大气污染对38种木本植物的伤害特征

38种苗龄1—2a生的木本植物盆栽于相对清洁区(华南植物园和2个污染点：佛山市南海区五星和佛山市禅城区东村。1a后,根据叶片伤害程度、新叶增长率、种个体长势、翌春植株恢复状况等综合评价植物对氟化物、硫化物和酸雨组成的大气复合污染的敏感性反应。根据试验结果将供试植物对大气污染的敏感性反应分为3种类型：(1)低敏感性(抗性强),有茶花、红花油茶、傅园榕、小叶榕、桂花、环榕、菩提榕、石笔木、毛黄肉楠、幌伞枫10种。(2)中等敏感(抗性中等),有仪花、格木、吊瓜树、腊肠树、海南红豆、猫尾木、红桂木、灰莉、铁冬青、密花树、白桂木、小叶胭脂、大头茶、复羽叶栾、灰木莲、火焰木、华润楠17种。(3)高度敏感(抗性弱),有铁刀木、观光木、白木香、日本杜英、蓝花楹、蝴蝶树、印度紫檀、柳叶楠、无忧树、海南木莲、乐昌含笑11种。研究结果可为热带、南亚热带地区有类似大气污染的环境进行园林绿化,生态公益林营造提供参考。     

城市绿化植物对大气污染的响应

研究了19种盆栽于广州市工业生产点(IS)、交通枢纽点(TS)和公园对照点(CS)的木本植物对大气污染的响应。综合污染指数表明3个研究地点2000年的污染程度由大到小的顺序为IS>TS>CS。在污染点生长的19种绿化植物叶片的叶绿素含量、Fv/Fm都有不同程度的降低,细胞膜渗漏率则上升。不同绿化植物对大气污染的响应不同,印度胶树,榕树,黄榕,海南红豆,夹竹桃,山玉兰,灰莉,桃花心木,牛乳树等对工业废气和机动车尾气等大气污染都有较强的抗性,而肖蒲桃,仪花,木棉,朱槿等对大气污染较为敏感。     

叶片组织结构特征对氯气、二氧化硫的抗性研究

为研究叶片组织结构和植物对大气污染的抗性关系,本文对75种植物叶片的解剖结构进行了观察,并测量了它们的形态指标。初步结论如下:(1)早生结构的叶片,表现为叶较厚、角质层厚等,对大气污染具较强的抗性;(2)具发达贮水组织的肉质叶,抗性较强;(3)阴生结构叶片,如叶较薄、纸质或柔软者,多是敏感植物;(4)在少数科中,如桑科、赤铁科,夹竹桃科等有不少种类属抗性植物;(5)在污染条件下,气孔开放度对植物的伤害有重要影响;(6)栅栏组织细胞层数,栅栏组织厚度和叶片厚度之比,对植物的敏感性没有直接相关关系;(7)叶片解剖结构特征,在评价植物对大气污染的抗性有其局限性。     

大气污染胁迫下9种植物幼苗叶片热值、C/N和灰分含量比较

用氧弹热值仪测定了生长在硫和氟复合污染环境和相对洁净环境下的9种木本植物幼苗叶片热值。结果表明,植物叶片的基础干重热值、灰分含量因种类不同而有差异,其中热值较高的(大于19．00kJ g^-1)植物有铁冬青(Ilex rotunda)、华润楠(Machilus chinensis)和仪花(Lysidice rhodostegia),热值中等的(介于18．00-19．00kJ g^-1)植物有复羽叶栾树(Koelreuteria bipinnata)、环榕(Ficus annulata)、乐昌含笑(Michelia chapensis)、小叶榕(Ficus microcarpa)和红花油茶(Camellia semiserrata),热值低的(低于18．00kJ g^-1)种类有火焰木(Spathodea campanulata)。大气污染导致复羽叶栾树、华润楠和铁冬青幼苗叶片基础干重热值增加,仪花、含笑、小叶榕、火焰木和红花油茶幼苗叶片基础干重热值下降,环榕基础干重热值则维持相对稳定。Pearson相关系数分析表明,9种植物幼苗叶片去灰分热值与叶片自身C／N比、叶片灰分含量的相关性均不显著,但污染胁迫下植物幼苗叶片热值相对波动程度与其对污染物的抗性有关,提示叶片热值可以作为植物幼苗对硫和氟复合污染的敏感性指标。     

