利用PFU原生动物群落多样性快速监测北京通惠河水质

本文报道了北京通惠河原生动物群落多样性特征与永质的相互关系,其中ＰＦＵ原生动物１天的群集速度（功能参数）较好地反映了５个采样站（１个设在较干净水体温榆河作为对照站）水质的变化趋势,各站原生物群落的结构参数（种类组成,个体丰度,生物量和多样性指数）的差异同样与水质关系密切,通过与８０年代中期作者利用ＰＦＵ原生动物监测通惠河污染现状和自净效能的研究资料进行了比较,表明该河流水质目前得到明显的改善。     

从浮游动物群落结构与功能的变化看府河－白洋淀水体的自净效果

本文报道了１９９３年５月、７月和１０月在府河－白洋淀六个采样站浮游动物生态学特征及其与水质相互关系的调查研究结果。利用浮游动物群落结构的综合指标（种类组成差异,种类数目变化,个体数量变动,生物量分布,多样性指数ｄ值的增减）和功能参数（ＰＦＵ原生动物的群集速度）评价了府河－白洋淀水体的污染程度和自净效能。按照Ｍａｒｇａｌｅｆ多样性指数ｄ值的变化范围,把府河－白洋淀六个采样站的水质划分成不同的次序和等级。文中就如何控制污染,提高府河的自净效果,改善白洋淀的水质提出了具体措施和建议．     

原生动物群落多样性变化与汉沽稳定塘水质净化效能相互关系的研究

天津汉沽生物稳定塘是近年建成并投入运行的多级污水净化系统和示范工程。论文报道了汉沽稳定塘各塘主要污染物的去除效果,重点论述了原生动物群落多样性变化及其结构和功能特征与水质净化的相互关系。研究结果表明,５个采样站原生动物群落结构与功能参数的变化与各级塘中污染物的浓度关系密切。进水口（１号站）由于各种污染物含量很高,原生动物种类数、个体数量、多样性指数ｄ值和ＰＦＵ原生动物的群集速度（功能参数）都为零。     

白洋淀原生动物群落多样性变化与水质关系研究

报道了大型浅水型湖泊原生动物群落变化与富营养化关系的研究,通过对华北平原最大淡水湖-河北白洋淀两个湖区9个采样站的初步调查,共鉴定出77种原生动物,其中43种为该湖首次记录：利用PFU原生动物群落结构和功能方法快速（两次实验的群集速度均为1d时间）监测了不同湖区的水质状况,水质分析及原生动物定性和定量调查结果表明,湖区Ⅰ（安州至枣林庄5个采样点）水体的污染程度明显大于湖区Ⅱ（圈头至端村4个采样站）,通过与20世纪50年代的调查资料比较,较好地反映了白洋淀富营养化的发展趋势。     

武汉东湖周丛原生动物生态

作者于1963年12月-1964年12月对东湖Ⅳ、Ⅴ两个采样站的聚草、金鱼藻、黄丝草上周丛原生动物进行了周年的定性和定量的观察。共观察到175种周丛原生动物,其中真周丛原生动物占62．9％,伪周丛原生动物占37．1％。两个采样站、三种水草上原生动物数量周年变动均有共同的趋势,即在低温的冬季出现数量高峰,左右数量变动的优势种类是钟形钟虫,占周丛原生动物总数的80-90％。在Ⅴ站同期进行人工基质上周丛原生动物生态比较,表明其优势种类与水草上相同,但群集速度却以水温高的8-9月份为最快。通过金鱼藻生物量、金鱼藻上和人工基质上原生动物数量三者关系的分析,认为影响周丛原生动物数量变动的重要因子是水草本身的生长情况。文中分析了周丛原生动物与水体污染程度的关系,指出着生原生动物是迅速监测水体污染程度的优良指示生物。     

武汉东湖浮游生物群落DNA多态性与富营养化

对武汉东湖不同程度富营养化湖区 ,即站 、站 与站 浮游生物进行了群落级 DNA多态性的 DNA指纹研究 ,并就其拓扑结构与富营养化特征参数之间关系进行了分析。实验结果如下 :(1)各站点总氮、总磷及叶绿素 a分别为 1.14 6～ 2 .2 35mg/ L、0 .0 13～ 0 .2 10 mg/ L 和 4 0 .2 5～ 10 9.2 2 μg/ L;(2 )所筛选的 5个随机引物共获得 2 9个扩增位点 ,其中多态位点占75 .9% ,各引物扩增谱带数在 2～ 6间。站 的扩增条带数最多、谱带多态率最高 (6 9.6 % )、特有带最多 ;(3)特定浮游生物类群的特异性 PCR扩增谱带为 1～ 6条不等 ,站间差别甚小。聚类及综合分析表明 :DNA指纹拓扑结构与浮游生物及特定浮游生物类群的物种多样性丰度相吻合 ,并与富营养化主要指示参数存在明显相关 ,即在一定范围内浮游生物群落 DNA多态性与富营养化程度呈反方向发展 ,而原生动物则表现出同向性发展趋势。因此 ,群落级 DNA指纹分析不仅能为生态学研究洞开一片新颖的视窗 ,并有可能孕育出一种简便而灵敏的水体富营养化危机预警系统     

