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1.
菲氏叶猴与黑叶猴面颅形态的比较研究   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
本文对16个菲氏叶猴(Presbytis phayrei)和8个黑叶猴(P.francoisi)的成年头骨作了比较研究。经45项定性和定量的差异性分析表明,在种间22项达到显著或非常显著差异;菲氏叶猴为低颅型,而黑叶猴为正颅型;菲氏叶猴面颅比黑叶猴更凸出,枕骨大孔比黑叶猴更向嘴侧;黑叶猴比菲氏叶猴有更发育的视力;在犬齿与颅长的相关性中,黑叶猴比菲氏叶猴显示了更强的相关性。  相似文献   

2.
菲氏叶猴和黑叶猴的齿弓   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4       下载免费PDF全文
本文对菲氏叶猴(Presbytis phayrei)和黑叶猴(Presbytis francoisi)成年头颅的上下齿弓进行了比较研究。结果说明,在黑叶猴中,由于与颧骨眶低点相连,垂直于M~3根部齿弓的距离非常显著地大于菲氏叶猴,因而其面颅体积显著性地大于菲氏叶猴,而且菲氏叶猴的面颅比黑叶猴更为凸出。在对齿弓的对称性研究时发现,除黑叶猴的上齿弓向右偏离外,别的都向左侧发生偏离。这种偏离似乎与用手优势相联系。在进行多变量分析时发现,两种叶猴所研究的变量下颌的比上颌的发生了更大的变异。进一步证实了运动的器官比固定的器官易产生变异。  相似文献   

3.
潘汝亮  彭燕章 《动物学报》1992,38(2):128-135
本文利用三维笛卡儿空间座标对菲氏叶猴(Presbytis phayrei)和黑叶猴(P.francoisi)颅骨的形态结构作了比较研究,描绘了它们的侧视和俯视投影图形。结果表明,两种投影图形均显示黑叶猴的颅骨大于菲氏叶猴,且显著性增大的区域出现在眉点、囟门、枕骨大孔附近和下颌骨体的高度。但菲氏叶猴较黑叶猴具有更凸的面颅。据枕骨隆突至眉点的侧视投影弧长,两种叶猴的数学模式均为:Y=a+bX-cX~2(R=0.92)。从侧视投影看,两种叶猴自枕骨隆突至眉点主要表出大小的不同。若据俯视投影图,两种颅骨的差异主要出现在外耳道以前的部分。黑叶猴较菲氏叶猴具有十分显著性增高的下颌骨体以及相对应更发达的咬肌和咀嚼器官,这很可能与它取食更多的果类食物有关。  相似文献   

4.
RAPD分析与白头叶猴分类地位探讨   总被引:12,自引:3,他引:9  
为确定白头叶猴的分类地位,分析了菲氏叶猴、紫面叶猴、长尾叶猴、黑叶猴、白头叶猴、共13个个体的随机扩增DNA多态。用于检测的30个随机引物中有22个产生清晰的条带。根据遗传距离建立的系统树显示,黑叶猴与白头叶猴亲缘关系最近,且两者都不是单系群。白头叶猴3与黑叶猴6的亲缘关系比与白头叶猴1、2的更近。根据系统树中的关系对群体进行了t检验,结果显示:在5%水平上,白头叶猴与黑叶猴有显著差异;然而,在同  相似文献   

5.
<正>黑叶猴是分布于我国广西、贵州、重庆南部和越南北部喀斯特石山特有的灵长类,全世界不足2000只,其中四分之三以上分布在我国。黑叶猴隶属于哺乳纲灵长目猴科疣猴亚科乌叶猴属,该属是疣猴亚科种类最多的一个属,共有20个种。根据系统演化,这个属可以分为戴帽叶猴种组、郁乌叶猴种组、银叶猴种组和黑叶猴种组,其中黑叶猴种组包括了我国的黑叶猴、白头叶猴、越南的金头叶猴、德氏叶猴、越南乌叶猴、印支乌叶猴和老挝乌叶猴,这7个种只生活在喀斯特石山  相似文献   