4种木本植物对热带珊瑚岛极端环境的适应策略解析

为探索适生木本植物对热带珊瑚岛极端环境的适应策略，从海南文昌移栽夹竹桃(Nerium indicum)、黄金香柳(Melaleuca bracteata)、桑树(Morus alba)和银叶树(Heritiera littoralis)到热带珊瑚岛，对两地植物的叶片形态解剖学特性和抗性生理特征进行比较研究。结果表明，与文昌相比，热带珊瑚岛桑树的比叶面积显著增高；夹竹桃的栅栏海绵组织比无显著差异，而其他3种植物则显著降低；夹竹桃和桑树的叶绿素含量显著增高，黄金香柳和银叶树则显著降低；桑树的总抗氧化能力显著降低，其他3种植物则显著升高；夹竹桃的脯氨酸含量显著降低，其他3种植物则显著升高。因此，4种木本植物为适应热带珊瑚岛生境，夹竹桃和桑树呈现出“提高碳同化潜力-承受更高伤害”策略；而黄金香柳和银叶树呈现为“提高抵抗力-降低碳同化潜力”策略。     

广州市大气污染对两种绿化植物叶绿素荧光特性的影响

研究了广州市工业生产区 (CS)、交通枢纽区 (GC)、居民生活区 (GP)和清洁对照区 (BY)等 4个大气采样点栽种的两种绿化植物大叶紫薇 (Lagerstroemiaspeciosa)和白兰 (Micheliaalba)叶绿素荧光特性的差别。综合污染指数表明 4个研究地点的污染程度由大到小的顺序为交通枢纽区 (GC) >工业生产区 (CS) >居民生活区 (GP) >清洁对照区 (BY)。不同污染地点大叶紫薇和白兰叶片的叶绿素含量、Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo,ΦPSⅡ和qP随污染程度的加剧而减少 ,细胞膜渗漏率和qN则上升。白兰这些参数的减少或增加的幅度大于大叶紫薇。用外源NaHSO3 或MV处理这两种植物时 ,细胞渗漏率的增加量和叶绿素含量下降量都是白兰大于大叶紫薇。结果表明绿化植物叶绿体光系统II活性和膜系统完整度的下降与其生长地点污染程度的加剧是一致的 ,大叶紫薇的抗污染能力大于白兰     

植物监测大气污染及其抗性

研究了在佛山市不同污染点东村和五星盆栽的30种绿化植物的叶面积、Fv/Fm、叶片细胞膜渗漏率及光合色素含量相对于清洁对照点华南植物园的差异。结果显示,大气污染条件下,绿化植物叶片的生长受到抑制,PSⅡ最大光化学效率下降,光合色素发生降解,细胞膜受到了伤害。各实验点所有植物叶面积、Fv/Fm及光合色素含量平均值均为:植物园>五星>东村,而叶片细胞膜渗漏率平均值为:植物园<五星<东村,与大气污染程度相一致。方差分析表明,上述指标中叶面积对大气污染最敏感,Fv/Fm受种间差异影响最小。受大气污染影响,各生理参数的变化具有不相关性。各项生理参数均表现出抗性的种有白桂木(Artocarpushypargyreus)、环榕(Ficusannulata)、广宁油茶(Camelliasemiserrata);而枫香(Liquidambarformosana)为敏感种。     

