天目山物种多样性尺度依赖及其与空间格局关系的多重分形

以浙江省天目山国家级自然保护区为例,采用多尺度分析思想,利用多重分形分析方法,研究了不同尺度下物种多样性的变化、空间分布格局以及多样性与空间格局之间的关系。研究主要得到3方面的结论：（1）物种多样性具有尺度依赖性,随着空间尺度的增大,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数Ⅳ增大,Margalef多样性指数足和均匀度指数E减小;（2）多重分形参数αmin。多重分形谱的变化范围SR等能够定量反映物种的空间分布特征,空间大尺度越大,物种越聚集,空间分布越不均匀;（3）物种多样性与空间格局存在线性或幂函数关系。研究表明多重分形分析定量描述物种空间格局是有效性的,多重分形参数与生物多样性之间的定量关系为研究物种空间格局、生态属性与尺度之间的关系奠定了基础。因此,分形结合传统方法,在生物多样性方面的研究将有很大的潜在价值。     

气候变化对东北主要地带性植被类型分布的影响

准确地划分地带性主要植被类型分布的适宜区域,可为区域植被恢复与重建、生物多样性保护等工作提供有益的理论参考。在检验1961—2013年东北地区气候变化突变点的基础上,基于东北地区主要植被类型热量指标,研究气候变化对该区域主要植被类型适宜分布区域的影响,并利用2000年和2013年土地类型覆盖数据(MCD12Q1),对推算的适宜分布区域进行验证,结果表明:大兴安岭气温突变点为1982年,其它地区为1988年,东北地区各生态地理区年降水量没有明显的突变点。气温突变点后适宜在东北地区生长的主要植被种类没有变化,但各植被类型的分布区域均有所改变,其中高山冻原、亚高山矮曲林、寒温带针叶林和温带针阔叶混交林适宜分布区域面积减小,暖温带落叶阔叶林和温带草原面积增大。气温突变点前后各植被类型适宜分布区的地理中心均发生了不同程度的移动,其中移动距离最大的是南部地区的亚高山矮曲林,向东北方向移动了135.44km。与主要植被类型实际分布相对比,证明气候变化对研究区植被类型分布可能已经产生了影响。     

贡嘎山东坡植被垂直带谱的物种多样性格局分析

为了探讨贡嘎山东坡海拔梯度上植物多样性的结构物征及格局变化,基于植被垂直带谱的样带和样方调查,分析了物种丰度与种－面积关系的垂直变化,物种多样性生态和地理成分的海拔梯度格局,去势对应分析（DCA）和典范对应分析（CCA）被用于分析17种环境因子之间的相关性,和环境因子对27个多样性结构成分和67个样方空间格局的影响,并定量分离不同尺度的环境变量对多样性格局分异的贡献。结果表明：1）贡嘎山东坡的植物物种多样性总体上表现了自下而上降低的梯度,但从河谷干旱灌草丛带到常绿阔叶林带和高山灌丛带到草甸带显示了相反的梯度变化;2）10种分布区类型的物种有各不相同的垂直丰度格局,9种生活型的物种多样性垂直格局则反映了草本与木本类型的明显差异;3）从河谷干旱草丛到山地针阔混交林的生物多样性结构变化主要反映水分梯度的影响;而从山地针阔混交林到高山草甸,多样性结构变化的主导因子是气温;4）气候的垂直梯度和生境的局部异质性是物种多样性格局两组不同作用尺度和性质的影响因子,总体上76．83％的多样性变异得到了解释,其中寒冷指数的作用最为突出,分析结果支持了关于生物多样性格局机理的不同假说,同时表明,贡嘎山东坡植物地理的垂直变化不仅受到现代环境因子的控制,区域环境变迁和区系发育历史的影响也是不可忽略的。     

延河流域植物叶性状间关系及其在不同植被带的表达

以延河流域不同植被带的地带性植物群落为研究对象,对群落优势种和主要伴生种的6种叶片性状进行测定,分析这些性状及其关系随环境梯度的变化,以了解该区域植物对环境变化的适应策略.结果表明: 植物比叶面积(SLA)与叶组织密度(LTD)、叶片单位面积氮和磷含量均呈显著负相关,与单位质量叶片磷含量呈显著正相关;各性状间的尺度关系和生存对策在不同植被带不同,典型草原带和森林草原带植物LTD SLA的尺度依赖关系比森林带植物的强,而森林带植物叶片单位〖JP2〗面积N、P含量与SLA、LTD间的尺度关系较草原带更明显,植物对环境的适应策略发生了位移.在干旱贫瘠的草原带和森林草原带,植物以防御和抗胁迫策略为主,而在环境条件相对湿润、富养的森林带,植物以快速生长和资源优化配置策略为主.     

