H2O2诱导的线粒体损伤神经元内硫氧还蛋白 mRNA水平的变化

线粒体缺陷和氧化应激参与了神经退行性疾病的发病机制.叠氮钠(NaN3)是线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶(COX)的特异性抑制剂,能诱导线粒体缺陷.本实验通过细胞活性检测(MTT法),形态学观察,分析H2O2对原代培养的正常神经元及NaN3诱导的线粒体缺陷神经元的损伤作用的差异.并通过RT-PCR半定量法检测H2O2损伤后两类神经元内硫氧还蛋白(Thioredoxin,Trx)mRNA水平的变化,以阐明细胞内这一重要氧化还原调节蛋白在神经元损伤时的作用机制.实验表明,在正常神经元内,H2O2的损伤对Trx表达量的改变似乎不明显;而线粒体缺陷神经元内Trx的表达量下降,且对于H2O2的损伤具有浓度、时间依赖性.提示在线粒体功能缺陷神经元中,Trx似乎发挥更重要的作用.     

H2O2诱导的线粒体损伤神经元内硫氧还蛋白mRNA水平的变化

线粒体缺陷和氧化应激参与了神经退行性疾病的发病机制。叠氮钠(NaN3)是线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶(COX)的特异性抑制剂,能诱导线粒体缺陷。本实验通过细胞活性检测(MTT法),形态学观察,分析H2O2对原代培养的正常神经元及NaN3诱导的线粒体缺陷神经元的损伤作用的差异。并通过RT-PCR半定量法检测H2O2损伤后两类神经元内硫氧还蛋白(Thioredoxin,Trx)mRNA水平的变化,以阐明细胞内这一重要氧化还原调节蛋白在神经元损伤时的作用机制。实验表明,在正常神经元内,H2O2的损伤对Trx表达量的改变似乎不明显;而线粒体缺陷神经元内Trx的表达量下降,且对于H2O2的损伤具有浓度、时间依赖性。提示：在线粒体功能缺陷神经元中,Trx似乎发挥更重要的作用。     

蜗牛多肽混合物对过氧化氢诱导的SH-SY5Y细胞PCNA表达的影响

采用H2O2诱导人神经母细胞瘤细胞株(SH-SY5Y)细胞损伤,MTT法测定细胞存活率,不同浓度蜗牛多肽混合物(SPM)处理后,Hoechst染色检测细胞凋亡,细胞免疫化学技术和Western blot技术检测细胞PCNA的表达。结果发现1.54 mmol/L H2O2可诱导SH-SY5Y细胞凋亡,PCNA的表达明显降低。经用39 mg/L(SPM-L组)和156 mg/L(SPM-H组)浓度的SPM处理后,SH-SY5Y细胞凋亡明显减少(H2O2VS.SPM-L:58.39±8.67%VS.44.06±4.35%,P0.05;H2O2VS.SPM-H:58.39±8.67%VS.32.45±9.44%,P0.01),同时PCNA的表达呈浓度依赖性升高。提示SPM可抑制H2O2诱导的SH-SY5Y细胞凋亡,其作用机制可能与其增加细胞PCNA的表达有关。     

叠氮钠损伤的神经元内硫氧还蛋白mRNA水平的变化

氧化应激与许多神经退变病有关,而线粒体损伤是氧化应激加剧的重要原因。本文通过细胞活性检测（MTT法）、形态学观察,分析NaN3对原代培养神经元的损伤作用,并通过RT－PCR半定量检测NaN3损伤后神经元内硫氧还蛋白（Thioredoxin,Trx)mRNA水平的改变,以阐明这一重要的氧还调节蛋白在神经元损伤过程中的作用。实验表明NaN3以浓度和时间依赖方式损伤神经元,降低Trx表达水平。提示：神经元内呼吸链受损引起Trx表达减少,从而减弱神经元内氧还调节功能,最终引起神经元损伤、死亡。     

硫氧还蛋白系统与高氧肺损伤

动物实验和临床研究表明,长期高浓度供氧可引起新生儿尤其早产儿产生氧化应激性损伤,多数学者认为这种氧化应激损伤在高氧肺损伤发生发展中起关键作用. 高氧时,氧化应激对肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞(alveolar epithelial cell type Ⅱ,AECⅡ)的影响包括对肺泡上皮细胞的损伤和对肺泡上皮细胞的保护.AECⅡ存活与凋亡有赖于细胞内的氧化还原状态, 通过改变细胞内的氧化还原状态可干预氧化应激.硫氧还蛋白系统( thioredoxin system )在生物体内通过抗氧化和氧化还原调节, 在基因表达、信号转导、细胞生长、细胞凋亡等方面起重要作用.     