从原生动物变化看武汉东湖富营养化的发展

作者于1981年3月至1982年4月对武汉东湖Ⅱ站的原生动物进行了定量采集,采集结果与1962年该站的原生动物的种群数量变动作了比较。二十年内Ⅱ站的原生动物年平均量增加了2.3倍,平均每年增长294个/升。原生动物的数量增长与湖水中饵料生物(如藻类、细菌)和营养物质(如氮、磷)数量的增加是密切相关的。年数量变动的春季高峰期比过去提早出现,秋季高峰期则比过去延续的时间长,高峰期的原生动物的数量都比过去高。种类组成、特别是优势种发生了演替。通过对Ⅱ站原生动物多样性指数的改变、种量季节变动特征的分析,作者认为东湖的中心区在加速富营养化的进程,并且正向受到有机质严重污染的水果湖区(Ⅰ(Ⅳ))站过渡。       

新城疫现毒F和HN蛋白的氨基酸序列对其毒力的影响

新城疫病毒 (Ｎｅｗｃａｓｔｌｅｄｉｓｅａｓｅｖｉｒｕｓ ,ＮＤＶ)属副粘病毒科副粘病毒属 ,为不分节的负极性单股ＲＮＡ病毒 ,有囊膜。它虽只有一个血清型 ,但不同毒株的致病力差异较大 ,有强毒株、中毒株和弱毒株之分。业已证明 ,ＮＤＶ不存在先天性控制病毒致病性基因 ,不同的毒株都含有相同的基因组和结构蛋白质组分。1 .ＮＤＶ的结构蛋白质及其功能ＮＤＶ由囊膜和核衣壳组成。其基因组由 1 5 0 0 0个碱基组成 ,分子量为 5 .5× 1 0 6 。ＮＤＶ含有 6种特异性结构蛋白质 ,即Ｌ、ＮＰ、Ｐ、ＨＮ、Ｆ和Ｍ蛋白。Ｌ、ＮＰ和Ｐ三种蛋白质称…     

武汉东湖浮游藻类物种多样性的研究

从 1994年 1月至 1996年 12月 ,每月定期从东湖四个常规采样站采集浮游藻类标本进行研究。经鉴定共发现 2 6 0个分类单位 ,隶属于 7个门的 99个属 ,其中有 2种为中国新记录。以 1995年浮游藻类的群落结构进行分析的结果是 :浮游藻类的种类数以绿藻门最多 ,硅藻门次之 ;各站基本上均以夏季种类最多 ,其次为秋季和春季 ,冬季最低 ;四个站中分布的种类差异不明显 ,各站都出现的种类数占全部种类数的 39.6 % ;不同的站或同一个站在不同的季节其优势类群亦不同。计算了与水体营养类型有关的浮游藻类群落的两种指标—多样性指数和硅藻商。对东湖浮游藻类群落结构的特征及变化与水质的关系进行了探讨 ,从浮游藻类群落的演替指出东湖的富营养化程度自2 0世纪 5 0年代以来一直在加剧。     

武汉东湖周丛原生动物生态

作者于1963年12月—1964年12月对东湖Ⅳ、Ⅴ两个采样站的聚草、金鱼藻、黄丝草上周丛原生动物进行了周年的定性和定量的观察。共观察到175种周丛原生动物,其中真周丛原生动物占62.9%,伪周丛原生动物占37.1%。两个采样站、三种水草上原生动物数量周年变动均有共同的趋势,即在低温的冬季出现数量高峰,左右数量变动的优势种类是钟形钟虫,占周丛原生动物总数的80—90%。在Ⅴ站同期进行人工基质上周丛原生动物生态比较,表明其优势种类与水草上相同,但群集速度却以水温高的8—9月份为最快。通过金鱼藻生物量、金鱼藻上和人工基质上原生动物数量三者关系的分析,认为影响周丛原生动物数量变动的重要因子是水草本身的生长情况。文中分析了周丛原生动物与水体污染程度的关系,指出着生原生动物是迅速监测水体污染程度的优良指示生物。       

A comparative study of the impact of species composition on a freshwater phytoplankton community using two contrasting biotic indices

