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外来入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花居群间遗传差异分析 总被引:22,自引:0,他引:22
采用三种不同的方法提取外来入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花总DNA,并应用RAPD技术分析了浙沪地区4个加拿大一枝黄花居群间的遗传分化。结果表明:(1)2×CTAB法提取的DNA具有较好的完整性,能较好地去除蛋白质、酚类和多糖杂质,是比较适合加拿大一枝黄花总DNA提取的方法;(2)加拿大一枝黄花的遗传多态性非常高, 13个引物在4个居群中共检测到102条扩增片段,多态带84条,多态率达到82.35%;特有带41条,占40.20%。居群之间的多态性分别是上海嘉定(73.13%) > 嘉兴乍浦(68.97%) > 杭州(68.42%) > 金华(57.14%);(3)13个引物检测的平均纯合度(J)为0.38,平均杂合度(H)为0.62;(4)Ne i基因相似系数、聚类分析和主成分分析表明,加拿大一枝黄花不同居群间的遗传差异程度较大,居群间的遗传分化与地理位置存在对应关系;(5)加拿大一枝黄花的入侵居群的适应性进化与杂草特性紧密相关。 相似文献
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采用野外观察、光镜、扫描电镜等手段,对入侵皖北的加拿大一枝黄花形态解剖结构进行了研究,并藉此理解该物种入侵适应的结构基础.结果表明:叶的上、下表皮的气孔数目均较少,具有厚的角质层和长的表皮毛,能起到保水和保护作用;叶片内有发达维管束和束鞘延伸,增加了叶片对光合产物的输导能力,以满足地下营养器官发育的需要.茎具有较强输导和支持能力的结构特征.主根过早停止发育,以适应地下逸生结构发育的需要.加拿大一枝黄花花期、花序结构和未能与本地昆虫建立固定访问关系使部分头状花序不育,成熟花粉粒外有胼胝质包被,有利于花粉传播,其花粉粒属于较为进化的类型;根状茎含较多菊糖,具备成为独立散布体的物质和结构基础. 相似文献
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加拿大一枝黄花--一种正在迅速扩张的外来入侵植物 总被引:66,自引:0,他引:66
加拿大一枝黄花Solidago canadensis原产于北美,现已入侵到欧洲、亚洲和大洋洲等地,成为一种世界性的入侵性外来杂草,威胁着生态系统的生物多样性和农业生产,并造成显著的环境与经济损失。1935年,该物种作为庭院植物被引入上海,后逸生成为杂草,目前正在我国境内尤其是东部地区迅速扩散。本文较系统地介绍了加拿大一枝黄花在形态学、生物系统学、遗传多样性和生活史等方面的特征,并试图从其入侵力(繁殖力、化感作用、菌根营养)、被入侵生态系统的可入侵性(适宜的气候、生境破坏、天敌释放和土壤氮水平的影响)以及人类活动的直接影响等三方面分析其入侵成功的原因。最后,提出加拿大一枝黄花的防治关键在于控制其有性繁殖,现有的人工铲除和化学防治等措施都应在其有性繁殖之前实施。 相似文献
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粉花月见草单花花期1d,整株花期50d左右;单花花粉量达8825个,花粉活力达53.2%,花粉萌发快,萌发率达44.6%,自花授粉;种子小,千粒重0.092g,种子发芽率达85%,萌发时间短,具有休眠机制。三年生株丛结果达1274个,单果种子高达206粒,单株丛种子量2.6×105。种子表面平滑,自然传播以重力为主和风力作用,传播距离在100cm范围内。结果表明:粉花月见草繁殖力、适应力强,易形成单一优势种群,种子小近圆形易形成种子库,人为活动使其远距离传播,具有较大的危害性。 相似文献
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我国是世界上遭受外来生物入侵最为严重的国家之一。加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis L.)是一种世界性的入侵植物,侵入我国已有70多年的历史,目前国内外对其入侵机理已有许多研究。结合近年来的研究热点和重要进展,从加拿大一枝黄花的生物学特点、入侵地环境的可入侵性、化感效应以及植物与土壤的反馈作用等4个方面综述了其成功入侵的机理,分析和评价了各种机理之间的内在联系。认为生物入侵是一个涉及多个营养级的复杂生物学过程,是多种机制综合作用的结果,人类活动的干扰是入侵事件频发的深层次原因。加拿大一枝黄花强大的入侵能力、高度的抗逆性、对本地植物和土传病原菌的化感抑制、入侵地环境的脆弱性以及菌根真菌等有益微生物的协助在入侵过程中起着关键作用,但天敌释放并未使其获得更大竞争优势。 相似文献
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入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花与乡土植物芦苇的相互化感作用 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
以加拿大一枝黄花和芦苇的共优群落和各自单优群落的种子为化感受体,分析其分别在加拿大一枝黄花和芦苇5个浓度梯度(12.5、25、50、100和200mg·mL-1)浸提液处理下的发芽率和芽长差异,研究2种植物的相互化感作用规律.结果表明:2种植物在共优群落中的千粒重和蒸馏水培养下的发芽率均比单优群落大.加拿大一枝黄花的浸提液对自身种子发芽率在单优和共优群落中均具有在低浓度下(12.5、25 mg·mL-1)轻微促进、中高浓度下(50、100和200mg·mL-1)强烈抑制的作用,其中对共优群落种子的抑制作用尤为显著;而芦苇浸提液对加拿大一枝黄花种子的影响无明显规律.加拿大一枝黄花的种子芽长在单优和共优群落中均随自身浸提液浓度的升高趋于减小,随芦苇浸提液浓度的升高呈波动减小趋势.在芦苇和加拿大一枝黄花浸提液处理下,芦苇种子发芽率在单优群落中均显著大于共优群落(P<0.05),但2种浸提液处理间无显著差异. 相似文献
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入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花对土壤水分变化的生态学响应 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