基于多尺度秦巴山区生态系统服务权衡协同关系的表达

秦巴山区是中国南北过渡带,具有明显的多维地带性结构和复杂的地貌特征,从大、中、小不同的空间尺度上研究生态系统服务权衡协同关系,为区域间的山水林田湖草生态保护提供基础性参考。从全域、综合分区、典型样区、样点间隔4个尺度分析秦巴山区2005—2015年植被净初级生产力(NPP)、粮食生产、土壤保持、生境质量、水资源供给5种生态系统服务之间权衡协同关系。结果表明:①从全域尺度:水资源供给分别与生境质量、土壤保持、NPP、粮食生产呈现协同关系;NPP分别与生境质量、土壤保持同呈现协同关系;生境质量与土壤保持是协同的关系;粮食生产分别与生境质量、土壤保持呈现权衡的关系。②从综合分区尺度:依据地貌和气候类型划分的综合分区,会出现特定的区域内生态系统服务关系的异同,加上影响生态系统服务的机制不同,促使生态系统服务间的关系在综合分区的体现也有所差别。③典型样区尺度:山地的南北坡在气候类型、植被类型、地貌特征等方面存在明显的差异性,随着时间的推移生态系统服务之间会发生相互转变。④样点间隔尺度:成对服务间的权衡/协同关系与样点间隔尺度存在一定的关联性,不同的间隔尺度权衡/协同关系的发展趋势存在差异性。该研究可以协助决策者在适当的空间尺度制定相应生态管理策略,促进生态-经济协同发展。     

神农架自然遗产地植被垂直带谱的特点和代表性

充分认识并掌握我国自然遗产地山地植被垂直带谱代表性,对正确评估自然遗产地的价值进而制定相关保护管理政策具有重要的科学意义和现实意义。该研究基于群落调查数据、全球1 km~2土地利用数据,通过对比分析、空间分析等方法,从植被垂直带谱的地带性、完整性及不同垂直带群落物种更替等角度,分析论证了神农架自然遗产地植被垂直带谱的代表性。结果显示:神农架自然遗产地从低海拔到高海拔依次发育有常绿阔叶林带(遗产地南坡)、常绿落叶阔叶混交林带、落叶阔叶林带、针阔混交林带、针叶林带及亚高山灌丛和草甸带,其北坡保存的地带性常绿落叶阔叶混交林是北半球常绿落叶阔叶混交林生态系统的最典型代表。神农架自然遗产地拥有的植被垂直带谱是"全球生物地理区划"中东方落叶林生物地理省最完整的植被垂直带谱,在东方落叶林生物地理省具有唯一性和代表性,在较小的水平距离范围内浓缩了中亚热带、北亚热带、暖温带、温带和寒温带等生态系统特征,成为研究全球气候变化下山地生态系统垂直分异规律及其生态学过程的杰出范例,具有突出的世界自然遗产价值。     

云南地方稻核心种质氮磷高效性

采用盆栽试验以红壤设置不施磷（有效磷0．02mg·kg^-1）和施磷（有效磷69．76mg·kg^-1）、不施氮（有效氮156．7mg·kg^-1）和施氮（232．18mg·kg^-1）4种处理，以16个形态性状的相对指标用SPSS软件分析了来自云南省16个州548份云南稻核心种质氮磷高效的地带性特征，结果表明：低有效磷胁迫下云南稻核心种质形态性状生态差异磷效应明显高于氮效应；提出了茎蘖数、秆重、生物产量、根重、全株重和穗重共6个相对指标既可作为云南稻核心种质磷高效和氮高效基因型筛选的理想指标，又能反映州市间核心种质氮磷高效的地带性特征。聚类分析显示云南16个州市稻核心种质氮高效和磷高效特性划分为3个地带性区域，并与山脉水系、土壤肥力、生态因子和遗传多样性有关。     