30种园林植物对短期大气污染的生理生态反应

 30种2～3年生园林植物分别盆栽于不同污染强度的工业生产区、交通繁忙区和相对清洁区,在第一生长季结束后对各试验区植物叶片气体交换特征参数进行测定,评价了大气污染对不同植物种类的可能影响效果。结果表明：工业污染区和交通繁忙区均有较高的SO2浓度,交通繁忙区NOx浓度明显高于其它试验区。根据综合污染指数,3个试验区污染强度为交通繁忙区>工业污染区>相对清洁区。生长在污染区的大多数植物的净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率(E)和气孔导度（gs） 均出现不同程度的下降,下降幅度因植物种类不同而有较大差异。植物Pn、E与gs之间存在显著线性相关关系,表明多数植物能够感应污染胁迫和调节气孔开张度,是植物对胁迫环境的一种适应策略。但是污染胁迫下Pn、E与gs线性相关的显著程度被削弱,表现出污染胁迫下不同植物种类Pn和E的变化与gs变化的不协同性和复杂性。根据Pn下降程度可将植物分组为轻度敏感（11种）、中度敏感（11种）和高度敏感植物（8种）。      

长春花(Catharanthus roseus)对热带珊瑚岛生理生态适应性研究

长春花(Catharanthus roseus)是夹竹桃科的一种亚灌木植物,具有重要的药用价值和观赏价值,在前期的试验性种植中,发现长春花对热带珊瑚岛环境有很强的适应性。为了探讨长春花对热带珊瑚岛环境的生理生态适应性,该文以移植到热带珊瑚岛的长春花和生长于海南省文昌市苗圃的长春花为研究对象,对其叶片的形态解剖结构、生理学特征、营养元素含量等进行了分析。结果表明:(1)与苗圃生长的长春花和其他耐胁迫的植物相比,移植到热带珊瑚岛上的长春花具有叶片厚、栅栏组织发达、比叶面积小等形态解剖特征,这些特征有利于其光能吸收、水分储存和对环境资源的利用。(2)长春花的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性较高,表现出较强的抗氧化性和抗胁迫能力。(3)长春花的叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量较低,可以减少过多的光能进入叶绿体光合系统,防止过剩的光能对光合系统产生伤害。(4)热带珊瑚岛土壤养分含量低,但生长在岛上的长春花叶片的营养元素含量高,表现出很强的养分吸收和利用能力。因此,长春花对干旱、贫瘠等恶劣生境具有很好的适应能力,可以作为热带珊瑚岛植被恢复工具种。     

三种相思植物对短期大气污染的响应

3种2－3年生相思盆栽于代表不同污染程度的交通繁忙区、工业生产区和相对清洁区,4个月后进行植物叶片气体交换和叶绿素荧光特征参数的测定。结果表明,生长在污染区的相思植物的净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（gs）和光系统Ⅱ原初光化学效率（Fv／Fm）均出现不同程度的下降,下降幅度因植物种类和污染类型的不同而有差异,不同实验点上大腺相思叶片蒸腾速率（E）和水分利用效率（WUE）则维持相对稳定,多花和流苏相思的WUE均以污染环境下较低,根据Pn、gs和Fv/Fm的变化以及实验点上其它植物对应测定值比,推测3种相思植物对大气污染都表现出中等强度的抗性,且多花相思和流苏相思相对好于大腺相思。     

高寒草地植物生存策略地理分布特征及其影响因素

植物性状能够反映植物的生存策略,是植物生态学的研究热点之一。植物CSR策略模型将植物物种分为3类:在资源丰富环境中能够最大程度提高生物量的物种(竞争型物种:C策略);在干扰频率较高的环境中能够快速摄取资源并繁殖的物种(投机取巧型物种:R策略);在资源贫瘠环境中能够保持个体生存的物种(耐受型物种:S策略)。植物叶片性状对环境梯度具有适应性的改变,性状的改变对植物生存策略产生影响,但是青藏高原植物叶片性状是如何影响植物CSR生存策略的,其机制尚不清楚。该研究探究了高寒草地植物CSR生存策略的分布特征,以及环境因子对CSR生存策略的影响机制。2020年7–8月,对青藏高原高寒草地53个样点进行了调查,测定植物叶片叶面积、叶片鲜质量和叶片干质量等性状,并计算C、S、R值。然后,分析关键地理环境要素对植物CSR策略影响的主要因子和作用机理。结果表明:(1)在青藏高原高寒草地,植物的生存策略主要以S策略(41.6%–96.7%)为主。(2)随着经度的增加,青藏高原高寒草地C策略植物所占比例自西向东逐渐上升;在海拔梯度上,高寒草地C策略植物所占比例随着海拔的升高而降低。(3)随机森林分析结果显示降水...     