以盆栽的入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花为材料,在100%(CK)、80%(W_80)、60%(W_60)和40%(W_40)土壤田间持水量条件下,研究了该植物的生长、生物量分配和光合生理特征,以探讨其入侵机制.结果表明:(1)加拿大一枝黄花的生长速率、株高、叶面积(叶长、叶宽)等均随土壤含水量的降低而下降;总生物量及根、茎、叶各器官生物量积累均随土壤含水量的减少而呈不同程度降低,根生物量比、叶生物量比和根冠比则表现出逐渐增大趋势,并在W_40处理下达到最大;克隆生长在W_40处理下受到严重抑制,表现为无克隆分株和二级根茎,分枝强度低、根茎直径小等特征.(2)随着土壤含水量减少,植株叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素总量逐渐下降,叶绿素a/b比值却升高,同期的净光合速率、最大净光合速率、光饱和点下降,而光补偿点却上升,其光适应范围逐渐变小.研究发现,加拿大一枝黄花具有较强的抗旱性和耐旱性,但重度干旱仍严重影响其正常生长,其适宜的水分生态位是中偏湿的土壤环境;其通过一系列形态和生理上的可塑性变化来适应和占据各种异质性生境,表型可塑性可能是其成功入侵的重要机制. 相似文献
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加拿大一枝黄花在安徽合肥的入侵生态因子分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
【目的】研究加拿大一枝黄花入侵区域的入侵格局,分析其入侵性与当地生态环境之间的关系。【方法】通过随机布设样地方法量化了该植物入侵区域的海拔、坡度、植物群落等22个生境因子,并进行主成分分析。【结果】(1)加拿大一枝黄花生境的22个生态因子所含的生态信息可用6个综合因子表征:土壤肥力因子、土壤理化因子、植被因子、复合因子、干扰因子和光源因子;(2)加拿大一枝黄花的发生频率与速效钾、样地中植物总株数、杂草盖度、有机质、植物种数、海拔、坡度、乔木高度、乔木大小、土壤含水率等生态因子呈正相关,但是与水源距、土壤有效磷、土壤全磷、土壤pH呈负相关。【结论】加拿大一枝黄花入侵可能与当地自然环境中的某些生态因子密切相关,生态因子可能对其入侵成功产生抑制或促进作用。本研究有助于明确加拿大一枝黄花入侵的生态因子,为该入侵植物的有效防治提供一定的理论依据。 相似文献
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在城市建筑荒地中设立实验样地,通过对样方植物进行实地观测,并结合实验室比叶重和生物量测算,了解和分析野外建筑荒地中自然混生条件下芦苇(Phragmites communis)和加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis)的竞争过程和结果。结果表明芦苇和加拿大一枝黄花混生群落中芦苇发展近似于单优群落,芦苇以较高的平均株高和密度抑制加拿大一枝黄花生长,混生群落逐渐趋向于芦苇单优群落。混生群落芦苇比叶重和平均每株生物量近似于单优群落,加拿大一枝黄花比叶重和平均每株生物量显著低于其单优群落,光合作用受到显著抑制。de Wit模型分析显示,混生群落中芦苇和加拿大一枝黄花相互竞争、拮抗,前者竞争攻击力高于后者,模型预测混生群落中芦苇最终将把加拿大一枝黄花从样地中排除出去。浸提液种子培养显示加拿大一枝黄花具有化感作用,在低浓度条件(12.5mg/mL)下,对自生种子发芽有促进作用,高浓度条件下出现强烈抑制,但各浓度下芦苇种子不受加拿大一枝黄花化感作用影响;芦苇种子繁殖能力相对较弱,混生样地中加拿大一枝黄花在芦苇竞争胁迫下,种子千粒重和发芽率显著上升,扩散能力增强。芦苇具有在一定区域生态控制加拿大一枝黄花的潜力。 相似文献
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Solidago canadensis,a perennial Compositae plant originating from North America,was introduced into China as a horticultural plant in 1935.Under natural conditions,S.canadensis allocates large amounts of energy to sexual reproduction and produces many seeds,which reflects an r-strategy with high seed number and small seed size.In addition,naturalized populations have a great capacity to grow clonally with underground stems.S.canadensis has become an invasive weed in eastern China,and has caused serious damages to agricultural production and ecosystems in several provinces in China.In order to understand the reproductive characteristics of S.canadensis and effectively control its spread,we examined soil conditions,seed characteristics,seed germination and the capacity for asexual reproduction in different plant parts.We investigated the population dispersion of S.canadensis in fixed sites for three years,and analyzed the seasonal dynamics of the morphological parameters of the underground parts and the caloric values of different organs of S.canadensis.We also compared differences in the root systems of S.canadensis and composite exotic weeds.The following results were obtained:1)Under natural conditions,the germination season of S.canadensis lasts from March to October,with a peak from April to May.Vegetative growth and asexual reproduction are especially vigorous during summer due to high temperatures and soil drought stress.On the other hand,the rainy season proves suitable for seed germination.Most S.canadensis flower between September and January,and fruit in late October.A mature plant can produce about 20000 seeds.The mean weight of 1000 seeds ranges