红松阔叶混交林林隙光量子通量密度、气温和空气相对湿度的时空分布格局

以小兴安岭原始红松阔叶混交林林隙为研究对象,通过对林隙内光量子通量密度(PPFD)、气温和空气相对湿度进行连续观测,比较其间的时空分布格局.结果表明：晴天和阴天阔叶红松林林隙的PPFD日最大值均出现在11:00—13:00,晴天林隙内各个时段最大值出现位置不同,日最大值出现在林隙北侧林冠边缘处;而阴天各个时段最大值均处于林隙的中心.林隙内月平均PPFD 为6月最高、9月最低,极差7月最大.林隙内晴天气温的峰值出现在9:00—15:00,而阴天气温峰值在15：00—19：00,均位于林隙中心南8 m.5:00—9:00林隙各点阴天的气温都高于晴天,9:00—19:00则相反.月平均气温为6月最高、9月最低.晴天和阴天空气相对湿度的峰值均出现在5:00—9:00,日最大值在林隙西侧林冠边缘处,且阴天的相对湿度始终大于晴天.月平均相对湿度为7月最高、6月最低.晴天PPFD的异质性大于阴天,而气温和相对湿度的异质性则不明显.生长季内不同月份PPFD、气温和空气相对湿度的最大值所处位置不同.PPFD和气温的月均值在林隙中心及附近变化梯度较大,而相对湿度的月均值则在林隙边缘变化梯度较大.     

红松阔叶混交林不同大小林隙小气候特征

利用HOBO自动气象站对小兴安岭红松阔叶混交林不同大小林隙、郁闭林分和空旷地的小气候因子进行了为期一个生长季的测定.结果表明：红松阔叶混交林林隙与对照样地的光照、地面温度和气温的日变化及其在生长季的变化趋势均呈单峰型曲线.林隙和对照样地空气相对湿度的日变化均为早晨和傍晚较高,正午较低,呈高-低-高的变化趋势;生长季内呈单峰型曲线,其中郁闭林分相对湿度最大,其次为小、中、大3个林隙,空旷地最小.林隙和对照样地降水量及降雨次数随林冠层郁闭程度的增加呈递减趋势,大林隙降雨量约为小林隙的1.4倍.在生长季内,空旷地、大、中和小林隙以及郁闭林分最大风速分别为3.34、2.97、2.87、2.41和1.84 m·s^-1.     

大豆和玉米冠层光合有效辐射各分量日变化

通过实测大豆和玉米冠层光合有效辐射各分量并计算其反射率、透射率,分析了各分量日变化规律及其影响因素。结果表明:光合有效辐射分量(FPAR)在一天中均接近于常数,特别是在8:00—11:00和14:00—16:00相对稳定;晴天大豆冠层入射光合有效辐射变化曲线较阴天平滑,反射率和透射率曲线没有阴天平滑;由于云层的吸收和散射作用,阴天中光合有效辐射(PAR)最大值的出现时间比晴天晚1h左右;植被冠层空间异质性对光合有效辐射各分量影响较大,不同作物类型的各分量之间有较大差异;大豆冠层空间异质性较玉米小,其光合有效辐射各个分量曲线较平滑;线性光量子传感器与太阳入射方向垂直投影线成30°时,冠层入射光合有效辐射平均偏离度值最小,为0.657%。     

帽峰山常绿阔叶林辐射通量特征

常绿阔叶林作为南亚热带气候条件下森林的典型代表,在森林辐射研究中扮演着重要的角色.基于广州帽峰山常绿阔叶林1 a的辐射观测数据,分析了其时序变化和分配等规律.结果表明:太阳总辐射(K ↓)、反射辐射(K↑)和净辐射(Rn)通量日变化呈典型的单峰曲线,大气逆辐射(L↓)、森林长波辐射(L↑)呈余弦曲线,长波有效辐射(Ln)呈波浪形.各辐射总量均为雨季大于旱季,Ln除外;帽峰山常绿阔叶林K ↓年总量为4201.22 MJ/m2,Rn、K↑和Ln占其比例分别为63％、11％和26％.Rn通量分配率日变化呈倒“U”型曲线,Ln和K↑呈“U”型曲线.林冠上光合有效辐射(PARa)日平均值旱季小于雨季,林冠下(PARb)则相反;PARa变异系数旱雨季均小于PARb;PARa日变化呈典型的单峰曲线,PARb整体和PARa一致,仅在中午时刻出现微弱双峰.PAR透射率日峰值出现时间范围与K↓基本一致,尤其是在雨季,PAR透射率日平均值雨季大于旱季.帽峰山常绿阔叶林PAR/K↓比率为20％左右.     