陆栖哺乳动物的地理隔离研究进展

地理隔离是驱动物种分布格局形成的主要因素之一。本文回顾和总结了近几十年来地理隔离影响陆栖哺乳动物空间分布的研究成果, 从自然因素和人为因素两方面就地理隔离对物种分布的影响研究进展进行了综述。自然因素包括山脉、水体、沙漠和其他极端环境、气候变化等, 这些要素通常是在陆栖哺乳动物的缓慢演化进程中发挥作用; 人为因素侧重于因人类活动参与导致的物种分布变化, 包括景观结构变化、交通设施建设等, 在短短几百年甚至几十年内, 可以使物种分布特征发生显著变化。地理隔离对陆栖哺乳动物分布的作用是普遍而相对的, 长期存在且处于动态变化中。多种地理隔离因素之间的尺度效应不同, 哺乳动物在适应地理隔离的过程中表现出了生物个体和种群的响应过程。最后, 建议今后重点开展以下几方面的研究: (1)基于历史动物地理学与生态动物地理学, 深入研究地理隔离与动物地理边界形成的原因; (2)微观尺度下, 借助分子生物学和各种组学技术探讨地理隔离对物种遗传和适应机制的影响; (3)借鉴其他动物类群的研究经验, 加强对我国陆生哺乳动物的跟踪监测; (4)以数据驱动为导向, 将动物地理学与数据科学相结合, 以更好地分析动物分布的变迁史。     

鼎湖山地带性植被种间联结变化研究

研究鼎湖山地带性植被厚壳桂属（Cryptocarya）群落种间联结15年的变化,以期揭示该群落随时间演替过程中种间关系的变化情况。结果表明,群落的优势种种类组成基本没变化,但与15年前比较,优势种群的种对正负联结比例基本一致,但种间关系趋向平缓,高的正或负联结系数值少见;阳生性的先锋种与中生性建群种的联结系数值增大;群落中的2个亚群丛分化更为明显。表明南亚热带地带性顶极群落稳定是相对的,而波动变化是明显的,尤其是当群落循环演替的进程加剧时。     

空间异质性对样地数据空间外推的影响

应用模型结合的方法模拟了3个空间异质性等级预案下反应变量(气候变化下景观水平的树种分布面积)的变化情况,并分析模拟结果在预案之间的差异性,探讨了环境空间异质性对样地观测到的树种对气候变化响应向更大空间尺度外推的影响.结果表明:空间异质性在一般情况下对样地数据向土地类型尺度外推没有影响,而对样地尺度外推到海拔带尺度的影响则有较复杂的情况.对于对气候变化不敏感的树种以及非地带性树种,空间异质性对样地数据向海拔带尺度外推没有影响;对于大多数对气候变化敏感的地带性树种而言,空间异质性对样地数据向海拔带尺度外推则有影响.     

基于GTWR模型的浙江省海岸带三维生态足迹动态变化及其影响因素

厘清海岸带自然资本存量消耗和自然资本流量占用情况及其影响因素,能有效缓解海岸带社会经济发展与自然资源、生态环境之间的矛盾,促进区域协调可持续发展。本研究基于二维和三维生态足迹评价模型,分析浙江省海岸带2006—2016年生态足迹时空变化特征,基于足迹深度和足迹广度探究了区域自然资本存量和资本流量占用情况,并利用时空地理加权模型分析其影响因素的时空异质性。结果表明: 研究期间,浙江省海岸带生态危机加深,人均生态赤字平均值为3.5 hm²·cap^-1,人均生态赤字上升了15.5%,其中,能源消耗账户对人均生态足迹的贡献率大于生物资源账户;各县区人均生态足迹呈增长趋势,且空间分异显著。浙江省海岸带以消耗自然资本存量为主,且对自然资本流量更新起到较大的抑制作用;2016年,自然资本存量的消耗量是资本流量占有量的14.87倍。城市规模和经济发展水平、人民收入水平对浙江省海岸带各县区生态足迹以正向促进作用为主,渔业生产对生态足迹为负向影响,并有向正向影响作用转换的趋势,3个影响因子的影响机制时空分异性显著。     

Spatial zonation of macrobenthic fauna in Zhanjiang Mangrove Nature Reserve, Guangdong, China

