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1.
端粒是真核生物染色体末端的一种特殊结构,对于维持染色体稳定性具有十分重要的意义,端粒长度的维持则需要端粒酶催化完成,端粒的长短和端粒酶的功能异常与细胞衰老和癌变有密切关联。回顾了端粒与端粒酶的发现历程及研究意义。  相似文献   

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端粒及端粒酶研究的最新进展   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
胡建  覃文新  万大方  顾健人 《生命科学》2001,13(3):113-118,138
端粒是位于真核细胞染色体末端由重复DNA序列和蛋白组成的复合物,它具有保护染色体、介导染色体复制、引导减数分裂时的同源染爸体配对和调节细胞衰老等方面的作用。正常体细胞每分裂一代,端粒就会缩短一段,而端粒酶的作用是将一段端粒序列加到端粒末端,从而维持端粒长度。正常体细胞中是没有端粒酶活性的,而在大多数肿瘤细胞中都发现了端粒酶的表达,提示端粒和端粒酶在癌症发生和肿瘤细胞行为中具有重要作用。  相似文献   

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端粒和端粒酶的发现及其生物学意义   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
2009年的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖授予了美国加州大学旧金山分校的Elizabeth H.Blackburn、约翰霍普金斯大学的Carol W.Greider以及哈佛医学院的Jack W.Szostak三位科学家,肯定他们在发现端粒以及端粒酶保护染色体末端方面所做出的贡献。端粒以及端粒酶的发现历经近半个世纪,追溯起端粒和端粒酶的整个发现过程,却是耐人寻味,给人启发。端粒是真核生物中位于染色体末端的DNA和蛋白质的复合物,它对于维持基因组的完整性以及染色体的稳定性都有着至关重要的作用。端粒DNA可以被一种特化的称为“端粒酶”的逆转录酶延伸。端粒长度的维持以及端粒结构的稳定在细胞衰老、癌症发生以及干细胞全能性自我更新能力维持等生命过程中都起重要作用。  相似文献   

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摘要:端粒是位于染色体末端的特殊核蛋白复合物,其高度保守的重复序列和蛋白复合物形成保护环结构,以维持线性染色体的稳定性和完整性。端粒酶通过添加富含鸟嘌呤的重复序列,在维持和调节端粒长度、细胞永生性和衰老中起着重要作用。通过研究病变细胞的端粒长度变化趋势和端粒酶活性,可为选择端粒酶作为治疗癌症的标记物提供理论参考。本文针对端粒、端粒酶的结构和日常作用机理,以及它们在肝细胞癌中的研究进展进行综述,以期有助于恶性肿瘤和代谢性疾病的预防、诊断和治疗。  相似文献   

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端粒及端粒酶的研究进展   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
端粒是真核细胞染色体末端的特有结构,是由端粒结合蛋白和一段重复序列的端粒DNA组成的一个高度精密的复合体,在维持染色体末端稳定性,避免染色体被核酸酶降解等方面起着重要的作用。端粒的长度、结构及组织形式受多种端粒结合因子的调控。由于端粒的重要性,在哺乳动物细胞里,端粒的长度或端粒结构变化与癌症发生及细胞衰老有密切的关系。由于末端复制问题的存在,随着细胞分裂次数的增加,端粒不断缩短,细胞不可避免的走向衰老或凋亡。由于在细胞分裂过程中端粒长度的不断缩短与细胞分裂代数增加具有相关性,即端粒长度反应了细胞的分裂次数,因此有人将端粒形象的比喻为生物时钟。在90%的癌细胞中,端粒酶被重新激活,以此来维持端粒的长度,使细胞走向永生化。简要综述了端粒、端粒酶及端粒酶结合蛋白的最新研究进展。  相似文献   