Phenotypic plasticity of lianas in response to altered light environment

The growth, morphology and biomass allocation of 11 liana species (six light-demanding and five shade-tolerant) were investigated by growing plants in three contrasting light environments (i.e., field, forest edge and forest interior). Our objectives were to determine: (1) changes in plant traits at the species level; and (2) differences in light-demanding and shade-tolerant species in response to altered light environment. We found that all seedlings of liana species increased in total biomass, total leaf area, relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), height, basal diameter, root length, leaf number, root mass/total plant mass (RMR) and root-to-shoot dry biomass (R/S ratio), and decreased in leaf area ratio (LAR), specific leaf area (SLA), leaf size, stem mass-to-total plant mass ratio (SMR) and leaf mass-to-total plant mass ratio (LMR) with increasing light availability. Under the three light environments, the two types of species differed significantly in total biomass, total leaf area, RGR, NAR, LAR, SLA and leaf number, and not in leaf area. Only light-demanding species differed significantly in height, root length, basal diameter, RMR, SMR, LMR and R/S ratio. The mean plasticity index of growth and biomass allocation were relatively higher than the morphological variables, with significant differences between the two groups. Our results showed that liana species respond differently to changing light environments and that light-demanding species exhibit higher plasticity. Such differences may affect the relative success of liana species in forest dynamics.     

Oxygation Enhances Growth, Gas Exchange and Salt Tolerance of Vegetable Soybean and Cotton in a Saline Vertisol

Impacts of salinity become severe when the soil is deficient in oxygen. Oxygation (using aerated water for subsurface drip irrigation of crop) could minimize the impact of salinity on plants under oxygen-limiting soil environments. Pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of oxygation (12% air volume/volume of water) on vegetable soybean (moderately salt tolerant) and cotton (salt tolerant) in a salinized vertisol at 2, 8, 14, 20 dS/m ECe. In vegetable soybean, oxygation increased above ground biomass yield and water use efficiency (WUE) by 13% and 22%, respectively, compared with the control. Higher yield with oxygation was accompanied by greater plant height and stem diameter and reduced specific leaf area and leaf Na+ and Cl-concentrations. In cotton, oxygation increased lint yield and WUE by 18% and 16%, respectively, compared with the control, and was accompanied by greater canopy light interception, plant height and stem diameter. Oxygation also led to a greater rate of photosynthesis, higher relative water content in the leaf, reduced crop water stress index and lower leaf water potential. It did not, however, affect leaf Na+ or Cl- concentration. Oxygation invariably increased, whereas salinity reduced the K+ : Na+ ratio in the leaves of both species. Oxygation improved yield and WUE performance of salt tolerant and moderately tolerant crops under saline soil environments, and this may have a significant impact for irrigated agriculture where saline soils pose constraints to crop production.     

Comparative Responses of Leaf Conductance to Humidity in Single Attached Leaves

Water vapour conductances of single attached leaves were measuredover a range of humidities in 12 annual species grown underone set of environmental conditions in a controlled environmentchamber, as well as in several of these species grown at differentair temperatures and levels of irradiance. Low growth temperaturedecreased the sensitivity of leaf conductance to changes invapour pressure difference, whereas low levels of irradianceduring growth increased the sensitivity. The degree of changein sensitivity with change in growth environment varied betweenspecies. There was a wide range of sensitivities of leaf conductancein species grown in the same environment, without any relationshipto pathway of photosynthetic carbon fixation or climatic range.A strong relationship between sensitivity of leaf conductanceand the length of the root system per unit of plant area wasfound between species and between growth environments. Thisrelationship could be used to predict accurately the sensitivitiesof leaf conductance for plants grown in other environments.     

