河北地区侵袭性酵母样真菌的菌株分布及药敏分析

目的调查河北地区16家三级教学医院侵袭性酵母样真菌的菌株构成、分布及其体外药敏特点,为临床抗真菌药物的合理应用提供依据。方法收集河北地区2016～2017年侵袭性酵母样真菌感染患者的菌株,对菌种构成进行分析,采用Sensititre YeastOne显色药敏板对9种抗真菌药进行药敏试验。结果共检出侵袭性酵母样真菌260株,其中白念珠菌是最主要的致病菌,占42.31%;非白念珠菌占57.69%,主要包括热带念珠菌19.23%、近平滑念珠菌18.08%和光滑念珠菌9.23%。白念珠菌对氟康唑、伏立康唑、伊曲康唑的耐药率分别为2.8%、1.9%和0.9%;热带念珠菌对氟康唑和伏立康唑的耐药率均为12.8%;近平滑念珠菌复合体对氟康唑和伏立康唑的耐药率分别为14.9%和10.6%;白念珠菌、热带念珠菌和近平滑念珠菌复合体对棘白菌素类抗菌物的耐药率几乎0%。结论侵袭性酵母样真菌感染中最常见的是白念珠菌感染,但是非白念珠菌感染已经超过50%。白念珠菌对抗真菌药物仍然有较高的敏感性,但对唑类药物的敏感率在不同种的念珠菌中存在差异。棘白菌素类对白念珠菌、热带念珠菌和近平滑念珠菌有很高的抗菌活性。     

8a间院内深部真菌感染的临床分布特点及耐药性分析

了解深部真菌感染的临床分布特点及耐药情况,以指导临床合理应用抗真菌药物。回顾性分析近8a自住院患者送检标本分离的深部感染真菌,利用ATB FUNGUS3真菌药敏卡进行体外药敏试验。2003年至2010年共检出9 854株假丝酵母菌,检出率呈上升趋势,由2003年的19.9%上升至2010年的34.3%。院内深部感染的真菌主要分布于内科（55.9%）;主要感染部位为呼吸道（84.6%）;主要菌种为白色念珠菌（60.9%）;非白色念珠菌比例逐年增高。真菌药敏试验结果表明,深部真菌对两性霉素B、伏立康唑和5-氟胞嘧啶耐药率分别为0.9%、4.0%和4.6%;对伊曲康唑的耐药率有上升趋势,为28%。临床深部真菌感染逐年增加,对唑类药物的耐药情况日趋严重。应重视临床真菌感染的病原学检查和耐药性监测,才能有效地控制深部真菌院内感染。     

呼吸科慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者酵母样真菌分离及耐药性分析

目的 调查慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并肺部真菌感染的病原菌分布及耐药性.方法 回顾性分析82例浙江大学附属第一医院收治的慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者分离标本,对其进行培养鉴定并分析药敏情况.结果 82例慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并真菌感染的患者检出白色念珠菌45例,热带念珠菌15例,光滑念珠菌11例,近平滑念珠菌8例,克柔念珠菌3例.所有酵母样真菌对5-氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素B敏感率较高,对唑类药物敏感性稍低.结论 慢阻肺患者酵母样真菌感染主要以白色念珠菌为主,且所有酵母样真菌的耐药性呈现上升态势,临床上应慎用抗菌药物,减少耐药菌株的产生.     