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端粒及端粒酶的研究进展   总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13  
端粒是染色体末端独特的蛋白质-DNA结构,在保护染色体的完整性和维持细胞的复制能力方面起着重要的作用.端粒酶则是由RNA和蛋白质亚基组成的、能够延长端粒的一种特殊反转录酶.端粒长度和端粒酶活性的变化与细胞衰老和癌变密切相关.端粒结合蛋白可能通过调节端粒酶的活性来调节端粒长度,进而控制细胞的衰老、永生化和癌变.研制端粒酶的专一性抑制剂在肿瘤治疗方面有着广阔的前景.  相似文献   

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端粒是真核生物染色体末端存在的一种特殊结构。对于保护染色体免受降解和阻止末端融合具有十分重要的意义,此外它的长度还与细胞寿命相关。端粒DNA的延长由端粒酶催化完成,而端粒酶是1984年由格雷德首先鉴定成功,从而极大推动了端粒的深入研究。由于端粒和端粒酶的重要生理功能.格雷德与另外两位科学家分享了2009年诺贝尔生理学与医学奖。简单介绍格雷德端粒酶的发现过程及研究意义。  相似文献   

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维持基因组完整性是每个生物生存的关键 ,端粒保护是维持这一稳定的重要机制之一。体内有多种蛋白复合物共同作用以保证DNA末端不丢失或染色体末端不发生融合。端粒酶和其它一些蛋白在维持端粒的过程中有重要作用 ,这些蛋白如何共同维持端粒的正确长度并在细胞分裂过程中复制端粒是一个复杂的机制。Loayza等发现 ,人体内的POT1是一种与酵母细胞中结合单链端粒DNA蛋白相关的蛋白。POT1分子出现在人染色体的末端 ,而且POT1出现在染色体末端的量与多鸟嘌呤核苷酸单链重复区域多少有关 ,重复区域越多 ,POT1出现的越多。POT1不是完全靠…  相似文献   

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端粒的生物学功能主要是保护染色体末端,避免核酸酶对染色体末端的降解,防止染色体之间发生融合和重排。大多数人类肿瘤细胞通常通过端粒酶活性的重新激活来延长端粒,从而稳定染色体端粒DNA的长度。端粒酶是由端粒酶逆转录酶和端粒酶RNA模板组成的具有特殊逆转录活性的核糖核蛋白复合物。抑制端粒酶阳性细胞中的端粒酶活性会导致细胞凋亡或衰老。目前有多种以端粒和端粒酶为靶点来进行肿瘤治疗的策略。  相似文献   

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The telomere integrity is maintained via replication machinery, telomere associated proteins and telomerase. Many telomere associated proteins are regulated in a cell cycle-dependent manner. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNP A1), a single-stranded oligonucleotide binding protein, is thought to play a pivotal role in telomere maintenance. Here, we identified hnRNP A1 as a novel substrate for vaccinia-related kinase 1 (VRK1), a cell cycle regulating kinase. Phosphorylation by VRK1 potentiates the binding of hnRNP A1 to telomeric ssDNA and telomerase RNA in vitro and enhances its function for telomerase reaction. VRK1 deficiency induces a shortening of telomeres with an abnormal telomere arrangement and activation of DNA-damage signaling in mouse male germ cells. Together, our data suggest that VRK1 is required for telomere maintenance via phosphorylation of hnRNP A1, which regulates proteins associated with the telomere and telomerase RNA.  相似文献   

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广义的端粒由帽子、双链的串联重复序列的DNA核心部分及亚端粒构成,其结合蛋白是一个复合体,由TRF1、TRF2、TIN2、Pot1、TPP1、RAP1 6个亚单位组成;另外,还结合组蛋白的特定成分H3K9三甲基聚合体和H4K20三甲基聚合体。端粒酶主要由hTerc、hTert、dyskerin构成。端粒的功能主要受端粒酶的活性调控;而端粒酶活性主要受hTert及hTerc的转录水平和转录后的剪切、hTert的翻译等因素的调控。端粒与端粒酶结构和功能的异常与细胞衰老及肿瘤的发生、发展关系密切。  相似文献   