from 0.045 g to 0.050 g,and the mean seed moisture content ranges from 60% to 80%.The light-winged seeds disperse readily by air,water,vehicles,human activity or through livestock.2)S.canadensis seeds have a wide tolerance for different values of pH,salinity and soil moisture.The mean percent germination of seeds is 30% under suitable conditions.The results of seed germination under various environmental stresses and investigation of soil conditions indicate that well-aerated,slightly acidic soils with low salinity are suitable for the growth of S.canadensis.Additionally,S.canadensis has a high tolerance for contamination by heavy metal elements including Zn,Cu and Pb,but has low accumulation coefficients for these elements.3)S.canadensis reproduces asexually via underground rhizomes and nodes on the stem base to recruit new individuals,and in plants that experience mechanical damage,this reproductive strategy is used to produce clonal shoots.The capacity for asexual reproduction among different plant parts rank as follows:underground parts>stem-base (20 cm)>stem-base (30 cm)>stem-base (45 cm)>stem.Further,with increasing mechanical damage,the quantity of shoots produced by the plant decreases.4)The morphological parameters of the root system of S.canadensis including length,surface area,volume,and average diameter are greater than for composite exotic weeds.These parameters indicate that S.canadensis has the physiological potential to widely invade China.5)The aboveground growth rate and most of the underground morphological parameters vary remarkably among the seasons,with a peak normally occurring in September.In August,a fraction of the energy in leaves and stems is allocated underground to increase fine root growth and water uptake during hot weather.Additionally,the seasonal dynamics of the underground morphological parameters and the caloric values of different organs of S.canadensis enhance its reproductive ability.Based on the results above,we conclude that S.canadensis has great invasive potential in China.We suggest that urgent measures should be taken to control its further spread,and to minimize its impact on local plant diversity. 相似文献
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Solidago canadensis, a perennial Compositae plant originating from North America, was introduced into China as a horticultural plant in 1935.
Under natural conditions, S. canadensis allocates large amounts of energy to sexual reproduction and produces many seeds, which reflects an r-strategy with high seed number and small seed size. In addition, naturalized populations have a great capacity to grow clonally
with underground stems. S. canadensis has become an invasive weed in eastern China, and has caused serious damages to agricultural production and ecosystems in
several provinces in China. In order to understand the reproductive characteristics of S. canadensis and effectively control its spread, we examined soil conditions, seed characteristics, seed germination and the capacity