暖温带山地森林的小气候研究

本文探讨了暖温带山地落叶阔叶混交林和油松林不同梯度的气温、湿度、土壤温度的日变化特征,不同季节的分析结果表明：１．落叶阔叶林夜间始终存在气温随高度增加而增加（第１梯度＞第２梯度＞第３梯度＞第４梯度）的辐射逆温现象。油松林夜间林内气温观测值始终低于林冠以上值。２．在生长季的不同时期,人工油松林的林内气温（林地以上２ｍ和４ｍ）的日间波动程度和振幅都高于林冠以上（林冠顶以上０．５ｍ和２．５ｍ）。而在生长季中期,充分发育的落叶阔叶林林冠能够明显地缓减林内气温波动和振幅。３．两类林分各梯度的气温一般均在正午后２～３小时内达到高峰,而早晚较低,具有明显的日变化特征。４．落叶阔叶林林冠以上２．５ｍ处的水汽压及相对湿度始终低于林地以上４ｍ（林下灌木层以上２．５ｍ）处的同期值,具有比油松林更强的增湿效应。     

华北山区侧柏冠层气孔导度特征及其对环境因子的响应

冠层气孔导度(g_s)是衡量冠层-大气界面水汽通量的重要生物学常数,研究其特征及对环境因子的响应,能为开展森林冠层水汽交换过程的机理性研究提供理论依据.于2014年利用SF-L热扩散式探针测定了侧柏的树干液流密度(J_s),同步监测光合有效辐射(PAR)、饱和水汽压差(VPD)、气温(T)等环境因子,计算侧柏的冠层气孔导度特征并分析其对各环境因子的响应.结果表明: 侧柏液流密度的日变化总体呈双峰曲线,生长季高于非生长季,且胸径越大液流密度越大;冠层气孔导度日变化与单位叶面积冠层蒸腾(E_L)趋势相近,均呈双峰曲线,生长季的冠层气孔导度和蒸腾较非生长季略高.侧柏冠层气孔导度与空气温度呈抛物线关系,在10 ℃左右冠层气孔导度达到峰谷;光合有效辐射以400 μmol·m^-2·s^-1为界,小于该阈值两者呈正相关关系,大于该阈值则冠层气孔导度受其影响较小;与饱和水汽压差呈负对数函数关系,随饱和水汽压差增大而逐渐降低.较高的空气温度和光合有效辐射、较低的饱和水汽压差有利于侧柏形成较大的冠层气孔导度,进而促进冠层蒸腾.     

小兴安岭红松阔叶混交林林隙土壤温度的时空分布格局

采用网格法和十字样线法布设样点,在各样点安置地面温度表和曲管地温表,于2006年5—9月,测定了小兴安岭红松阔叶混交林林隙地表温度、地表最低和最高温度以及浅层（5、10、15和20 cm）土壤温度,分析了该区林隙土壤温度的时空分布格局.结果表明：研究区林隙地表温度的高值区均未出现在林隙中心,其出现位置具有明显的日变化规律,出现次序依次为林隙的西北侧、北侧和东侧;在地表温度的高值区域内,最高温度由高到低的时间排序为14:00、12:00、10:00和16:00,其他时间林隙地表温度的分布较均匀;不同月份研究区林隙地表温度空间分布的复杂程度及斑块等级有所不同;各月林隙地表温度的高值区均位于林隙西北侧和东侧,呈不对称分布;树木生长季初期（5月）和末期（9月）,研究区林隙地表温度平均日较差较大,而树木生长旺季（6—8月）却相对较小;东西方向上各观测点5、10、15和20 cm土壤温度呈双峰型日变化规律,南北方向上呈不明显的单峰型日变化趋势;各月在东西方向上的土壤温度呈双峰型变化趋势,南北方向上除5月呈随机变化以外,其余月份均呈单峰型变化趋势.     