美洲大蠊油脂对过氧化氢诱导SH-SY5Y细胞氧化损伤的保护作用

采用人神经母细胞瘤(SH-SY5Y)细胞,建立过氧化氢(H2O2)诱导的氧化损伤模型,加入H2O2前用美洲大蠊油脂(100、200、400、800、1000μg/m L)预处理,通过MTS法检测细胞存活率,比色法检测细胞乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)漏出率,相关试剂盒检测细胞内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)系列抗氧化酶的活性,以及脂质过氧化物丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化,从细胞水平研究美洲大蠊油脂对氧化损伤细胞的保护作用,并初步探讨其作用机制。实验结果显示,与对照组相比,模型组细胞存活率明显降低,LDH漏出率明显增加,胞内SOD、GSH-Px活性显著降低,MDA含量增多。与模型组相比,美洲大蠊油脂(800、1000μg/m L)能显著增强细胞SOD(P0.01)、GSH-Px(P0.05)活性,降低MDA含量(P0.05),使得细胞存活率显著提高(P0.01),LDH漏出率降低(P0.01)。其中油脂的浓度与细胞存活率、SOD活性之间为正相关,与MDA含量为负相关,均呈现浓度依赖性。结果提示美洲大蠊油脂对H2O2所致SH-SY5Y细胞氧化损伤具有明显的保护作用,其作用机制可能与提高细胞SOD、GSH-Px活性,降低MDA含量从而增强细胞自身抗氧化能力有关。     

不同ω-3/ω-6构成比的配伍红花籽油对SH-SY5Y细胞氧化损伤的预防效应

探讨不同ω-3/ω-6构成比的配伍红花籽油(Compatibility Safflower Seed Oil,CSSO)预防神经细胞氧化损伤的作用。通过过氧化氢(hydrogen peroxide,H2O2)氧自由基供体诱导,建立人神经母细胞瘤SH-SY5Y细胞氧化损伤模型;以不同浓度和ω-3/ω-6构成比的CSSO进行细胞药物干预,利用四甲基偶氮唑蓝(methyl thiazolyltetrazolium,MTT)和流式细胞仪检测细胞活力变化和细胞凋亡率。我们建立了H2O2诱导的SH-SY5Y细胞氧化损伤模型,其IC50值为1089.54μmol/L H2O2;随着ω-3相对含量递减,CSSO预防细胞氧化损伤的效应增加,且当ω-3/ω-6比例为1∶6.68和有效浓度范围为375～750μg CSSO/mL时,其药物干预组细胞活力(84.1%)显著高于模型组(61.1%),而药物干预组细胞凋亡率(12.6%)明显低于模型组(25.9%)。从以上结果可以推测,CSSO能够保护细胞并预防氧自由基诱导的细胞损伤,其效果可能与CSSO中ω-3/ω-6构成比密切相关。     

麦芽酚对活性氧损伤人神经瘤细胞的保护作用

以人神经瘤细胞株 (SH SY5Y)为材料 ,使用过氧化氢 (H2 O2 )产生过量活性氧诱导SH SY5Y细胞株进入氧化应激状态 .研究麦芽酚对过量活性氧造成的SH SY5Y细胞株氧化损伤的保护作用 .分析活性氧对细胞膜蛋白和DNA的损伤 ,细胞线粒体功能变化 ,白介素 6 (IL 6 )的表达变化以及细胞核因子κB(NF κB)的激活 .结果显示 ,2mmol L麦芽酚保护细胞 2h后 ,对细胞膜蛋白和DNA的损伤均有明显的保护作用 ,减少了膜蛋白的氧化和细胞DNA片段化的形成 ,细胞线粒体功能损伤减小 ,细胞表达的IL 6减少 ,被激活的NF κB水平同时降低 .结果证明 ,麦芽酚可以有效保护活性氧对神经细胞的氧化损伤 ,维持细胞的正常生理功能     

硫氧还蛋白的结构及在生物抗氧化中的功能

硫氧还蛋白(thioredoxin,Trx)是广泛存在于原核与真核生物体内的氧化还原调节蛋白。Trx通过对目标蛋白质进行还原,从而调节机体的氧化还原平衡。Trx与硫氧还蛋白还原酶(thioredoxin reductase,TrxR)及NADPH共同组成硫氧还蛋白系统参与众多生理过程。细胞中的活性氧是导致生物氧化胁迫的一个主要方面。Trx可以通过对细胞内被氧化的二硫键的还原来修复机体的氧化损伤,并通过这种方式防止机体衰老。同时,Trx系统可以与其它氧化还原系统如谷胱甘肽(GSH)系统协调配合,并消除体内过多的活性氧。     