for asexual reproduction in different plant parts. We investigated the population dispersion of S. canadensis in fixed sites for three years, and analyzed the seasonal dynamics of the morphological parameters of the underground parts
and the caloric values of different organs of S. canadensis. We also compared differences in the root systems of S. canadensis and composite exotic weeds. The following results were obtained:
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Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2005, 25(11): 1795–2803 [译自: 生态学报] 相似文献
1) | Under natural conditions, the germination season of S. canadensis lasts from March to October, with a peak from April to May. Vegetative growth and asexual reproduction are especially vigorous during summer due to high temperatures and soil drought stress. On the other hand, the rainy season proves suitable for seed germination. Most S. canadensis flower between September and January, and fruit in late October. A mature plant can produce about 20000 seeds. The mean weight of 1000 seeds ranges from 0.045 g to 0.050 g, and the mean seed moisture content ranges from 60% to 80%. The light-winged seeds disperse readily by air, water, vehicles, human activity or through livestock. |
2) | S. canadensis seeds have a wide tolerance for different values of pH, salinity and soil moisture. The mean percent germination of seeds is 30% under suitable conditions. The results of seed germination under various environmental stresses and investigation of soil conditions indicate that well-aerated, slightly acidic soils with low salinity are suitable for the growth of S. canadensis. Additionally, S. canadensis has a high tolerance for contamination by heavy metal elements including Zn, Cu and Pb, but has low accumulation coefficients for these elements. |
3) | S. canadensis reproduces asexually via underground rhizomes and nodes on the stem base to recruit new individuals, and in plants that experience mechanical damage, this reproductive strategy is used to produce clonal shoots. The capacity for asexual reproduction among different plant parts rank as follows: underground parts > stem-base (20 cm) > stem-base (30 cm) > stem-base (45 cm) > stem. Further, with increasing mechanical damage, the quantity of shoots produced by the plant decreases. |
4) | The morphological parameters of the root system of S. canadensis including length, surface area, volume, and average diameter are greater than for composite exotic weeds. These parameters indicate that S. canadensis has the physiological potential to widely invade China. |
5) | The aboveground growth rate and most of the underground morphological parameters vary remarkably among the seasons, with a peak normally occurring in September. In August, a fraction of the energy in leaves and stems is allocated underground to increase fine root growth and water uptake during hot weather. Additionally, the seasonal dynamics of the underground morphological parameters and the caloric values of different organs of S. canadensis enhance its reproductive ability. Based on the results above, we conclude that S. canadensis has great invasive potential in China. We suggest that urgent measures should be taken to control its further spread, and to minimize its impact on local plant diversity. |