The spatial zonation of macrobenthic fauna in the core region of Zhanjiang Mangrove Nature Reserve was studied with two transects vertical to the shoreline. The first transect was near Deyao Village where three faunal zones of the mangrove swamp could be divided into the following types from the high tide part to the low tide part: the Assiminea lutea-Uca arcuata-Paracleistostoma crassipilum zone, the Cleistostoma dilatatum-Macrophthalmus erato-Littoraria melanostoma zone, and the Paracleistostoma depressum-Cerithidae cingulata zone. Mollusck and crustacean exhibited the highest individual density in this transect. Mollusck mainly influenced the dynamics of community biomass as well as the species diversity index. In the second transect near Hongzhai Village, the following four faunal zones could be determined: the Littoraria melanostoma-Pseudoringicula sinensis-Ceratonereis burmensis zone, the Assiminea lutea-Cleistostoma dilatatum zone with a dominant species belonging to the Ellobiidae, Upogebia sp.-Paracleistostoma depressum zone, and the Metaplax sheni-Cerithidae cingulata zone. The crustacean showed the highest individual density in this transect. Similar to the Deyao transect, dynamics of community biomass and the species diversity index of the Hongzhai transect were mainly influenced by mollusck. By hierarchical clustering and nonmetric multidimensional scaling, the macrobenthic fauna communities could be divided into three and four groups in the Deyao and Hongzhai transects, respectively. These groups corresponded to different types of vegetation of the mangrove swamp. Taken together, our observations indicated that the spatial zonation of the macrobenthic fauna was mainly affected by the characteristics of the mangrove community, sediment characteristics and the tidal line.     

Spatial zonation of macrobenthic fauna in Zhanjiang Mangrove Nature Reserve, Guangdong, China

The spatial zonation of macrobenthic fauna in the core region of Zhanjiang Mangrove Nature Reserve was studied with two transects vertical to the shoreline. The first transect was near Deyao Village where three faunal zones of the mangrove swamp could be divided into the following types from the high tide part to the low tide part: the Assiminea lutea-Uca arcuata-Paracleistostoma crassipilum zone, the Cleistostoma dilatatum-Macrophthalmus erato-Littoraria melanostoma zone, and the Paracleistostoma depressum-Cerithidae cingulata zone. Mollusck and crustacean exhibited the highest individual density in this transect. Mollusck mainly influenced the dynamics of community biomass as well as the species diversity index. In the second transect near Hongzhai Village, the following four faunal zones could be determined: the Littoraria melanostoma-Pseudoringicula sinensis-Ceratonereis burmensis zone, the Assiminea lutea-Cleistostoma dilatatum zone with a dominant species belonging to the Ellobiidae, Upogebia sp.-Paracleistostoma depressum zone, and the Metaplax sheni-Cerithidae cingulata zone. The crustacean showed the highest individual density in this transect. Similar to the Deyao transect, dynamics of community biomass and the species diversity index of the Hongzhai transect were mainly influenced by mollusck. By hierarchical clustering and nonmetric multidimensional scaling, the macrobenthic fauna communities could be divided into three and four groups in the Deyao and Hongzhai transects, respectively. These groups corresponded to different types of vegetation of the mangrove swamp. Taken together, our observations indicated that the spatial zonation of the macrobenthic fauna was mainly affected by the characteristics of the mangrove community, sediment characteristics and the tidal line.     

深圳福田红树林区底栖大型动物群落的空间分带及灌污的可能影响

本文自１９９１年４月至１９９３年１月对深圳福田红树林中底栖大型动物的空间分带及灌污的可能影响进行了研究。结果表明,该红树林湿地中主要出现的底栖动物为拟沼螺科,黑螺科,汇螺科,沙蟹科,方蟹科和弹涂鱼科种类。红树区内底栖动物从高潮位到低潮位可分为３个群落分布带：亮泽拟沼螺带;拟黑螺－褶痕相手蟹带;弧边招潮－印尼拟蟹守螺－刻纹拟沼螺带。群落的分带可能主要由潮位线,食物适应性及底质结构因素决定。林前泥滩底栖动物种类多样性最大,生物量最高。林内动物群落则表现出低种类多样性,高种群个体数的特点。群落总栖息密度的变化基本上由软体动物所主导。生活污水排灌对红树林中底栖大型动物的影响不明显,仅在排污口端引起少数污水动物种类的出现及群落总生物量轻微的升高。     