HeLa、HEK293、SH-SY5Y细胞中的Tau蛋白

通过间接免疫荧光测定了HeLa、HEK-293、SH-SY5Y细胞内Tau蛋白的分布，观察到在细胞间期单克隆抗体Tau-1的荧光信号分布于细胞质和胞核中．特别是HeLa细胞，其胞核内具有相对较高的Tau蛋白免疫荧光信号．通过分离SH-SY5Y的细胞核，更为清楚地显示了Tau蛋白在细胞核中的分布，并且免疫荧光信号与DNA的Hoechst33258染色信号相重合．Western blotting的测定结果进一步证明了SH-SY5Y细胞的胞质和胞核中均含有Tau蛋白的不同异构体．以上结果提示，Tau蛋白不仅存在于神经、肌肉等细胞内，也存在于肿瘤细胞系，并且分布于间期的胞核中．     

The radical scavenger CR-6 protects SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis: effect on survival pathways

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress have long been linked to cell death of neurons in many neurodegenerative conditions. However, the exact molecular mechanisms triggered by oxidative stress in neurodegeneration are at present unclear. In the current work we have used the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line as a model for studying the molecular events occurring after inducing apoptosis with H2O2. We show that treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with H2O2 up-regulates survival pathways during early stages of apoptosis. Subsequently, the decline of anti-apoptotic protein levels leads to the activation of the calcium-dependent proteases calpains and the cysteine proteases caspases. Additionally, we demonstrate that CR-6 (3,4-dihydro-6-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-1(2H)-benzopyran) acts as a scavenger of ROS and prevents apoptosis by enhancing and prolonging up-regulation of survival pathways. Furthermore, we show that pre-treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with a cocktail containing CR-6, the pan-caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk (zVal-Ala-Asp-fluoro-methylketone) and the calpain inhibitor SJA6017 confers almost total protection against apoptosis. In summary, the present work characterizes the molecular mechanisms involved in oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. Our findings highlight the relevance of CR-6, alone or in combination with other drugs, as potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.     

Impairment of oxidative stress-induced heme oxygenase-1 expression by the defect of Parkinson-related gene of PINK1

Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. Mutation in the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) gene causes an autosomal recessive form of PD. However, the etiology related to PINK1 is still not clear. Here, we examined the effect of PINK1 on heme oxygenase (HO)-1 induction in SH-SY5Y neuronal cells following H(2)O(2) or 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)) treatment. The HO-1 induction in response to H(2)O(2) and MPP(+) treatment was impaired by the expression of recombinant PINK1 G309D mutant. PINK1 G309D mutation increased the apoptosis of SH-SY5Y cells following H(2)O(2) treatment and cell survival was rescued by the over-expression of HO-1 using adenovirus (Ad) infection. In addition, knockdown of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated protein-1 (TRAP1), which is the substrate of PINK1 kinase, in SH-SY5Y cells also inhibited the expression of HO-1 in response to oxidative stress. The up-regulation of TRAP1 expression following H(2)O(2) treatment was inhibited by the expression of recombinant PINK1 G309D mutant. The H(2)O(2)-induced HO-1 induction was Akt- and ERK-dependent. The phosphorylation of ERK and Akt but not p38 was inhibited in cells expressing the PINK1 G309D mutant and knockdown of TRAP1. These results indicate a novel pathway by which the defect of PINK1 inhibits the oxidative stress-induced HO-1 production. Impairment of HO-1 production following oxidative stress may accelerate the dopaminergic neurodegeneration in Parkinson patients with PINK1 defect.     