Biodiversity index based on species richness and evenness has been a frequently used measure to describe phytoplankton community composition and the impact of water pollution on biotic components, despite it could not reflect clearly the impact of a particular species on the structure and function of phytoplankton community. On the contrary, an index based on the niche theory has been developed and used to elucidate the changes of phytoplankton community with the alteration of species composition under various levels of water quality. Through comparison on the Shannon–Wiener biodiversity index (H′) and the community pollution value (CPV), this paper depicted the algal species composition change along the gradation of water quality and quantified the impact of species composition on the structure and function of a freshwater phytoplankton community in four urban lakes in central China. This study found that not only CPV could indicate water pollution status but also the fluctuation of CPV along water pollution gradient could show the influence of dominant species composition on community function. The comparison between Shannon–Wiener biodiversity index and CPV shows that the presence of dominant species sustains the stability and the succession of phytoplankton community under the changing water environments. The results of this study indicate that the combination of biodiversity index and CPV can provide a systematic way to understand biotic interactions and species responses to altered habitats at the community level. Most importantly, these indicators will provide valuable information for lake management and restoration practices.     

Effect of urban and industrial wastes on species diversity of the diatom community in a tropical river,Malaysia

Monthly species diversity and other components of diversity of diatom samples collected over a period of one year at eight stations in the Linggi River Basin, Malaysia were analysed. Species diversity ranged between 0.52–3.62 bits individua^–1. Among the four stations located in the Linggi River (sensu stricto), highest diversity values were recorded at a station polluted by rubber effluent, followed by the stations unpolluted from point sources. Lowest diversity was recorded at a station polluted with urban sewage. At Kundor River, highest diversity was recorded at stations located downstream of rubber and palm oil waste discharges. On the whole, diversity values at unpolluted stations were always lower than at mildly polluted stations. Severe organic loadings caused low diversity by reducing the number of species (species richness) but did not increase the evenness (equitability) as expected when compared with unpolluted or mildly polluted stations. The changes in species diversity can be related to changes in diatom community structure and thereby changes in water quality, but cannot be used as an index of water quality.     

武夷山九曲溪水体营养水平与原生动物群落变化相互关系研究

2000年研究了武夷山九曲溪水体的营养状态与原生动物群落结构关系。发现并非水越清洁PFU原生动物种类就越多,这要决定于水体的营养状况。当水体是贫营养时,水越清洁,PFU原生动物种类反而会越少。研究结果表明,即使在低营养水平的水体中,PFU法一样能准确反映人类活动对当地水环境的影响。     

Use of Protozoan Communities to Predict Environmental Effects of Pollutants1

ABSTRACT. This study compared the response of protozoan communities colonizing artificial substrates to complex effluents in laboratory microecosystems and validated laboratory predictions using similar sampling methods in the field. Sampling stations were established on a small stream receiving heavy metal and sewage treatment plant effluents. Water from each station was used as a test medium to test the colonization of polyurethane foam artificial substrates in laboratory microecosystems. The heterotrophic index (HI), the ratio of total community biomass to chlorophyll biomass, was also measured. Field colonization trials and HI determinations were carried out at each sampling station. There was a strong negative relationship between the number of species colonizing artificial substrates and the total metal concentration of the water at each station; protozoan colonization was severely depressed at the highest metal concentrations (>400 μg/liter) and recovered at downstream stations where dilution had taken place. The HI differentiated stations receiving high heavy metal concentrations in the field from those recovering from heavy metal influences. Effect concentrations based on laboratory experiments predicted that the concentration of total heavy metal that would produce a 5% decrease in species number (EC5) was 18 μg/liter, approximately the background concentration found in the stream studied. These experiments demonstrated that laboratory microecosystems or microcosms can be used to predict effects in the field accurately.     

Maternally-derived antibodies in pups and protection from canine parvovirus infection

The interaction between maternally-derived antibodies (MDA) and canine parvovirus (CPV) infection was evaluated in five groups of pups with a wide range of haemagglutination inhibiting (HI) titres of MDA (from < 10 to 320). The pups were inoculated with a field CPV strain and monitored daily to evaluate their clinical condition and viral shedding in the faeces. Serum samples were collected weekly to evaluate antibody response. Clinical signs were observed in dogs with HI titres up to 80. Active CPV replication was demonstrated in dogs with HI titres up to 160, although slightly delayed, at lower titres and for a shorter period compared to seronegative dogs. The successful infection of dogs with HI titres of 80 and 160 was also confirmed by seroconversion, evaluated at day 14 postinfection. These findings are in contrast with the MDA titre (HI > or = 80) usually considered fully protective for CPV infection, and suggest the need for revision of current vaccination programmes for pups.     