红松阔叶混交林林隙光量子通量密度的时空分布格局

以小兴安岭原始红松阔叶混交林林隙为对象,采用网格法布点,对生长季林隙内各样点光量子通量密度(photosynthetic photon flux density,PPFD)进行连续观测,利用基本统计学和地统计学方法分析其时空分布格局.结果表明:红松阔叶混交林林隙的PPFD高值区日变化明显,最大值出现在12:00,位于林隙北侧.林隙的PPFD 6月最高,7、8、9月依次递减,其中7月PPFD不同位置间的变异系数最大;各月均为中等变异.不同月份林隙PPFD空间异质性的强度和尺度不同,6月变程最大,7月基台值和结构比最大;各月林隙PPFD斑块复杂程度不同,最大值均位于林隙东北侧.郁闭林分和空旷地的月平均PPFD变化次序与林隙一致.各样点月平均PPFD为空旷地最高,林隙次之,郁闭林分最低.     

阔叶红松林林冠空隙光强异质性对红松幼树生长的影响

利用Li-6400光合测定系统,研究了长白山阔叶红松林4个不同尺度林窗内光照强度的异质性,分析红松幼树在林窗内9个方位的光合作用日变化特征.结果表明：林窗内9个方位出现光合有效辐射(PAR)峰值顺序为:西实际林窗、北扩展林窗、林窗中心＞南实际林窗、南扩展林窗、东扩展林窗、东实际林窗＞西扩展林窗、北实际林窗,光照呈东-西、南-北不对称分布,光照梯度在西、北方向变化较大,但各方向距中心不同距离的日均PAR无显著差异.林窗Ⅰ～Ⅳ日均PAR分别为21.85、45.57、66.02和23.48 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,相互之间均达显著差异水平（P＜0.05）.PAR与净光合速率(P_n)呈显著正相关,且相关系数随PAR增大而增大.随林窗面积的增大,PAR和P_n均先增大后减小; 当林窗面积为267 m²时,二者同时达到最大值.     

栓皮栎人工林冠层温度变化特征及其与微气象因子的关系

基于2011年栓皮栎主要生长季(5-8月)的冠层温度数据及同步观测得到的冠层微气象资料,分析了典型晴天和阴天条件下华北低丘山地栓皮栎人工林冠层温度(Tc)的变化特征及其与微气象因子的关系.结果表明:晴天日9:00-16:00,栓皮栎人工林林冠边界层处于不稳定状态,Tc比空气温度(Ta)平均高3.55℃;阴天日Tc的变化较晴天条件下平缓;Tc与Ta、净辐射(Rn)、相对湿度、风速等冠层微气象要素的复相关达极显著水平,其复相关系数为0.825;影响Tc的主要气象因子是Ta和Rn,二者对Tc的影响程度与天气状况有关.     

Spectral composition of photosynthetically active radiation penetrating into a Norway spruce canopy: the opposite dynamics of the blue/red spectral ratio during clear and overcast days