鱼藤酮诱导线粒体轻度损伤细胞氧化应激时硫氧还蛋白转录水平降低

观察鱼藤酮诱导的线粒体轻度损伤细胞氧化应激时硫氧还蛋白转录水平的变化,探讨细胞氧化损伤的可能机制。通过荧光素发光法检测ATP生成、细胞内活性氧(ROS)水平的变化,流式细胞术检测线粒体膜电位,了解低剂量鱼藤酮对线粒体功能的影响;继而用H2O2诱导细胞氧化损伤,MTT法检测细胞活性,观察正常及线粒体缺陷细胞氧化应激时,胞内硫氧还蛋白(Trx)mRNA水平的变化。结果表明,鱼藤酮以剂量依赖方式抑制线粒体ATP的产生、降低线粒体膜电位,而细胞内ROS水平增高;当线粒体损伤细胞氧化应激时胞内Trx mRNA水平降低,提示鱼藤酮诱导线粒体轻度损伤细胞抗氧化能力降低与Trx转录受到抑制有关。     

Salvianolic acid A protects human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells against H₂O₂-induced injury by increasing stress tolerance ability

Salvianolic acid A (Sal A) is a polyphenol extracted from the root of the Salvia miltiorrhiza bunge. Hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) is a major reactive oxygen species (ROS), which has been implicated in stroke and other neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of Sal A in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells against H(2)O(2)-induced injury. Our results showed that cells pretreated with Sal A exhibited enhanced neuronal survival and that this protection was associated with an increase in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and the stabilization of mitochondrial membrane potential. In addition, Sal A markedly decreased the excessive activation AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the serine-threonine protein kinase, Akt, in SH-SY5Ycells induced by H(2)O(2). In conclusion, our results demonstrated that Sal A protects SH-SY5Y cells against H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative stress and these protective effects are related to stress tolerance and not energy depletion via inhibition of the AMPK and Akt signaling pathway.     

Quercetin 3-glucoside protects neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells in vitro against oxidative damage by inducing sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2-mediated cholesterol biosynthesis

The flavonoid quercetin 3-glucoside (Q3G) protected SH-SY5Y, HEK293, and MCF-7 cells against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress. cDNA microarray studies suggested that Q3G-pretreated cells subjected to oxidative stress up-regulate the expression of genes associated with lipid and cholesterol biosynthesis. Q3G pretreatment elevated both the expression and activation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2 (SREBP-2) only in SH-SY5Y cells subjected to oxidative stress. Inhibition of SREBP-2 expression by small interfering RNA or small molecule inhibitors of 2,3-oxidosqualene:lanosterol cyclase or HMG-CoA reductase blocked Q3G-mediated cytoprotection in SH-SY5Y cells. By contrast, Q3G did not protect either HEK293 or MCF-7 cells via this signaling pathway. Moreover, the addition of isopentenyl pyrophosphate rescued SH-SY5Y cells from the inhibitory effect of HMG-CoA reductase inhibition. Last, Q3G pretreatment enhanced the incorporation of [(14)C]acetate into [(14)C]cholesterol in SH-SY5Y cells under oxidative stress. Taken together, these studies suggest a novel mechanism for flavonoid-induced cytoprotection in SH-SY5Y cells involving SREBP-2-mediated sterol synthesis that decreases lipid peroxidation by maintaining membrane integrity in the presence of oxidative stress.     

Oxidative stress induces intracellular accumulation of amyloid beta-protein (Abeta) in human neuroblastoma cells

Several lines of evidence suggest that enhanced oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis and/or progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Amyloid beta-protein (Abeta) that composes senile plaques, a major neuropathological hallmark of AD, is considered to have a causal role in AD. Thus, we have studied the effect of oxidative stress on Abeta metabolism within the cell. Here, we report that oxidative stress induced by H(2)O(2) (100-250 microM) caused an increase in the levels of intracellular Abeta in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Treatment with 200 microM H(2)O(2) caused significant decreases in the protein levels of full-length beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) and its COOH-terminal fragment that is generated by beta-cleavage, while the gene expression of APP was not altered under these conditions. A pulse-chase experiment further showed a decrease in the half-life of this amyloidogenic COOH-terminal fragment but not in that of nonamyloidogenic counterpart in the H(2)O(2)-treated cells. These results suggest that oxidative stress promotes intracellular accumulation of Abeta through enhancing the amyloidogenic pathway.     

Proteasome inhibition in oxidative stress neurotoxicity: implications for heat shock proteins

Recent studies have demonstrated that inhibition of the proteasome, an enzyme responsible for the majority of intracellular proteolysis, may contribute to the toxicity associated with oxidative stress. In the present study we demonstrate that exposure to oxidative injury (paraquat, H(2)O(2), FeSO(4)) induces a rapid increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, inhibition of proteasome activity, and induction of cell death in neural SH-SY5Y cells. Application of proteasome inhibitors (MG115, epoxomycin) mimicked the effects of oxidative stressors on mitochondrial membrane potential and cell viability, and increased vulnerability to oxidative injury. Neural SH-SY5Y cells stably transfected with human HDJ-1, a member of the heat shock protein family, were more resistant to the cytotoxicity associated with oxidative stressors. Cells expressing increased levels of HDJ-1 displayed similar degrees of ROS formation following oxidative stressors, but demonstrated a greater preservation of mitochondrial function and proteasomal activity following oxidative injury. Cells transfected with HDJ-1 were also more resistant to the toxicity associated with proteasome inhibitor application. These data support a possible role for proteasome inhibition in the toxicity of oxidative stress, and suggest heat shock proteins may confer resistance to oxidative stress, by preserving proteasome function and attenuating the toxicity of proteasome inhibition.     