6.
杂交白头叶猴F1代及其后代性状和行为跟踪观察   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
通过对白头叶猴与黑叶猴杂交所得的雌杂白头叶猴F1代(F1f)的性状及行为观察,以及F1代与黑叶猴进行回交繁殖出来的后代Be1、Be2、Be3和Be4的性状表现及生长发育的长期观察,结果表明:杂交白头叶猴及其回交代的性状、形态特征与黑叶猴十分相似,黑毛性状占绝对的优势。白头叶猴所拥有的性状在杂白头叶猴及其后代中几乎不表现,仅是在生长中存在部分印记,在发育过程中的颜色转变时间延长,毛色转变也有痕迹的现象。这说明白头叶猴的基因控制在回交代中只起到辅助作用,但总的以黑叶猴的基因控制为主。白头叶猴回交代个体弱仔率比例高达50%,高于同期的黑叶猴弱仔率,后者一般为10%—20%,呈现出远交衰退迹象。杂交代F1在繁殖行为及对后代的哺育投资上与黑叶猴无明显区别;回交代的生长发育和行为发育与黑叶猴的行为有趋同性。综合上述特征,结合杂交白头叶猴F1f的连续繁殖成功,可以断定白头叶猴不是一个独立种,而是黑叶猴的一个亚种。  相似文献   

7.
关于白头叶猴分类地位的探讨   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
通过一只雄性白头叶猴与一只雌性黑叶猴杂交繁殖的F1代(雌体)与黑叶猴(雄体)的回交,成功繁殖出两只回交代个体,出生后两回交代个体健康状况良好,所显露出来的形态学特征介于亲本之间,没有呈现明显的分化现象。杂交代的成功繁殖表明白头叶猴与黑叶猴不存在生殖隔离。从而断定白头叶猴不是一个独立种,而是黑叶猴的一个亚种。  相似文献   

8.
幻想星球     
<正>森林里跑出来一只聪明可爱的菲氏叶猴"灰姑娘",它的身上发生了很多故事呢!因为人类的捕捉,菲氏叶猴"灰姑娘"从森林中跑了出来。它不愿意看同伴一个个倒下的悲惨情景。慈溪胡叶蝶"灰姑娘"本是菲氏叶猴家族的公主,过着幸福的生活。后来,猴王去世了。它无法忍受后母的虐待,便离家出走了。西安谢若琳  相似文献   

9.
喀斯特石山是一类特殊环境,生存在喀斯特石山的动物形成特殊的行为机制以适应这一特殊的环境。石山叶猴是仅分布于喀斯特石山地区的珍稀濒危灵长类动物,属疣猴亚科乌叶猴属的一个种组,包括黑叶猴(Trachypithecus francoisi)、白头叶猴(T.leucocephalus)、德氏叶猴(T.delacouri)、金头叶猴(卡巴叶猴,T.poliocephalus)、越南乌叶猴(T.hatinhensis)、印支黑叶猴(T.ebenus)、老挝乌叶猴(T.laotum)7种。迄今为止,对分布于中国的黑叶猴和白头叶猴的生态学已有较多研究,而对其他石山叶猴的研究较缺乏。本文对中国黑叶猴和白头叶猴的种群生态学、行为生态学、保护生物学研究进行综述,以促进叶猴生态学理论的发展和完善,为我国特有珍稀濒危动物保护提供基础资料。未来研究应关注石山叶猴的种群历史以及对栖息地破碎化和气候变化的适应机制等问题。  相似文献   

10.
黑叶猴和灰叶猴的线粒体DNA限制性片段长度多态研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
本文以15种限制性内切酶分析黑叶猴和灰叶猴种内及种间mtDNA多态。从各个样品中分别检出了41—50个酶切位点。综合15种限制内酶的酶切类型,在2只黑叶猴和2只灰叶猴中分别检出了两种限制性类型,并与其4个地理来源相对应。结合恒河猴和红面猴的资料,构建了4种猴科动物的分子系统树。结果表明,黑叶猴和灰叶猴种内的分歧分别始于30和35万年以前,两种叶猴的分离始于190万年以前,猴亚科和疣猴亚科的分离应早于1100万年。叶猴属在中国的扩散不是很晚才发生的。  相似文献   

11.
The morphological relationships between the cranium and basihyal of red howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) were analyzed based on measurements of 36 cranial and 3 basihyal dimensions and observations of the female specimen in spirits. In this study, 115 crania from 111 red howler monkeys and 4 mantled howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata) were used. The analyses from the standpoints of the correlation coefficients, principal component analysis, discriminant function analysis, age changes and sex differences were performed and the following results were obtained: (1) The cranial measurements closely related to the basihyal measurements were mandibular length, occipital breadth, facial length, ramus height, cranial base length, bigonial breadth and pr-i length. (2) Age changes for the mandibular measurements in males of red howler monkeys were remarkable, and, in particular, the development of the gonion toward posterior and lateral directions were characteristic. (3) The largest sex differences were found in the mandibular measurements of red howler monkeys among the Anthropoidea of seven genera compared. (4) The existence of a “cline” in the cranial measurements of the red howler monkey was recognized. (5) The inter-species differences in the crania between the red howler monkey and mantled howler monkey are obvious, metrically and non-metrically. Based on the results mentioned above, the morphological relationships between the mandible and basihyal in the red howler monkey are discussed.  相似文献   