Plasticity in above‐ and belowground resource acquisition traits in response to single and multiple environmental factors in three tree species

Functional trait plasticity is a major component of plant adjustment to environmental stresses. Here, we explore how multiple local environmental gradients in resources required by plants (light, water, and nutrients) and soil disturbance together influence the direction and amplitude of intraspecific changes in leaf and fine root traits that facilitate capture of these resources. We measured population‐level analogous above‐ and belowground traits related to resource acquisition, i.e. “specific leaf area”–“specific root length” (SLA–SRL), and leaf and root N, P, and dry matter content (DMC), on three dominant understory tree species with contrasting carbon and nutrient economics across 15 plots in a temperate forest influenced by burrowing seabirds. We observed similar responses of the three species to the same single environmental influences, but partially species‐specific responses to combinations of influences. The strength of intraspecific above‐ and belowground trait responses appeared unrelated to species resource acquisition strategy. Finally, most analogous leaf and root traits (SLA vs. SRL, and leaf versus root P and DMC) were controlled by contrasting environmental influences. The decoupled responses of above‐ and belowground traits to these multiple environmental factors together with partially species‐specific adjustments suggest complex responses of plant communities to environmental changes, and potentially contrasting feedbacks of plant traits with ecosystem properties. We demonstrate that despite the growing evidence for broadly consistent resource‐acquisition strategies at the whole plant level among species, plants also show partially decoupled, finely tuned strategies between above‐ and belowground parts at the intraspecific level in response to their environment. This decoupling within species suggests a need for many species‐centred ecological theories on how plants respond to their environments (e.g. competitive/stress‐tolerant/ruderal and response‐effect trait frameworks) to be adapted to account for distinct plant‐environment interactions among distinct individuals of the same species and parts of the same individual.     

Leaf traits determine the growth-survival trade-off across rain forest tree species

A dominant hypothesis explaining tree species coexistence in tropical forest is that trade-offs in characters allow species to adapt to different light environments, but tests for this hypothesis are scarce. This study is the first that uses a theoretical plant growth model to link leaf trade-offs to whole-plant performances and to differential performances across species in different light environments. Using data of 50 sympatric tree species from a Bolivian rain forest, we observed that specific leaf area and photosynthetic capacity codetermined interspecific height growth variation in a forest gap; that leaf survival rate determined the variation in plant survival rate under a closed canopy; that predicted height growth and plant survival rate matched field observations; and that fast-growing species had low survival rates for both field and predicted values. These results show how leaf trade-offs influence differential tree performance and tree species' coexistence in a heterogeneous light environment.     

Isolation and expression of Lea gene in desiccation-tolerant microspore-derived embryos in Brassica spp

Seedlings of four deciduous tree species maple ( Acer pseudoplatanus ), beech ( Fagus sylvatica ), horse chestnut ( Aesculus hippocastanum ) and lime ( Tilia cordata ) were exposed to de-icing salt (NaCl) either through the soil or applied to the above ground plant parts. A soil solution of 1.65 g l⁻¹ NaCl was maintained from the start of the experiment in January 1999 until termination in June 1999. The main effects caused by salt treatment through the soil were a reduction in photosynthesis of up to 50% and the development of leaf chlorosis or necrosis covering up to 50% of the total leaf area for the most sensitive species (lime and beech); maple and horse chestnut were relatively tolerant. There was no significant correlation between Cl or Na concentration in leaves and the relative sensitivity of the species. Saturated salt solution was applied to bark, buds or leaf scars on two occasions three weeks apart during the winter season. This affected the timing of bud break with delays of up to eight days compared with the controls. In the most sensitive species the above ground salt treatments partly prevented bud break (beech) or reduced photosynthesis (lime). Uptake through the bark was most important for the development of stress effects, compared with uptake through the other above ground plant parts.     