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开花期加拿大一枝黄花水浸提液对3种作物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
测定了入侵杂草加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis)开花期的茎、叶和花序水浸提液对辣椒(Capsicum annuum)、番茄(Lycoperiscum esculetum)、长梗白菜(Brassica chinensis var. communis)种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:(1)处于开花期的加拿大一枝黄花存在明显的化感作用,在25 mg·mL-1时,对3种作物种子苗生长有促进作用,浸提液高于50 mg·mL-1时,作物种子的萌发率和生长受到抑制,这种抑制作用随处理液浓度的提高而增强,在100 mg·mL-1浓度处理下,甚至使作物种子失去活力;(2)加拿大一枝黄花叶和花序的水浸提液对种子萌发和生长的影响要大于其茎的浸提液;(3)在3种作物中,长梗白菜种子对加拿大一枝黄花水浸提液的敏感性最高。 相似文献
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加拿大一枝黄花在中国的潜在入侵区预测 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
加拿大一枝黄花Solidago canadensis是原产于北美的菊科Asteraceae多年生草本植物, 上世纪30年代引入我国, 现广泛分布于我国东部地区的部分省市, 并已成为该区域的农业和环境杂草。为了预测加拿大一枝黄花在我国的潜在分布区, 本研究采用相同气候方法对其进行了估测。我们用加拿大一枝黄花的原产地——美国的气候参数作为参照, 将其与我国各地气象站的气候数据进行匹配。结果表明, 加拿大一枝黄花在我国的潜在分布区的纬度跨度为25°–50°, 所以其潜在的入侵区将远大于目前的实际分布区, 甚至东北的部分地区也将适宜于该物种的生长。据此, 我们建议相关管理部门应加强该物种的监测工作, 以防其进一步向目前入侵区以外的周边地区蔓延。 相似文献
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Peliyagodage Chathura Dineth Perera Tomasz H. Szymura Adam Zajc Dominika Chmolowska Magdalena Szymura 《Ecology and evolution》2021,11(18):12429
AimThe invasion process is a complex, context‐dependent phenomenon; nevertheless, it can be described using the PAB framework. This framework encompasses the joint effect of propagule pressure (P), abiotic characteristics of the environment (A), and biotic characteristics of both the invader and recipient vegetation (B). We analyzed the effectiveness of proxies of PAB factors to explain the spatial pattern of Solidago canadensis and S. gigantea invasion using invasive species distribution models.LocationCarpathian Mountains and their foreground, Central Europe.MethodsThe data on species presence or absence were from an atlas of neophyte distribution based on a 2 × 2 km grid, covering approximately 31,200 km2 (7,752 grid cells). Proxies of PAB factors, along with data on historical distribution of invaders, were used as explanatory variables in Boosted Regression Trees models to explain the distribution of invasive Solidago. The areas with potentially lower sampling effort were excluded from analysis based on a target species approach.ResultsProxies of the PAB factors helped to explain the distribution of both S. canadensis and S. gigantea. Distributions of both species were limited climatically because a mountain climate is not conducive to their growth; however, the S. canadensis distribution pattern was correlated with proxies of human pressure, whereas S. gigantea distribution was connected with environmental characteristics. The varied responses of species with regard to distance from their historical distribution sites indicated differences in their invasion drivers.Main conclusionsProxies of PAB are helpful in the choice of explanatory variables as well as the ecological interpretation of species distribution models. The results underline that human activity can cause variation in the invasion of ecologically similar species. 相似文献
17.
