浙江仙居俞坑森林群落研究

浙江仙居俞坑森林群落植物种类丰富, 优势种不明显, 群落中植物种类以常绿阔叶树种为主, 落叶阔叶成分也有一定比例。各样地植物种类相似性很低, 组成很不一致。群落垂直结构复杂, 地上成层明显。群落乔木层物种多样性指数较高, 各样地间多样性指数测值变幅较大。样地内的优势种群中常绿阔叶树种的年龄结构呈稳定型或增长型、而落叶树种的年龄结构呈衰退型。乔木层各优势种群的分布格局多呈随机分布或均匀分布。     

长白山落叶阔叶混交林的物种多样性、种群空间分布格局及种间关联性研究

根据在吉林省蛟河实验管理局1 hm²落叶阔叶混交林样地调查结果,对落叶阔叶混交林的群落结构、物种多样性、主要树种的空间分布格局以及树木种群的种间关联进行了研究.结果表明,树木种群优势程度不明显;乔木、灌木、草本的均匀度指数、生态优势度指数都较低.对5个主要乔木种群的空间格局均呈现聚集分布;15个主要树种之间有14个种对存在着显著的种间关联,一个种独立;树种之间正关联的种对少,关联强度低,而负关联多且较高,群落结构组成不稳定,处于软阔叶林向硬阔叶林直至红松阔叶林过渡的阶段.     

长白山落叶阔叶混交林的物种多样性、种群空间分布格局及种间关联性研究

根据在吉林省蚊河实验管理局1hm^2落叶阔叶混交林样地调查结果,对落叶阔叶混交林的群落结构、物种多样性、主要树种的空间分布格局以及树木种群的种间关联进行了研究．结果表明,树木种群优势程度不明显;乔木、灌木、草本的均匀度指数、生态优势度指数都较低．对5个主要乔木种群的空间格局均呈现聚集分布;15个主要树种之间有14个种对存在着显著的种间关联,一个种独立;树种之间正关联的种对少,关联强度低,而负关联多且较高,群落结构组成不稳定,处于软阔叶林向硬阔叶林直至红松阔叶林过渡的阶段．     

天目山常绿阔叶林空间结构动态变化特征

采用固定样地重复监测的方法,2005-2015年每5年1次对天目山国家级自然保护区内1hm²常绿阔叶林固定样地进行3次样地调查,按优势度分析法确定群落优势树种,根据树种类别将优势树种分为常绿阔叶树种、常绿针叶树种和落叶阔叶树种3个优势树种组,利用聚集指数、树种多样性混交度和Hegyi竞争指数3个空间结构指数,分析群落和优势树种在2005-2015年期间的空间结构动态变化特征。结果表明：（1）群落表现为低度聚集、中度混交和中度竞争状态。群落聚集程度和竞争强度降低,混交程度保持稳定。群落空间结构动态变化总体特征是混交度稳定性最高,其次是分布格局,竞争态势稳定性最低。（2）群落优势种组成变化不大,3个优势树种组均呈低度聚集分布;常绿阔叶树种表现为低度混交、中度竞争状态;常绿针叶和落叶阔叶树种均表现为中度混交、低度竞争状态。常绿阔叶树种的聚集程度和竞争强度降低,混交程度保持稳定,与群落空间结构动态变化特征基本一致。常绿针叶和落叶阔叶树种的3种空间结构均保持稳定。在常绿阔叶林经营或人工林近自然改造过程中,应重视群落和优势树种的空间结构变化规律,确定阶段性空间结构优化目标,逐步促进群落进展演替。     

东灵山暖温带落叶阔叶次生林动态监测样地:物种组成与群落结构

群落结构状态是植被演替进程中的重要体现之一,同时也是下一步演替过程发生的基础.暖温带落叶阔叶次生林是中国暖温带森林植被的主要类型.为了更好地研究其演替动态、生物多样性维持机制,我们参照巴拿马Barro Colorado Island(BCI)50 ha热带雨林样地的技术规范,于2009年11月至2010年9月在北京门头沟区小龙门森林公园的暖温带落叶阔叶次生林内建立了一块20 ha的固定样地(简称DLS),对样地内胸径≥1 cm的所有木本植物进行了鉴定、调查及定位,分析了群落的组成和结构.结果表明,样地内木本植物有58种,隶属于18科33属.独立个体的总数为52,136,包括独立个体分枝的总数为103,284,全部为落叶树种.群落的区系类型以北温带成分居多,同时混有一些亚热带和热带成分,属典型的温带森林类型.群落优势种明显,个体数最多的前5个种的个体数占到总个体数的61%,前20个种占到92%,而其余38个种只占8%.群落成层现象明显,垂直结构由主林层(19个种)、次林层(18个种)和灌木层(21个种)组成.样地所有木本植物个体总径级分布呈倒"J"型,群落更新良好.主林层树种的径级结构近似于双峰或正态分布,而次林层和灌木层树种则表现出倒"J"型或"L"型.几个主要树种的空间分布表现出不同的分布格局,随着径级增大,聚集程度降低.空间分布格局显示主要优势种自身个体在其径级大小的空间分分布上互补,不同径级的个体占据了样地内不同的空间位置.     