The spectral composition of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) during clear and overcast days was studied above the canopy (U) and at two layers of a dense Norway spruce stand [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] characterized with an average LAI = 7.3 ± 0.8 (middle layer: M) and 12.3 ± 0.7 (lower layer: L). Whereas the spectral composition of PAR incoming on the canopy surface during cloudy days (characterized by diffuse index DI > 0.7) was almost independent of the solar elevation angle, the proportion of the blue-green spectral region of PAR was significantly reduced at low elevation angles during days with prevailing direct radiation (DI < 0.3). The PAR spectrum at both M and L levels was only slightly enriched in the green spectral region (more pronounced for DI < 0.3). The penetration of diffuse radiation into the canopy resulted in a slight (approx. 5%) reduction of the blue region proportion that remained stable during the day. On the contrary, under clear sky conditions the penetration of blue and red radiation was dependent on the solar elevation in an opposite manner in comparison with the spectral composition of PAR incident on canopy, giving almost twofold proportion of the blue part of the spectrum at a low elevation angle at M layer. We suggest that the blue enhancement of the spectrum within the Norway spruce canopy during clear days is due to a specific spatial arrangement of the assimilatory apparatus of a coniferous stand. Further, the possible consequences of the observed dynamics of the PAR spectrum inside the canopy during clear days on the efficiency of PAR absorption of the needles located within the canopy are discussed.     

林分光照空间异质性对水曲柳更新的影响

 光照是森林更新动态中极为关键的环境因子。本研究在东北天然次生林中选择样地,应用地统计学理论结合实验生态学方法,定量分析林分光照空间异质性特征,同时进行林下播种水曲柳（Fraxinus mandshurica）的更新实验,探测更新格局特征。通过空间关联性分析,研究探讨是否林分光照的空间变异对水曲柳更新有重要影响作用。研究结果表明： 1）生长季林分平均光照仅为全光照的4.2%～4.6%,在空间分布上呈现非常明显的异质性特征,空间自相关变异（62.5%～78.2%）主要体现在10.9～12.4 m的尺度上。2）林分光照不同的空间样点上,水曲柳更新幼苗发生数量和秋季幼苗存活数量均存在显著差异,光照相对强的微生境中,更新苗发生数量较多且存活率高,而在光照较弱的微生境中则更新较差,更新具有十分明显的空间格局。3）更新格局与林分光照空间异质性特征紧密关联。在光照空间异质性程度较高、空间变异较复杂的条件下,更新相应呈现出较复杂的空间格局,自相关的变异表现在较小尺度范围（2.12～6.97 m）。在光照空间异质性程度较低、空间变异复杂性较小的条件下,更新格局的复杂程度明显变小,空间自相关变异（>83%）表现在较大的尺度上（30 m）,对更新格局起主要的影响作用,随机变异的影响很小（<17%）。这些研究结果说明,林分光照环境在水曲柳更新中的作用十分关键,林分光照的空间异质性对更新格局起决定性作用。     

Low clouds and cloud immersion enhance photosynthesis in understory species of a southern Appalachian spruce-fir forest (USA)

High-altitude forests of the southern Appalachian Mountains (USA) are frequently immersed in clouds, as are many mountain forests. They may be particularly sensitive to predicted increases in cloud base altitude with global warming. However, few studies have addressed the impacts of immersion on incident sunlight and photosynthesis. Understory sunlight (photosynthetically active radiation, PAR) was measured during clear, low cloud, and cloud-immersed conditions at Mount Mitchell and Roan Mountain, NC (USA) along with accompanying photosynthesis in four representative understory species. Understory PAR was substantially less variable on immersed vs. clear days. Photosynthesis became light-saturated between ～100 and 400 μmol · m(-2) · s(-1) PAR for all species measured, corresponding closely to the sunlight environment measured during immersion. Estimated daily carbon gain was 26% greater on clear days at a more open canopy site but was 22% greater on immersed/cloudy days at a more closed canopy site. F(v)/F(m) (maximum photosystem II efficiency) in Abies fraseri seedlings exposed to 2.5 min full sunlight was significantly reduced (10%), indicating potential reductions in photosynthesis on clear days. In addition, photosynthesis in microsites with canopy cover was nearly 3-fold greater under immersed (2.6 mmol · m(-2) · h(-1)) vs. clear conditions (0.9 mmol · m(-2) · h(-1)). Thus, cloud immersion provided more constant PAR regimes that enhanced photosynthesis, especially in shaded microsites. Future studies are needed to predict the survival of these refugial forests under potential changes in cloud regimes.     