Response of microbial community structure to the hydrochemical evolution during riverbank filtration: a case study in Shenyang,China

Abstract

Microorganisms are widely involved in the transformation process of physical and chemical properties in the geological and hydrogeological environment. Active participation of microorganisms is important features of the biogeochemical reactions during groundwater exploiting along the riverbank filtration. Hydrodynamic condition has a direct or indirect difference control of the biological effectiveness, chemical activity and mobility of the pollution components, which can affect biogeochemical process. In different biogeochemistry, there will be some exclusive functional bacteria, which is of great significance to understand the biogeochemical mechanism of river water infiltration. This study confirms that there are two main different flow paths from river to the center of the depression cone due to different hydrodynamic conditions and spatial characteristics and scaling effects of redox zonation during riverbank filtration. In different flow paths, the microbial abundance shows obvious spatial heterogeneity. The microbial abundance and species similarity degree of the riverbed and deep flow path sediments has significant correlation. There is a significant correlation between the dominant bacteria and the environmental factors in different hydrodynamic conditions on a spatial scale. This study is the first to reveal the response of microbial community structure to water chemical evolution during riparian filtration. Due to significant positive correlation between the Fe/Mn and As, it brings the potential danger for drinking water.     

Pollination and other ecosystem services produced by mobile organisms: a conceptual framework for the effects of land-use change

Many ecosystem services are delivered by organisms that depend on habitats that are segregated spatially or temporally from the location where services are provided. Management of mobile organisms contributing to ecosystem services requires consideration not only of the local scale where services are delivered, but also the distribution of resources at the landscape scale, and the foraging ranges and dispersal movements of the mobile agents. We develop a conceptual model for exploring how one such mobile-agent-based ecosystem service (MABES), pollination, is affected by land-use change, and then generalize the model to other MABES. The model includes interactions and feedbacks among policies affecting land use, market forces and the biology of the organisms involved. Animal-mediated pollination contributes to the production of goods of value to humans such as crops; it also bolsters reproduction of wild plants on which other services or service-providing organisms depend. About one-third of crop production depends on animal pollinators, while 60–90% of plant species require an animal pollinator. The sensitivity of mobile organisms to ecological factors that operate across spatial scales makes the services provided by a given community of mobile agents highly contextual. Services vary, depending on the spatial and temporal distribution of resources surrounding the site, and on biotic interactions occurring locally, such as competition among pollinators for resources, and among plants for pollinators. The value of the resulting goods or services may feed back via market-based forces to influence land-use policies, which in turn influence land management practices that alter local habitat conditions and landscape structure. Developing conceptual models for MABES aids in identifying knowledge gaps, determining research priorities, and targeting interventions that can be applied in an adaptive management context.     

Modelling distribution in European stream macroinvertebrates under future climates

Climate change is predicted to have profound effects on freshwater organisms due to rising temperatures and altered precipitation regimes. Using an ensemble of bioclimatic envelope models (BEMs), we modelled the climatic suitability of 191 stream macroinvertebrate species from 12 orders across Europe under two climate change scenarios for 2080 on a spatial resolution of 5 arc minutes. Analyses included assessments of relative changes in species’ climatically suitable areas as well as their potential shifts in latitude and longitude with respect to species’ thermal preferences. Climate‐change effects were also analysed regarding species’ ecological and biological groupings, namely (1) endemicity and (2) rarity within European ecoregions, (3) life cycle, (4) stream zonation preference and (5) current preference. The BEMs projected that suitable climate conditions would persist in Europe in the year 2080 for nearly 99% of the modelled species regardless of the climate scenario. Nevertheless, a decrease in the amount of climatically suitable areas was projected for 57–59% of the species. Depending on the scenario, losses could be of 38–44% on average. The suitable areas for species were projected to shift, on average, 4.7–6.6° north and 3.9–5.4° east. Cold‐adapted species were projected to lose climatically suitable areas, while gains were expected for warm‐adapted species. When projections were analysed for different species groupings, only endemics stood out as a particular group. That is, endemics were projected to lose significantly larger amounts of suitable climatic areas than nonendemic species. Despite the uncertainties involved in modelling exercises such as this, the extent of projected distributional changes reveals further the vulnerability of freshwater organisms to climate change and implies a need to understand the consequences for ecological function and biodiversity conservation.     

