the brain

The assembly organization of neuron reactions is a specific peculiarity of the screen structures of which the projection fields of the higher parts of the brain are composed. Such an organization is characterized by the local synergism of the responses of neuron groups in-teracting antagonistically, in contrast to the global neuron synergism of the nuclear segmental structures and the individual neuron antagonism of diffuse unspecific structures. Another characteristic feature of assembly organization is the presumable participation of neurons in the reaction of the assembly which warrants the flexibility and reliability of the realization of central functions. Of interest is the phylogenetic decrease in size and increase in number of working assemblies per unit area of projection field which enhances the resolving power of the analyzer. In different analyzer fields under the action of different stimuli a constant relationship of the reactions is found, i.e., two excited neurons to one inhibited neuron. Apparently, this proportion underlies the organization of balanced assemblies. The inadequacy of the stimuli and the deterioration of the functional state of the brain favor the "spreading" of assemblies; they increase in size, but at the same time the close correlation is lost between the impulse currents of the incoming neurons.Rostov-on-DonState University. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 123–129, September–October, 1969.