COMPARISON OF SIMPLE AND MULTIMETRIC DIATOM‐BASED INDICES FOR GREAT LAKES COASTLINE DISTURBANCE1

Because diatom communities are subject to the prevailing water quality in the Great Lakes coastal environment, diatom‐based indices can be used to support coastal‐monitoring programs and paleoecological studies. Diatom samples were collected from Great Lakes coastal wetlands, embayments, and high‐energy sites (155 sites), and assemblages were characterized to the species level. We defined 42 metrics on the basis of autecological and functional properties of species assemblages, including species diversity, motile species, planktonic species, proportion dominant taxon, taxonomic metrics (e.g., proportion Stephanodiscoid taxa), and diatom‐inferred (DI) water quality (e.g., DI chloride [Cl]). Redundant metrics were eliminated, and a diatom‐based multimetric index (MMDI) to infer coastline disturbance was developed. Anthropogenic stresses in adjacent coastal watersheds were characterized using geographic information system (GIS) data related to agricultural and urban land cover and atmospheric deposition. Fourteen independent diatom metrics had significant regressions with watershed stressor data; these metrics were selected for inclusion in the MMDI. The final MMDI was developed as the weighted sum of the selected metric scores with weights based on a metric’s ability to reflect anthropogenic stressors in the adjacent watersheds. Despite careful development of the multimetric approach, verification using a test set of sites indicated that the MMDI was not able to predict watershed stressors better than some of the component metrics. From this investigation, it was determined that simpler, more traditional diatom‐based metrics (e.g., DI Cl, proportion Cl‐tolerant species, and DI total phosphorus [TP]) provide superior prediction of overall stressor influence at coastal locales.     

Zooplankton community respiration during the JGOFS pilot study

From March to July 1989 (JGOFS pilot study), measurements were carried out on the oxygen uptake of natural zooplankton communities on five drifting stations (about three weeks each) in the Atlantic from 18°N to 72°N after a method of Martens (1986). The weight specific respiration rate decreased from south to north parallel to the water temperature, whereas the amount of mesozooplankton increased. No significant differences in the oxygen uptake of the zooplankton community between the five stations could be found. A rough estimate showed that less than 2% of the phytoplankton carbon was assimilated by the mesozooplankton per day. This is thought to reflect a typical spring situation. The weight specific respiration rate is influenced significantly by the water temperature and the mean length of the zooplankter.     

人工和天然湿地芦苇根际土壤细菌群落结构多样性的比较

为认识人工湿地运行初期根际土壤细菌群落的结构多样性,本研究采用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳（PCR-DGGE）的方法,比较了嘉兴石臼漾人工构筑生态湿地和白洋淀天然湿地府河河口区域芦苇根际土壤的细菌群落结构多样性。研究结果显示,嘉兴石臼漾湿地在运行初期（1~1.5年）,根际土壤细菌的物种丰富度已与白洋淀湿地相近,但香农指数和均匀度指数均显著低于白洋淀湿地;随着污染物浓度的降低,土壤细菌群落基因型多样性指数增大。     

Biological evaluation of running waters in Korea, with special reference to bioassessment using the PFU system

A total of six stations in the Han River system were selected for establishing polyurethane foam units (PFUs) to collect protozoans, including phytomastigophorans, zoomastigophorans, amoebas and ciliates, in July 1993. In the bioassessment of microbial communities using the PFUs, the number of species decreased as pollution intensity increased. The diversity index values calculated at the main stations generally agreed with the pollution status of the stations. Anyang-Chon (Chon means stream) showed the lowest diversity value (1.89), and all stations, except Masok and Anyang-Chon, showed diversity index values ranging from 3.15 to 3.93. The highest heterotrophic index (HI) value was detected in Anyang-Chon followed by Masok-Chon. The number of species at the main stations reached a maximum on day 11 of being exposed to PFUs. The results of _eq, G and T_90% all suggest that bioassessments using the PFU system were well matched with pollution status of the water. All microbial variables were significantly correlated with comprehensive chemical pollution indices, P_a and P_b , with correlation coefficients ranging from r =0.87 to r=0.96. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

从浮游动物群落结构与功能的变化看府河—白洋淀水体的自净效果

本文报道了1993年5月、7月和10月在府河-白洋淀六个采样站浮游动物生态学特征及其与水质相互关系的调查研究结果。利用浮游动物群落结构的综合指标(种类组成差异,种类数目变化,个体数量变动,生物量分布,多样性指数d值的增减)和功能参数(PFU原生动物的群集速度)评价了府河-白洋淀水体的污染程度和自净效能。按照Margalef多样性指数d值的变化范围,把府河-白洋淀六个采样站的水质划分成不同的次序和等级。文中就如何控制污染,提高府河的自净效果,改善白洋淀的水质提出了具体措施和建议。