酵母样真菌感染的菌型分布及药敏试验分析

目的:调查酵母样真菌在临床标本中的菌型分布情况;了解临床常见真菌对常用抗真菌药物的敏感性,为临床使用抗真菌药提供依据.方法:按<临床检验操作规程>进行菌株分离和鉴定;对分离的菌株用法国生物梅里埃公司生产的ATBFUNGUS抗真菌药物敏感性试剂盒进行药敏试验.结果:共检出酵母样真菌256株,其构成比:白色念珠菌161株(62.88%)、热带念珠菌58株(22.8%)、高里念珠菌12株(4.69%)、酵母菌10株(3.91%),未定型7株(2.73%);91株酵母样真菌药敏结果:5-FC敏感率95.6%、AmB 100%、NYS 93.4%、MIZ 80.2%、ECO 81.3%、KET 84.6%.11株MIZ耐药株,2株同时耐ECO与KET,9株为ECO中介、8株为KET中介,15株耐药株有10株为热带念珠菌.结论:引起深部真菌感染的酵母样真菌种类日渐增多,其中以白色念珠菌为主;大部分酵母样真菌对抗真菌药敏感,咪唑类药物有交叉耐药,多数热带念珠菌有耐药性.因此,酵母样真菌的菌种鉴定及药敏试验对临床深部真菌感染的防治具有重要的意义.     

下呼吸道真菌感染的临床特点及耐药性分析

目的探讨住院患者下呼吸道真菌感染的临床特点,对其耐药性进行分析,以指导临床合理用药。方法回顾性调查2008年1月至2009年12月间安徽医科大学第一附属医院发生下呼吸道真菌感染的病例,并进行统计学分析。结果 374例下呼吸道真菌感染患者检出白色念珠菌253例(67.6%),光滑念珠菌74例(19.8%),热带念珠菌28例(7.5%),克柔念珠菌10例(2.7%),其他假丝酵母菌3例(0.8%),毛霉菌4例(1.1%),烟曲霉菌2例(0.5%)。本组资料药敏结果显示各种真菌对多种抗真菌药物敏感率较高,其中两性霉素B、伏立康唑和氟康唑的敏感率较高,而伊曲康唑的耐药率最高,达到12.2%。结论下呼吸道真菌感染仍以白色念珠菌感染为主,光滑念珠菌和热带念珠菌其次,3种念珠菌占总分离真菌的94.9%,5种抗真菌药物的耐药率以伊曲康唑最高,社区获得性感染患者预后明显优于医院感染患者。     

临床标本中酵母样真菌的分离鉴定和药敏结果分析

目的调查目前临床标本中酵母样真菌感染现状及耐药性情况。方法常规分离临床标本中的酵母样真菌,用科玛嘉显色培养基及法国生物-梅里埃API20CAUX鉴定系统鉴定菌种,并用K—B法进行药敏试验。结果研究期间共分离到193例有临床意义的酵母样真菌,检出率较高的依次为白假丝酵母菌（62．7％）,热带假丝酵母菌（20．2％）,光滑球拟酵母菌（9．3％）。在6种抗真菌药中,对伊曲康唑、氟康唑的耐药率增高。结论近年来由酵母样真菌感染引起的疾病及其对常用抗真菌药物的耐药率有明显增加,应加强真菌的检测和耐药性监测工作,以指导临床合理使用药物。     

重症监护病房白念珠菌耐药性8年变化趋势

目的调查上海长征医院重症监护室(ICU)近8 a中临床分离白念珠菌的耐药性变化,为临床治疗提供参考。方法上海长征医院ICU 2002～2009年从414例患者中首次分离出414株白念珠菌,对其中277株进行药敏试验。采用Cox-Stuart趋势检验回顾性分析临床分离真菌中白念珠菌所占比例变化趋势和白念珠菌对常用抗真菌药物耐药率的变化趋势。结果 2002～2009年间,上海长征医院ICU白念珠菌分离株数从2002年的34株增加至2009年的92株,但白念珠菌占总真菌分离株数的百分比维持在34.6%～55.7%,P=0.03。白念珠菌对于5-氟胞嘧啶和两性霉素B平均耐药率分别为4.0%和0.7%,对其他常用抗真菌药的耐药率依次为咪康唑47.0%、酮康唑10.8%、伊曲康唑19.9%、特比萘芬42.6%、氟康唑14.6%及伏立康唑13.0%。白念珠菌对5-氟胞嘧啶和两性霉素B和伊曲康唑耐药率的8年变化无统计学差异。结论上海长征医院ICU近8 a来白念珠菌仍然为临床较为常见的真菌分离株,但白念珠菌占总分离株数的百分比有逐渐减少的趋势。白念珠菌对常用抗真菌药物耐药性均无明显变化趋势。     