当归叶片光合参数日变化及其与环境因子的关系

在当归根茎膨大期,利用CI-310便携式光合仪,田间活体测定了当归的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)等光合生理生态因子,以及光合有效辐射(PAR)、田间CO2浓度(Ca)、相对湿度(RH)、大气温度(Ta)、叶温(TL)等环境因子的日变化。结果表明,当归Pn日变化曲线为"双峰"型,最高峰出现在10:00左右,次高峰出现在16:00左右,午间有明显的"午休"现象,气孔因素是导致其"午休"的主要原因。Tr、Gs和Ci的日变化曲线均为"双峰"型,最高峰出现在10:00,次高峰出现在17:00。当归叶片净光合速率随环境因子日变化最优逐步多元回归方程为yPn=14.3108 0.0076xPAR-0.5271xTL(R2=0.6601,P<0.05),TL和PAR是对光合速率直接影响最大的生态因子,而Ca、RH和Ta主要是通过TL而间接影响光合速率的变化。     

Growth responses to arbuscular mycorrhizae by rain forest seedlings vary with light intensity and tree species

Light intensity and root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are considered important factors affecting the performance of rain forest plants, yet few studies have examined how these two factors interact. Whether AM colonization promoted growth or caused shifts in biomass allocation in seedlings of four species of Australian rain forest tree (Flindersia brayleana, Acmena resa, Cryptocarya mackinnoniana and Cryptocarya angulata), grown in a glasshouse under light conditions that mimicked the shaded understory (3% PAR) and small light gaps (10% PAR), was examined. Seedlings were grown in sterilized field soil and either inoculated with AM fungi or provided sterile inoculum. Four major findings emerged. First, in all species, seedlings grown in small gap light intensities were larger than seedlings grown in understory light intensities. Second, when seedling biomass was included as a covariate, variation in light intensity was associated with significant shifts in biomass allocation. In all species, leaf area ratio was lower at 10% PAR than at 3% PAR, while root-to-shoot ratio showed the opposite pattern in one of the four species (C. mackinonniana). Third, although percentage root length colonized by AM fungi was greater at 10% PAR than 3% PAR in all species, this difference could be accounted for by variation in seedling size in all species except C. angulata. Fourth, growth and biomass allocation responses to AM colonization varied with light intensity and plant species. AM colonization promoted growth in both light regimes only in F. brayleana, while it had no effect on growth in C. mackinnoniana and C. angulata in either light regime and promoted growth only under high light in A. resa. AM colonization had no effect on leaf area ratio or root-to-shoot ratio in any of the species, and significantly altered specific root length in only one of the four species (C. mackinnoniana). These findings suggest that rain forest seedlings are highly variable in their growth responses to AM colonization and that some of this variability is related to the light intensity of the environment. Given that seedlings may spend many years in the shaded understory, these differences among species could have important effects on long-term seedling performance and seedling community dynamics.     

引种植物定植区近地层光合有效辐射特征

为了探讨西双版纳热带植物园引种植物主要定植区近地层的光合有效辐射特征及其变化规律,利用2008—2009年不同季节的小气候观测资料,分析了西双版纳热带植物园引种植物主要定植区近地层的光合有效辐射的季节和日变化特征。结果表明:西双版纳热带植物园区域的光合有效辐射具有明显的日变化和季节差异,雨季最强,旷地的光合有效辐射日总量可达406.6mol·m-2·d-1,雾凉季最弱,旷地光合有效辐射日总量为236.0mol·m-2·d-1;由于受高大树木遮蔽的影响,在沟谷林、龙脑香林和树木园的光合有效辐射数值较低;受太阳高度角变化和林冠林隙的影响,在雨季近地层光合有效辐射会出现突跃现象。各引种植物定植区近地层的光合有效辐射的数值也不同,存在地域差异和季节差异。在具有高大树木、遮蔽较大的定植区,近地层光合有效辐射的数值较小;而遮蔽较小的定植区,情况则反之,近地层光合有效辐射的季节差异与旷地相似,雨季较大,雾凉季较小。在具有高大树木、遮蔽较大的定植区,近地层光合有效辐射与旷地的比值较小,不足旷地的10%,其中在具有多层多种森林群落结构的沟谷林,其最小比值(雾凉季)仅为1.6%;而遮蔽较小的定植区比值较大(>55%)在干热季其数...     