12.
黑叶猴和菲氏叶猴颅骨的比较研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
  相似文献   

13.
The role of the mandible in sex determination is still poorly defined because of the plasticity of this bone. We carried out a teleradiographic study of the mandibles of 63 living white subjects, measuring bigonial breadth, bicondylar breadth (anterior radiographs), mandibular symphysis height, mandibular length, articulare-gonion height, mandibular ramus height and mandibular body length (lateral radiographs). All these paramters showed significant sexual dimorphism (p<0.001 in all cases). Mandibular symphysis height had the highest percentage of dimorphism (19.44%). Based on this study, two discriminant functions were calculated, one of which used all the measurement and the other, two. These functions made it possible to determine the sex of 87.3% of the sample studied, using the mandible alone.  相似文献   

14.
The purpose of the study is to investigate the link between number of molar teeth retained in occlusion and mandibular morphology in adults in an ancient, high dental wear human population. The study material comprises skeletons from Mediaeval Wharram Percy, England (N = 50 female, 69 male adults). It was hypothesized that adults retaining fewer occluding molars would show reduction in mandibular dimensions, particularly in the ascending ramus and gonial regions where the main muscles of mastication have their insertions. Molar occlusal status is assessed using the concept of functional units. Mandibular morphology is assessed using a suite of ten linear measurements plus the mandibular angle. Results show no evidence for any association between number of molars retained in occlusion and mandibular angle. There was an association between mandibular size and number of molars retained in occlusion, with smaller mandibular dimensions in those retaining fewer occluding molars. Some measurements were affected more than others so that there was also some shape alteration. Alteration of mandibular dimensions was more clearly demonstrable in females than in males. Only in females could significant reduction in the ascending ramus and gonial regions be demonstrated. Reasons for the apparent difference in response to loss of molar occlusion between male and female mandibles are unclear, but sex differences in bony metabolism mediated by hormonal factors may be implicated. Results suggest that care should be exercised when including mandibles from individuals showing loss of molar occlusion in morphological studies. Am J Phys Anthropol 152:383–392, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.  相似文献   

15.
Differential growth of the craniofacial complex implies variation in ontogenetic patterns of development. This investigation quantifies the relative maturity—as defined by percent adult status—of nine cephalometric dimensions and stature. Analysis is based on 663 lateral cephalograms from a mixed longitudinal sample of 26 males and 25 females between 4 and 16 years of age. Graphic comparison of maturity status across the age range shows that variation is intergraded between the neural and somatic growth maturity patterns, as described by head height and stature, respectively. The maturity gradient moves from head height through anterior cranial base, posterior cranial base and maxillary length, upper facial height, corpus length, and ramus height to stature. After 9 years of age ramus height is less mature than stature. Anterior maxillary and mandibular heights diminish during transitional dentition and thereafter exhibit maturity patterns that compare to corpus length. Although females are consistently more mature than males, the gradient of variation between dimensions is sex independent.  相似文献   

16.
湿地松林叶面积指数测算   总被引:11,自引:6,他引:5  
李轩然  刘琪璟  蔡哲  马泽清 《生态学报》2006,26(12):4099-4105
对湿地松(Pinus elliotii)当年生和多年生两针一束、三针一束叶片的长度、宽度、厚度和重量分别进行量测,据此探讨不同类型叶片的叶形和比叶面积差异,并结合样地调查数据对中科院千烟洲试验站湿地松人工林的叶面积指数进行计算。结果表明:湿地松三针一束叶片合拢后横切面基本呈圆形,当年生叶和多年生叶的平均直径分别为1.688mm和1.706mm;两针一束叶片合拢后从统计学上讲横切面不是圆形,而是椭圆形,叶片厚度方向直径大于宽度方向(当年生叶厚度和宽度方向直径分别为1.580ram和1.422mm,多年生叶分别为1.568mm和1.410mm),但如果把厚度和宽度方向直径的平均值近似成圆柱体直径计算时误差在3%以内;如果只用厚度或宽度方向直径代表平均直径计算结果会有2%。10%的误差;当年生叶和多年生叶、两针一束叶和三针一束叶之间比叶面积差别很大,计算的三种比叶面积(投影比叶面积、圆柱面比叶面积和比表面积)中,当年生叶的比叶面积明显大于多年生叶,三针一束叶片的投影比叶面积和比表面积都大于两针一束叶片,但圆柱面比叶面积恰好相反。湿地松林的叶面积指数若按投影叶面积算为3.61,按圆柱面的外表面算为5.12,按总表面积的一半算为4.52,比利用冠层分析仪测量的结果略大。  相似文献   