Climate‐niche factor analysis: a spatial approach to quantifying species vulnerability to climate change

Climate change vulnerability assessments are an important tool for understanding the threat that climate change poses to species and populations, but do not generally yield insight into the spatial variation in vulnerability throughout a species’ habitat. We demonstrate how to adapt the method of ecological‐niche factor analysis (ENFA) to objectively quantify aspects of species sensitivity to climate change. We then expand ENFA to quantify aspects of exposure and vulnerability to climate change as well, using future projections of global climate models. This approach provides spatially‐explicit insight into geographic patterns of vulnerability, relies only on readily‐available spatial data, is suitable for a wide range of species and habitats, and invites comparison between different species. We apply our methods to a case study of two species of montane mammals, the American pika Ochotona princeps and the yellow‐bellied marmot Marmota flaviventris.     

丽香铁路建设对沿线景观格局影响的尺度效应及其生态风险

高原铁路作为大型廊道工程,线长点多、途经环境敏感,其对沿线生态环境影响评价范围的界定在环评工作实践中易产生争议.本文以丽香铁路唐布至建塘段为研究对象,利用2012年1∶10000土地利用现状图和数字高程模型为数据源,采用缓冲区与景观指数方法,构建了廊道切割度指数和廊道干扰累积作用指数,改进了衡量铁路建设后的生态风险指数.通过定量分析不同空间尺度下铁路建设前后景观格局时空变化特征和演变规律,得到本段铁路最适宜评价尺度,并在该尺度内对铁路建设前后生态风险时空变化特征进行分析.结果表明：廊道切割度指数有效反映出铁路廊道对各种景观类型的切割方式和程度,廊道干扰累积作用指数可衡量铁路风险源与风险受体之间暴露与危害关系;铁路建设后,铁路廊道将对沿线景观产生较大的正中切割作用,边缘切割和内部切割作用较小,林地和草地所受影响最大;景观格局指数在600 m缓冲区内尺度效应最明显,因此设置600 m为本段铁路最适宜生态影响评价范围;铁路建设前,600 m评价区以低生态风险为主,铁路建设后,生态风险显著增加,以中等以上生态风险区域为主;研究区生态风险具有南低北高,多核环形的分布特征.     

广东湛江红树林保护区大型底栖动物群落的空间分带

用生态样带研究了广东湛江红树林保护区高桥镇核心区大型底栖动物的空间分带。结果表明：德耀村红树剖面中出现的大型底栖动物优势种类为琵琶拟沼螺、悦目大眼蟹、扁平拟闭口蟹、宽身闭口蟹、黑口滨螺、等齿角沙蚕、弧边招潮和中华伪露齿螺。该剖面大型底栖动物从高潮位到低潮位可分为3个分布带：琵琶拟沼螺-弧边招潮-浓毛拟闭口蟹带；宽身闭口蟹．悦目大眼蟹．黑口滨螺带；扁平拟闭口蟹-珠带拟蟹手螺带。群落生物量的变化主要由软体动物所主导，栖息密度的变化主要由软体动物和甲壳动物所主导，多样性指数变化主要由软体动物所主导。红寨村红树剖面中出现的大型底栖动物优势种类为琵琶拟沼螺、蝼姑虾、扁平拟闭口蟹、宽身闭口蟹、耳螺科的一种、黑口滨螺、中华伪露齿螺、哈氏仿对虾、弧边招潮和等齿角沙蚕。该剖面大型底栖动物也可分为4个分布带：黑口滨螺-中华伪露齿螺-等齿角沙蚕带；琵琶拟沼螺-宽身闭口蟹-耳螺科的一种带；蝼蛄虾．扁平拟闭口蟹带；沈氏长方蟹-珠带拟蟹守螺带。群落生物量的变化也主要由软体动物所主导，栖息密度的变化主要由甲壳动物所主导，多样性指数变化主要由软体动物所主导。底栖动物群落的等级聚类和非参数多变量标序显示，大型底栖动物分带与红树植物群落类型相一致。大型底栖动物分带受红树植物群落类型影响的主要原因是不同红树植物群落间的群落特征、沉积物性质和所处潮位线存在差异。