Submergence-induced leaf acclimation in terrestrial species varying in flooding tolerance

Earlier work on the submergence-tolerant species Rumex palustris revealed that leaf anatomical and morphological changes induced by submergence enhance underwater gas exchange considerably. Here, the hypothesis is tested that these plastic responses are typical properties of submergence-tolerant species. Submergence-induced plasticity in leaf mass area (LMA) and leaf, cell wall and cuticle thickness was investigated in nine plant species differing considerably in tolerance to complete submergence. The functionality of the responses for underwater gas exchange was evaluated by recording oxygen partial pressures inside the petioles when plants were submerged. Acclimation to submergence resulted in a decrease in all leaf parameters, including cuticle thickness, in all species irrespective of flooding tolerance. Consequently, internal oxygen partial pressures (pO(2)) increased significantly in all species until values were close to air saturation. Only in nonacclimated leaves in darkness did intolerant species have a significantly lower pO(2) than tolerant species. These results suggest that submergence-induced leaf plasticity, albeit a prerequisite for underwater survival, does not discriminate tolerant from intolerant species. It is hypothesized that these plastic leaf responses may be induced in all species by several signals present during submergence; for example, low LMA may be a response to low photosynthate concentrations and a thin cuticle may be a response to high relative humidity.     

Variation in heteroblastic succession among populations of Crepis tectorum

Eleven populations of the monocarpic species, Crepis tectorurn (Asteraceae) in South Sweden differed in the extent to which different leaf characters changed during plant ontogeny. Multivariate analyses on sequences of leaf samples collected from greenhouse-grown plants of different ages revealed a group structure of populations that was different from that revealed by analysing variation in leaves from adult plants. Ontogenetic data suggested that populations within a weed and an alvar ecotype constituted more natural groups than combinations of populations from both eco-types that had similar leaves at adult stages, supporting the hypothesis that these ecotypes may have different migration histories in this area. Variation among the populations in leaf characteristics was partly due to differences that were present at all ontogenetic stages and partly due to variation in the rate of development of some of the leaf characters during plant ontogeny. Plants in some populations appeared to have more 'juvenile' leaves at adult stages than plants in other populations, at least in some characters.     

Why are leaf‐cutting ants more common in early secondary forests than in old‐growth tropical forests? An evaluation of the palatable forage hypothesis

I evaluated the hypothesis that leaf‐cutting ants are more common in early successional forests than in old‐growth forests because pioneer species, which dominate in early successional habitats, appear more susceptible to leafcutters than shade‐tolerant species, which dominate primary forests (palatable forage hypothesis). The relative importance of pioneer and shade‐tolerant species as plant resources for leaf‐cutting ant colonies was evaluated (1) by literature review of leaf‐cutting ants’ diet, and (2) experimentally, using field assays to determine leafcutter's selectivity. Pioneer species were harvested three times more frequently than shade‐tolerant species and made up the largest component of the diet in all the studies reviewed. The amount harvested was not correlated with the plant species abundance. In addition, leaves from pioneer plants were selected eight times more than leaves from shade‐tolerant species in the field assays. These results support the palatable forage hypothesis. Leafcutters probably select pioneer leaves because of their low level of chemical defenses and high nutrient content. The high availability of pioneer species in early successional forest probably decreases the cost to locate palatable resources. Therefore, early successional habitats support more ant colonies than old‐growth forests. On the other hand, the effective defense mechanisms of mature plant species and the high dispersion of palatable plants could explain the low density of leaf‐cutting ant colonies in old‐growth forests. The palatable forage hypothesis is compared with other hypotheses that explain leaf‐cutting ant density. The preference of foundress queens for forest clearings, the dependence of small colonies on herbs, and the importance of pioneer plant species for mature colonies (palatable forage hypothesis) can be considered complementary, because they focus on different stages of the colony's life history. Consequently, the availability of pioneer plants appears to be one of the most influential factors determining mature leaf‐cutting ant nest densities in Neotropical forests.