某院念珠菌尿的临床感染特征及其耐药趋势分析

目的调查和分析本院念珠菌尿的临床感染特征及耐药趋势,为临床合理选用抗真菌药物提供依据。方法以2013~2016年住院患者尿沉渣中念珠菌培养阳性者为研究对象,检出的菌株采用科玛嘉显色培养基进行鉴定,并通过ATB Fungu 3酵母样真菌药敏试剂盒进行药物敏感性试验。结果共分离出念珠菌株202例,其中白念珠菌最多(79.1%),其次为热带念珠菌(10.7%),近平滑念珠菌(5.1%)及克柔念珠菌(5.1%)。临床检出量以急诊内科最多(83例),其次为泌尿外科和内分泌科(均为21例)。药敏结果示:念珠菌对两性霉素B和5-氟胞嘧啶较敏感,念珠菌对氟康唑的耐药率逐年增加,对伏立康唑和伊曲康唑耐药率处于波动状态,但2016年的耐药率明显升高。结论念珠菌尿分离菌仍以白念珠菌为主。念珠菌对两性霉素B和5-氟胞嘧啶耐药性低,对唑类均有不同程度的耐药,且耐药率有升高的趋势。     

深部真菌感染调查及耐药性分析

目的了解住院患者真菌感染的临床特点及对药物的敏感情况。方法采用回顾性调查．对2002年8月至2005年8月住院病例中的真菌感染病例进行统计分析。结果3年间住院患者真菌感染536例,占检出病原菌的8．37％。引起深部感染的真菌以白色念珠菌为主,占39．37％;毛霉菌与曲霉菌的感染次之,分别达到16．79％和13．62％。呼吸内科、老年内科和ICU病房住院患者较易发生医院真菌感染。真菌感染的部位以呼吸道最高,其次为泌尿道。真菌对酮康唑、咪康唑和益康唑耐药率相对较高,对5一氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素B、制霉菌素相对敏感。结论医院深部真菌感染主要多发生于年老体弱、免疫功能低下、病情危重和长期使用抗生素的患者,已成为医院感染的主要因素之一。医院感染真菌的耐药性日趋严重,临床应用抗真菌药物尽量参考药敏试验结果。     

妇科住院患者酵母样真菌感染的菌株分布与药敏研究

目的对妇科住院患者阴道分泌物酵母样真菌隐性感染的菌群分布与药敏结果进行回顾性分析,为临床围手术期合理使用抗真菌药物提供依据。方法妇科住院患者5813例阴道分泌物中分离到396株酵母样真菌,采用API-20Aux和ATBFUNGUS进行鉴定和药敏试验。结果396株酵母样真菌中,分离率最高的前3位是白色假丝酵母菌（59.6%）、光滑假丝酵母菌（21.2%）和接合假丝酵母菌（6.6%）。酵母样真菌对5-氟胞嘧啶（5-FC）、两性霉素B（AMB）和制霉菌素（NYS）敏感率最高,达90.7%、92.7%和96.2%,咪康唑（MIC）、益康唑（ECO）和酮康唑（KET）分别为74.2%、61.6%和69.4%。结论住院妇科患者阴道分泌物酵母样真菌隐性感染主要以白色念珠菌和光滑念珠菌为主,感染的酵母样真菌对5-FC、AMB和NYS的药物敏感性较高,对唑类抗真菌药则有不同程度的耐药率。     

Impact of morphogenetic effectors on the growth pattern and the lipid composition of the mycelium and the yeastlike cells of the fungus Mucor hiemalis