Huiyuan Cheng Bingde Wu Youli Yu Shu Wang Mei Wei Congyan Wang Daolin Du 《Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants》2021,27(3):483
The effect of allelopathy from invasive alien plants (IAPs) on native species is one of the main factors for their adaptation and diffusion. IAPs can have different degrees of invasion under natural succession and are distributed in numerous regions. Seed germination and seedling growth (SGe-SGr) play a crucial role in population recruitment. Thus, it is critical to illustrate the differences in the allelopathy caused by an IAP with different degrees of invasion in numerous regions on SGe-SGr of native species to describe the primary force behind their adaptation and diffusion. This study assessed the allelopathy of the notorious IAP horseweed (Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq.) on SGe-SGr of the native lettuce species (Lactuca sativa L.) under different degrees of invasion (light degree of invasion and heavy degree of invasion) in three provinces (Jiangsu, Anhui, and Hubei) along the Yangtze River in China. The allelopathy of horseweed leaf extract on lettuce SGe-SGr remarkably increased with the increased degree of invasion, which may be due to the buildup of allelochemicals generated by horseweed with a heavy degree of invasion compared with a light degree of invasion. A high concentration of horseweed leaf extract resulted in noticeably stronger allelopathy on lettuce SGe-SGr compared to the extract with a low concentration. There are noticeable differences in the allelopathy of the extract of horseweed leaves from different provinces on lettuce SGe-SGr with the following order i.e. Jiangsu > Hubei > Anhui. This may be due to the high latitudes for the three sampling sites in Jiangsu compared with the latitudes for the collection sites in Hubei and Anhui. There are certain differences in the environments among the three provinces. Thus, the allelopathy of horseweed on SGe-SGr of lettuce may have a greater negative impact in Jiangsu compared to the other two provinces.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-021-00962-y. 相似文献
18.
Solène Brasseur;Mathieu Santonja;Catherine Rébufa;Laurence Affre;Sylvie Dupouyet;Estelle Dumas;Thierry Tatoni;Anne-Marie Farnet Da Silva;Anne Bousquet-Mélou; 《Ecology and evolution》2024,14(6):e11499
Beyond ecological and health impacts, invasive alien plant species can generate indirect and direct costs, notably through reduced agricultural yields, restoration, and management of the invaded environment. Acacia dealbata and Ailanthus altissima are invasive plant species that cause particularly significant damage to the railway network in the Mediterranean area. The allelopathic properties of Mediterranean plant species could be used as nature-based solutions to slow down the spread of such invasive plant species along railway borders. In this context, a mesocosm experiment was set-up: (i) to test the potential allelopathic effects of Cistus ladanifer, Cistus albidus, and Cotinus coggygria leaf aqueous extracts on seed germination and seedling growth of A. dealbata and A. altissima; (ii) to evaluate whether these effects depend on the extract dose; and finally, (iii) to estimate whether these effects are modified by soil amendment. Leaf aqueous extracts of the three native plant species showed negative effects on both seed germination and seedling growth of the two invasive species. Our results show that the presence of allelochemicals induces a delay in seed germination (e.g., A. dealbata germination lasted up to 269% longer in the presence of high-dose leaf aqueous extracts of C. coggygria), which can lead to a decrease in individual recruitment. They also highlight a decrease in seedling growth (e.g., high-dose C. coggygria leaf aqueous extracts induced a 26% decrease in A. dealbata radicle growth), which can alter the competitiveness of invasive species for resource access. Our results also highlight that compost addition limits the inhibitory effect of native Mediterranean plants on the germination of invasive alien plants, suggesting that soil organic matter content can counteract allelopathic effects on invasive alien plants. Thus, our findings revealed that the allelopathic potential of certain Mediterranean plant species could be a useful tool to manage invasive plant species. 相似文献