湖南小溪自然保护区巴东木莲群落结构

巴东木莲(Manglietia patungensis)分布于湖南西北部、湖北西南部和重庆市,是中国特有的稀有濒危物种。湖南小溪自然保护区是巴东木莲分布面积最大且最集中的地区。对巴东木莲群落乔木层结构及优势树种径级组成的分析结果表明,该群落属于典型的常绿阔叶林,群落乔木层可分为三个亚层:第一亚层优势树种为落叶树种枫香(Liquidam bar form osana)和常绿树种巴东木莲;第二亚层以利川润楠(Machilus lichuanensis)为优势树种;第三亚层的优势树种是长叶石栎(Lithocarpus henryi);优势树种径级组成表明,巴东木莲在该群落中与其它优势树种形成稳定的共存群落;巴东木莲在群落中呈聚集分布格局。本研究为正处于生境消失、群落结构被破坏的巴东木莲群落恢复与重建提供科学依据。建议在小溪自然保护区内严格限制对巴东木莲种子的采收,禁止在林下采挖巴东木莲的幼苗,确保巴东木莲在自然状态下得以保持其种群和个体数量的自然增长。     

天目山米心水青冈群落物种组成特点与萌条更新

由于特定的温湿需求,中国的水青冈多分布于亚热带山地,而分布于欧洲和北美的水青冈则为温带的优势种。本文对浙江天目山自然保护区内米心水青冈群落物种组成特点和更新进行了研究。结果表明：在3个30 m×30 m样方中共发现132种高等植物,分属于51科86属;种-面积关系符合Arrhenius模型,lg S=0.384 lg A+0.6443;log-series模型能很好地模拟米心水青冈群落中乔木层种-多度关系(R²=0.9596);乔木层优势种为壳斗科的米心水青冈、短柄枹、锥栗等;灌木层优势种有伞形绣球、宜昌荚蒾等;草本层优势种为箬竹、苔草等;群落物种多样性较高,而灌木层和草本层物种多样性与乔木层多样性呈负相关;群落结构表明,天目山米心水青冈群落是稳定的顶极群落,萌条更新在米心水青冈群落中十分常见,55%的乔木层物种具有萌条现象;尤其是米心水青冈,萌条数与母株的胸径呈显著的正相关。     

八大公山中亚热带山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林物种组成与结构

山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林在我国主要分布在中亚热带1000～2000 m中山地带。八大公山位于武陵山系北端,中亚热带北缘,具有保护较好的典型山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林。为了研究常绿落叶阔叶混交林动态和川东-鄂西植物多样性形成及维持机制,按照CTFS（Center for Tropical Forest Science）样地建设标准,中国科学院武汉植物园于2010-2011年在湖南八大公山（Badagongshan,BDGS）国家级自然保护区建立了一个25 hm2（500 m×500 m）中亚热带山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林动态监测样地（Forest Dynamic Plot）。本研究以样地内所有胸径（DBH）≥1 cm的木本植物（不含竹藤）为研究对象,分析该样地区系成分、群落组成、垂直结构、径级结构和空间分布。结果表明：八大公山样地属于典型的山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林,植物以泛热带分布科（24.50%）和北温带分布属（24.56%）占优势,包括9种珍稀濒危植物。样地内木本植物合计53科、114属、238种（含种下分类单位）,186556株存活个体。落叶树144种,常绿树94种。壳斗科（Fagaceae）、杜鹃花科（Ericaceae）、樟科（Lauraceae）和山茶科（Theaceae）占据优势;个体数超过1000的有38个物种,以常绿树种（63.16%）为主;稀有种（〈25株）103个（占样地物种总数43.28%）。群落垂直结构可分为乔木层（优势树种多脉青冈Cyclobalanopsis multinervis和亮叶水青冈Fagus lucida）、亚乔木层（优势种长蕊杜鹃Rhododendron stamineum和黄丹木姜子Litsea elongata）和灌木层（优势种短柱柃Eurya brevistyla和薄叶山矾Symplocos anomala）。个体数超过1000的树种和稀有种主要来自灌木层。由于生长型限制,样地内树种平均胸径较小（5.41 cm）,DBH〈5 cm的个体占优势（68.40%）。主要优势树种的径级结构呈现倒J型。     

广西木论保护区喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林优势种空间格局及其相关性

基于广西木论国家级自然保护区喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林1 hm²样地调查数据,采用点格局方法分析了混交林4个优势种群空间格局,及种内和种间的相关关系.结果表明：木论常绿落叶阔叶混交林乔木层Ⅰ亚层以小栾树为主,Ⅱ亚层和Ⅲ亚层均以东女贞、铁榄和广西密花树为主;4个优势种群不同林层的空间分布格局在<10 m尺度上呈显著的聚集分布,>25 m尺度呈随机分布,有些尺度呈均匀分布,10～25 m尺度内则为聚集分布向随机分布过渡,且不同树种聚集分布向随机分布转化的临界尺度不同.Ⅰ亚层小栾树与Ⅱ亚层4个优势种的相关性较弱;Ⅲ亚层各优势种与Ⅱ亚层4个优势种中,小栾树与4个优势种相关关系波动较大,东女贞<50 m尺度内呈显著正相关,铁榄与4个优势种没有明显的相关性,广西密花树在<20 m尺度没有相关性,而在20～50 m尺度上呈显著负相关.     