We investigated the growth and the cell lipid composition of the mycelium and of the yeast-like form of Mucor hiemalis VKMF-1431 obtained under aerobic conditions by treatment with the morphogenetic agents itraconazole, exogenous triacylglycerols (TAGs), and trehalose. The sporangiospores of a 20-day culture were inoculated on the medium with glucose. Under these conditions, the fungus produced both mycelium and yeast-like cells. It was established that, upon the germination of old (20-day) sporangiospores, the fungus predominantly used the mycelium development strategy in the presence of trehalose and TAGs. It was characterized by a low ratio between the two bulk membrane lipids (PEA/PC) and increased levels of PC and polyunsaturated fatty acids (FA). Compared to the mycelium, the yeast cell morphotype obtained on the medium with glucose was distinguished by an elevated PEA/PC ratio, lowered TAG, free sterol (FS) and esterified sterol (ES) levels, a decreased ES/FS ratio that correlated with the reserve sterol pool size, and a lowered content of unsaturated fatty acids (the linoleic and the ??-linolenic acid). These peculiarities of the lipid composition of yeastlike cells correlated with the intensity of yeastlike growth. Light and electron microscopy revealed differences between the above cell morphotypes. With itraconazole, yeast-like cells were characterized by the destruction of the endoplasmic reticulum membranes and formation of a large number of vacuoles. The suggestion was confirmed that the state/age of inoculum sporangiospores exerts an influence on the capacity for dimorphism in mucorous fungi such as M. hiemalis. The data obtained testify to an involvement of lipids in the process of adaptation to environmental factors and to their regulatory role in morphogenetic processes associated with the formation of alternative morphotypes of the mucorous fungus.     

院内150例真菌感染及其耐药性分析

目的研究院内真菌感染的特点及耐药状况。方法对临床标本分离的真菌,用TAB Expression鉴定仪鉴定,E—test抗真菌药敏试纸条进行药敏试验。结果150株真菌共有14个种,以白色念珠菌为主．占45．3％。各种真菌对6种抗真菌药物均有不同程度的耐药。结论院内真菌感染呈上升趋势,并且产生一定的耐药株。     

6038例儿科临床标本深部真菌检出率及其药敏分析

目的了解儿童常见深部真菌的种类及耐药状况,指导临床合理用药。方法对785株深部真菌用YBC鉴定卡鉴定到种,用ATB-FUNGS试剂盒进行药物敏感试验。结果785株真菌中自色念珠菌占72．2％,其次是光滑念珠菌、热带念珠菌、克柔念珠菌,分别占17．2％、8．7％、1．3％。呼吸科、心内科、新生儿科、血液科真菌的检出率分别为：30．1％、13．5％、13．1％、12．1％;785株真菌对5-氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素B、制霉菌素、咪康唑、益康唑、酮康唑总的敏感率分别为93．2％、85．2％、87．4％、30．5％、61．8％、45．4％。结论儿童深部真菌以白色念珠菌最多。785株真菌对5-氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素B、制霉菌素的敏感性较高,它们仍然是治疗深部真菌感染的有效药物,而咪康唑、益康唑、酮康唑的敏感性较低,应引起临床医生的重视。     

Composition of lipids from yeast-like and mycelial cells of the fungus Mucor hiemalis, grown in the presence of 4-chloroaniline

The fungus Mucor hiemalis, which is commonly thought to be monomorphic, produced two types of cells, yeastlike and mycelial, during growth in a medium containing 4-chloroaniline. Among the polar lipids of yeastlike cells, diphosphatidylglycerol was dominant, while phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were present in minor amounts. Conversely, mycelial cells mainly contained phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, whereas the content of diphosphatidylglycerol was low. The neutral lipids of yeastlike cells were dominated by diacylglycerides, sterols, and fatty acids. The content of triacylglycerides and sterol esters was low. Yeastlike cells contained higher amounts of saturated fatty acids and lower amounts of unsaturated fatty acids than the mycelium. The content of stearic acid in the fatty acids of the mycelium grown in the presence of 4-chloroaniline was as high as 25.3-29.9%.     

Biosynthesis of amylolytic enzymes during continous cultivation of the yeast-like fungus Endomycopsis fibuliger 55-13

Growth of the yeast-like fungus Endomycopsis fibuliger 55-13 during continous cultivation was studied. The microorganism produced amylolytic enzymes during flow cultivation. As a result of the three-stage cultivation the productivity increased two-fold and the time of cultivation decreased by 6 hrs as compared with periodic cultivation.     