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Telomerase is the enzyme responsible for maintenance of the length of telomeres by addition of guanine-rich repetitive sequences. Telomerase activity is exhibited in gametes and stem and tumor cells. In human somatic cells proliferation potential is strictly limited and senescence follows approximately 50–70 cell divisions. In most tumor cells, on the contrary, replication potential is unlimited. The key role in this process of the system of the telomere length maintenance with involvement of telomerase is still poorly studied. No doubt, DNA polymerase is not capable to completely copy DNA at the very ends of chromosomes; therefore, approximately 50 nucleotides are lost during each cell cycle, which results in gradual telomere length shortening. Critically short telomeres cause senescence, following crisis, and cell death. However, in tumor cells the system of telomere length maintenance is activated. Besides catalytic telomere elongation, independent telomerase functions can be also involved in cell cycle regulation. Inhibition of the telomerase catalytic function and resulting cessation of telomere length maintenance will help in restriction of tumor cell replication potential. On the other hand, formation of temporarily active enzyme via its intracellular activation or due to stimulation of expression of telomerase components will result in telomerase activation and telomere elongation that can be used for correction of degenerative changes. Data on telomerase structure and function are summarized in this review, and they are compared for evolutionarily remote organisms. Problems of telomerase activity measurement and modulation by enzyme inhibitors or activators are considered as well.  相似文献   

15.
Bai Y  Murnane JP 《Human genetics》2003,113(4):337-347
Werner Syndrome (WS) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by premature aging and chromosome instability. The protein involved in WS, WRN, is a RecQ-type helicase that also has exonuclease activity. WRN has been demonstrated to bind to a variety of other proteins, including RPA, DNA-PKcs, and TRF2, suggesting that WRN is involved in DNA replication, repair, recombination, and telomere maintenance. In culture, WS cells show premature senescence, which can be overcome by transfection with an expression vector containing the gene for the catalytic subunit of telomerase. However, telomerase expression does not eliminate chromosome instability in WS cells, which led to the proposal that telomere loss is not the cause of the high rate of chromosome rearrangements in WS cells. In the present study, we have investigated how a WRN protein containing a dominant-negative mutation (K577M-WRN) influences the stability of telomeres in a human tumor cell line expressing telomerase. The results demonstrate an increased rate of telomere loss and chromosome fusion in cells expressing K577M-WRN. Expression of K577M-WRN results in reduced levels of telomerase activity, however, the absence of detectable changes in average telomere length demonstrates that WRN-associated telomere loss results from stochastic events involving complete telomere loss or loss of telomere capping function. Thus, telomere loss can contribute to chromosome instability in cells deficient in WRN regardless of the expression of telomerase activity.  相似文献   

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Evans SK  Lundblad V 《Genetics》2002,162(3):1101-1115
The telomerase-associated Est1 protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mediates enzyme access by bridging the interaction between the catalytic core of telomerase and the telomere-binding protein Cdc13. In addition to recruiting telomerase, Est1 may act as a positive regulator of telomerase once the enzyme has been brought to the telomere, as previously suggested by the inability of a Cdc13-Est2 fusion protein to promote extensive telomere elongation in an est1-Delta strain. We report here three classes of mutant Est1 proteins that retain association with the telomerase enzyme but confer different in vivo consequences. Class 1 mutants display a telomere replication defect but are capable of promoting extensive telomere elongation in the presence of a Cdc13-Est2 fusion protein, consistent with a defect in telomerase recruitment. Class 2 mutants fail to elongate telomeres even in the presence of the Cdc13-Est2 fusion, which is the phenotype predicted for a defect in the proposed second regulatory function of EST1. A third class of mutants impairs an activity of Est1 that is potentially required for the Ku-mediated pathway of telomere length maintenance. The isolation of mutations that perturb separate functions of Est1 demonstrates that a telomerase holoenzyme subunit can contribute multiple regulatory roles to telomere length maintenance.  相似文献   

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