The ratio of transmitted near-infrared radiation to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) increases in proportion to the adsorbed PAR in the canopy

The daily total photosynthetically active radiation (400??00?nm, PAR) and near-infrared radiation (700??000?nm, NIR) were measured in the understory beneath the canopy (PARt and NIRt) and above the canopy (PARi and NIRi) of a Japanese cool-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest during the snow-free period (May to November). The integration of spectral radiation for NIR and that for PAR, and the daily integrations of instantaneous NIR and PAR, reduced the noises from the optical difference in spectrum and from canopy structure heterogeneity, sky condition and solar elevation. PARi/PARt was linearly related to NIRt/PARt (R2?=?0.96). The effect of cloudiness was negligible, because the fluctuation of NIRi/PARi was quite small regardless of season and weather conditions compared with the range of NIRt/PARt in the forest. The ratio of NIRt/PARt beneath the canopy was log-linearly related to the in situ leaf area index (LAI) with a wide range from 0 to 5.25 (R2?=?0.97). We conclude that seasonal changes in fAPAR (=?1???PARt/PARi) and LAI of a canopy can be estimated with high accuracy by transmitted NIRt and PARt beneath the canopy.     

Influence of long-term exposure to an air-conditioned environment on the diurnal cortisol rhythm

In the present study, the influence of the long-term use of air-conditioning in summer on the cortisol rhythm was examined by measuring the rhythm in subjects who had been exposed to air-conditioning for a short [S] or long [L] time. Investigations were conducted twice in July and September. Atmospheric temperature and relative humidity near the subjects were measured for three days in each season. Saliva samples for cortisol analysis were collected every 2 hours during the daytime beginning at 8:00 h with subsequent sampling times at 10:00, 12:00, 14:00, 16:00, 18:00, 20:00 and 22:00 h. A questionnaire on sleep and duration of air-conditioning use was also undertaken. Ambient mean temperature was higher in the S group (mean+/-SD; 30.8+/-1.2 degrees C in July, 28.0+/-0.8 degrees C in September) than in the L group (28.0+/-1.2 degrees C in July, 27.3+/-1.0 degrees C in September) (p<0.01), while mean relative humidity did not differ. There were no differences in bedtime, waking time and sleeping hours either between groups or months. Diurnal patterns of salivary cortisol rhythm in July and September were similar in the S group, but the L group had a delayed rise of morning cortisol secretion in September compared with July. These results suggest that long-term exposure to an air-conditioned environment might adversely affect the human cortisol rhythm.     

苹果树冠层-空气温差变化及其与环境因子的关系

于2002—2005年,采用红外测温仪观测得到苹果树主要生长季节冠层温度数据,结合同步观测得到冠层净辐射(Rn)、风速(V)、空气温度(Ta)和湿度(RH)等冠层微气象要素数据及0～80cm土壤含水量(SW),分析苹果树冠层-空气温差(△T)变化规律及其与环境因子的关系.结果表明:苹果树主要生长季节(萌芽期—果实迅速膨大期)晴天△T日变化呈多峰曲线分布,△T最高值都出现在12:00—13:00左右;阴天△T日变化呈多峰曲线分布,但△T绝对值明显低于晴天日.2003年和2004年晴天日14:00△T与Rn、V、RH及SW具有较好的复相关关系:ΔT=7.159-0.002Rn-0.061V-0.7RH-46.0SW(r=-0.825),与Rn、RH、V及SW的偏相关系数分别为0.125、-0.078、-0.036和-0.874,逐步回归方程式为ΔT=5.317-43.1SW,说明土壤水分对△T的影响程度相对最大.经2002年和2005年观测数据验证,△T观测值与计算值吻合关系较好,二者线性相关系数可达0.9083.这说明采用晴天日14:00时刻数据分析△T的影响机制,预测土壤水分含量具有很好的可行性.