临床酵母样真菌的感染特点及耐药性研究

目的了解临床酵母样真菌的感染类型、分布以及耐药情况,为临床诊断治疗提供合理的用药依据.方法采用常规方法进行真菌培养,用科玛嘉显色培养基联合法国生物梅里埃API 20C AUX鉴定条进行鉴定,药敏试验采用微量稀释法.结果864株酵母样真菌中,白色念珠菌619株（71.6%）,其次为热带念珠菌116株（13.4%）和克柔念珠菌47株（5.4%）,非白色念珠菌感染的比例逐年上升（21.5%）.其中,呼吸道标本酵母样真菌检出率最高,达79.7%,其次是消化道为8.8%,泌尿道为4.7%.科室分布依次为干部科、呼吸科、急诊内科、血液科等;白色念珠菌对两性霉素B、5-氟胞嘧啶高度敏感,达90%以上,对氟康唑和伊曲康唑的敏感性有所降低.结论酵母样真菌的检出率与患者基础疾病密切相关;对氟康唑等药物的敏感性有下降的趋势,未发现对4种药物同时耐药的菌株,提示在治疗中,药敏监测是非常必要的.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of auxotrophic and morphological mutants of the yeastlike form of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis.

N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, which is known to be a very effective mutagen in many systems, was used to induce mutants in the yeastlike form of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis strain IVIC Pb9, an imperfect fungus. Forty-three auxotrophic and 27 prototrophic morphological mutants were isolated after treatment with 50 mug of nitrosoguanidine per ml in 0.1 M citrate buffer, pH 5.0. Auxotrophic mutants required primarily either amino acids, purines, or pyrimidines. Some auxotrophs were also morphological mutants. The main morphological difference from the parental strain was the texture or the color of the yeast-like colonies. Only one prototrophic morphological mutant differed in the size and form of the yeastlike cells when compared with the parental strain. Suxotrophic mutants were used in pairwise combination to attempt heterokaryon formation without success.     

Lipid composition of the mycelium of the fungus Mucor hiemalis cultivated with trehalose, triacylglycerols, and itraconazole

We investigated the growth and cell lipid composition of the fungus Mucor hiemalis VKMF-1431 cultivated under aerobic conditions in the presence of the morphogenetic agents itraconazole, exogenous triacylglycerols, and trehalose. The sporangiospores of a 6-day culture were used as inocula. Under these conditions, the fungus produced mycelium; nevertheless, solitary yeastlike cells also developed on the glucose-containing medium and in the presence of itraconazole and sterilized triacylglycerols (sTAGs). No yeastlike growth occurred in the system with trehalose and with unsterilized (native) TAGs (nTAGs). With trehalose and nTAGs in the cultivation medium, the ratio between PEA and PC, the two main types of membrane lipids, was low. This testified to a relatively high PC percentage and, accordingly, a stable structure and a highly functional state of the membranes. Moreover, if the development of the fungus occurred exclusively as mycelium formation, the level of polyunsaturated fatty acids (??-linolenic and arachidonic acid) increased in the presence of trehalose and that of linoleic acid increased in the presence of nTAGs. These results may suggest that unsaturated fatty acids and membrane lipids are related to the cell wall formation and the implementation of morphogenetic programs in mucorous fungi.     

Paracoccidioidomycosis in nude mice: Presence of filamentous forms of the fungus

Congenitally athymic nude mice (nu/nu) and their phenotypically normal littermates (nu/+) were intraperitoneally infected with yeast cells of a strain of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. The nude mice developed a severe and generalized infection with an intense parasitism of several organs, accompanied by a low-grade of tissue reaction. The lesions were characterized by abundant yeast-like cells of the fungus, and in some animals, numerous hyphal forms could be well visualized. In control animals, infection was moderate, almost exclusively restricted to the area of inoculation, and the lesions presented few parasites surrounded by an inflammatory response. Filamentous forms of the fungus were never encountered in these animals.