山楂叶金丝桃苷对高糖诱导SH-SY5Y细胞损伤的保护作用及机制

为研究金丝桃苷对高糖诱导的人神经母细胞瘤(SH-SY5Y)细胞氧化损伤的保护作用及机制,用含100mmo L/L葡萄糖和分别为20、50、100μmo L/L金丝桃苷的培养基共同孵育SH-SY5Y细胞36 h,检测细胞活力、细胞培养液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)水平及半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-3(caspase-3)活性,细胞内活性氧(ROS)水平、丙二醛(MDA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及SIRT1和NF-кB基因的mRNA水平和蛋白含量。结果显示金丝桃苷可提高高糖诱导后SH-SY5Y细胞的存活率,抑制细胞LDH释放,清除ROS,降低MDA含量与caspase-3活性,增强SOD、CAT活性和GSH含量;同时,金丝桃苷还能提高SIRT1基因的mR-NA表达及蛋白含量,降低NF-кB基因的mRNA水平和蛋白含量。结果表明金丝桃苷能通过激活SIRT1基因,抑制NF-кB基因保护高糖所致SH-SY5Y细胞的氧化损伤。     

Protective Effects of Flavonoids Against Oxidative Stress Induced by Simulated Microgravity in SH-SY5Y Cells

Many lines of evidence suggest that microgravity results in increased oxidative stress in the nervous system. In order to protect neuronal cells from oxidative damage induced by microgravity, we selected some flavonoids that might prevent oxidative stress because of their antioxidant activities. Among the 20 flavonoids we examined, we found that isorhamnetin and luteolin had the best protective effects against H₂O₂ or SIN-1-induced cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. Using a clinostat to simulate microgravity, we found that isorhamnetin and luteolin treatment protected SH-SY5Y cells by preventing microgravity-induced increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO) and 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) levels, and a decrease in antioxidant power (AP). Moreover, isorhamnetin and luteolin treatment downregulated the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and oxidative stress was significantly inhibited by an iNOS inhibitor in SH-SY5Y cells exposed to simulated microgravity (SMG). These results indicate that isorhamnetin and luteolin could protect against microgravity-induced oxidative stress in neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells by inhibiting the ROS-NO pathway. These two flavonoids may have potential for preventing oxidative stress induced by space flight or microgravity.     

Loganin protects against hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis by inhibiting phosphorylation of JNK, p38, and ERK 1/2 MAPKs in SH-SY5Y cells

We investigated the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of loganin against hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-induced neuronal toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. The neuroprotective effect of loganin was investigated by treating SH-SY5Y cells with H(2)O(2) and then measuring the reduction in H(2)O(2)-induced apoptosis using 3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assays. Following H(2)O(2) exposure, Hoechst 33258 staining indicated nuclear condensation in a large proportion of SH-SY5Y cells, along with an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and an intracellular decrease in mitochondria membrane potential (MMP). Loganin was effective in attenuating all the above-stated phenotypes induced by H(2)O(2). Pretreatment with loganin significantly increased cell viability, reduced H(2)O(2)-induced LDH release and ROS production, and effectively increased intracellular MMP. Pretreatment with loganin also significantly decreased the nuclear condensation induced by H(2)O(2). Western blot data revealed that loganin inhibited the H(2)O(2)-induced up-regulation of cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and cleaved caspase-3, increased the H(2)O(2)-induced decrease in the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, and attenuated the H(2)O(2)-induced release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to the cytosol. Furthermore, pretreatment with loganin significantly attenuated the H(2)O(2)-induced phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2). These results suggest that the protective effects of loganin against H(2)O(2)-induced apoptosis may be due to a decrease in the Bcl-2/Bax ratio expression due to the inhibition of the phosphorylation of JNK, p38, and ERK 1/2 MAPKs. Loganin's neuroprotective properties indicate that this compound may be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.