17.
Size and shape of the mandibular condyle in primates   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
The relationships between the size of the articular surface of the mandibular condyle and masticatory muscle size, tooth size, diet, and biomechanical variables associated with mastication were studied by taking 12 measurements on skulls of 253 adult female anthropoid primates, including three to ten specimens from each of 32 species. In regressions of condylar length, width, or area against body weight, logarithmic transformations substantially improve the fit of the equations compared with untransformed data. There is a strong relationship between condylar measurements and body weight, with all correlations being .94 or higher. The slopes of the allometric regressions of length, width, and area of the condylar head indicate slight positive allometry with body size. Folivorous primates have smaller condyles than frugivorous primates, and colobines have smaller condyles than cebids, cercopithecines, or hominoids. When colobines are eliminated, the differences between frugivores and folivores are not significant. However, the two species with the relatively largest condyles are Pongo pygmaeus and Cercocebus torquatus, suggesting that there may be a relationship between unusually large condylar dimensions and the ability to crack hard nuts between the teeth. Cranial features having strong positive correlations with condylar dimensions include facial prognathism, maxillary incisor size, maxillary postcanine area, mandibular ramus breadth, and temporal fossa area. These data are interpreted as indicating that relatively large condyles are associated with relatively large masticatory muscles, relatively inefficient mandibular biomechanics, and a large dentition. These relationships support the growing evidence that the temporomandibular joint is a stress-bearing joint in normal function.  相似文献   

18.
The mandibular and tooth dimensions were measured on a total of 210 specimens from Romano-British, Anglo-Saxon and nineteenth century times. The measurements were subsequently compared by means of univariate and multivariate techniques. The results indicated that the mandibular dimensions decreased more than tooth dimensions between Romano-British and nineteenth century periods, but did not discriminate whether such mandibular changes occurred primarily in the ramus or corpus of the mandible.  相似文献   

19.
短尾猴下颌骨的性二型   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2  
王红  潘汝亮 《兽类学报》1992,12(3):161-166
对30个成年短尾猴下颌骨的8个有关变量作了性二型研究。单因子分析说明,8个变量均达到了显著差异水平。判别分析得到的第一判别式为:D=-11.013+1.151下颌骨髁长+0.269下颌骨髁宽。当D=-1.271±0.182时,标本为雌性;当D=0.973±0.290时为雄性。雄性下颌骨髁比雌性更长和更宽,且变化较为稳定,可作为种内性别间的鉴别特征。雄性比雌性具有较大咀嚼阻力臂(下颌长),但其他阻力臂则比雌性相对较短。与一些灵长类相同变量的比较说明,短尾猴下颌骨结构与猕猴较为接近,与长尾叶猴则相差甚远。这可反映它们食性和行为方面的亲疏关系。  相似文献   

20.
The absolute and relative breadths of the mandibular ramus (MRB) display substantial variation in modern humans, and are of analytical value in paleoanthropology. According to Enlow et al. ([1969] Am. J. Orthod. 56:6-23), the ramus is the growth counterpart of the middle cranial fossa (MCF) and the pharynx. Such counterpart principles state that variation in ramus breadth is a frequent function of the horizontal alignment of the MCF, and both structures tend to covary within and between populations. These authors also suggested that lateral parts of the basicranium have a particular importance in the positioning of facial components. In the present study, this hypothesis is tested, and relationships between midline and lateral basicranial elements and ramus breadth variation are explored. Two-dimensional landmarks taken from lateral radiographs of adult crania representative of three modern human populations (Europeans, West Africans, and Japanese) were analyzed by geometric morphometry. Our results are consistent with previous counterpart analyses. Furthermore, our findings highlight the significance of the orientation of the petrous temporal to modern human mandibular ramus variation. Variation in the orientation of the petrosal bone appears to alter the spatial position of the mandible and influences MRB. Developmental integration of a petroso-mandibular unit may have important paleoanthropological implications.  相似文献   

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