关帝山寒温性云杉次生林样地树种组成、结构和空间分布

云杉次生林是关帝山的优势森林植被类型,也是华北亚高山地区寒温性常绿针叶林的代表类型.为更好地了解其物种组成、群落结构等基本特征及其潜在的生态学过程和机制,于2010年在关帝山庞泉沟国家自然保护区建立了4 hm²的云杉次生林固定监测样地(GDS样地).本文以第一次本底调查数据为基础,分析了样地树种组成、结构和空间分布.结果表明: 样地共有木本植物30种,隶属于11科22属.包括分枝的总个体数为26218(其中独立个体数为10266).植物区系组成属北温带成分;不同树种个体数、平均胸径和胸高断面积差异较大,导致群落成层分明,各层优势种明显.乔木层第一亚层树种径级结构呈双峰偏正态分布,乔木层第二亚层树种径级呈近似正态分布,灌木层树种径级呈“L”型分布.乔木优势树种青杄和华北落叶松的空间分布无论在个体数量还是聚集程度上均随径级变化而呈现不同的格局特征.相同径级的两树种,胸径(DBH)≥30 cm的华北落叶松在样地居多且聚集分布于样地中部,而DBH≥30 cm的青杄则相对较少,没有表现出空间聚集性.DBH≤10 cm的华北落叶松个体很少且散生于样地,而DBH≤10 cm的青杄大量聚集于样地中部.DBH≤10 cm的青杄在样地偏西北区域也有大量分布,而DBH≤10 cm的红桦主要分布于样地偏东南区域.灰栒子、土庄绣线菊和四川忍冬等灌木树种也表现出一定的异质性空间分布特征.树种分布格局受生境条件影响,同时与自身发育规律、更新特征及生态习性等相关.     

米心水青冈种群萌条更新与高度生长

萌条是许多木本植物更新的重要方式,尤其是在干扰生境中.有种观点认为萌条需要消耗大量资源,导致其他方面投入减少,据此提出萌条数-高度的权衡假说.对该假说的检验多比较萌条和非萌条同属植物的高度,然而由于生活史以及其他生物学习性的差异,可能使这一比较的基础不成立.在米心水青冈中比较萌条现象不同的个体间高度来检验该假说,结果表明米心水青冈萌条和非萌条个体间的高度不存在显著差异(p=0.873),多茎干和少茎干成体间的高度也没有显著差异(p=0.559),并且个体的高度与茎干数存在显著的正相关,表明在米心水青冈中不存在茎干数-高度的权衡关系,其原因是由于萌条的叶片也具有光合能力,向萌条的资源运输随着萌条的长大而逐渐减少,直至中止.在调查的米心水青冈种群中,多干指数达到96.4%,几乎所有的幼苗、幼树和小树都是通过萌条形成的,表明萌条在种群的更新中起着关键作用.     

贵州梵净山森林树干附生尖叶拟船叶藓分布格局研究

通过使用双向指示种分析（TWINSPAN）和无偏对应分析（DCA）两种方法进行研究的结果表明,梵净山树干附生尖叶拟船叶藓在群落水平上的分布与森林群落类型相对应,其所在群落可以分成贵州青冈-箭竹群落、贵州青冈＋巴东栎＋雷公鹅耳枥-箭竹群落、贵州青冈-短柱柃群落、大钟杜鹃＋多脉青冈-野八角群落、亮叶水青冈＋多脉青冈＋贵州青冈-箭竹群落和贵州青冈-尖叶山茶-野八角群落6类树附生苔藓植物群落类型。尖叶拟船叶藓在梵净山的垂直分布范围为海拔1650～2080m;在树干垂直分布表现为下部显著多于中部,中部显著多于上部;在不同树种间的分布存在显著差异。分析了影响树附生尖叶拟船叶藓生态分布的相关因素。     

啮齿动物对米心水青冈种子命运的影响

有性生殖(实生更新)和无性生殖(萌生更新)是植物繁殖的两种关键方式。自然界中,个别物种同时具备两种更新方式,米心水青冈(Fagus engleriana Seem.)就是典型的物种。已有研究表明萌生更新在米心水青冈种群生活史中普遍存在,可使其占据原有生态位(生态位占据假说),但对米心水青冈实生更新的研究却未见报道。为了探索啮齿动物对米心水青冈实生更新的作用机制,笔者在神农架米心水青冈林中通过坚果摆放实验,研究啮齿动物对米心水青冈坚果传播机制的影响。结果显示,鼠类对坚果的原地捕食率高达81.22%;坚果被扩散率低,仅18.56%;坚果在原地平均留存时间为(5.25±5.95)d;坚果扩散距离为(2.63±1.60)m。研究发现,米心水青冈坚果被啮齿动物捕食率极高,贮藏率极低,且坚果被传播距离在同属植物中较小,不利于该物种更新繁殖。萌生更新在很大程度上弥补了米心水青冈实生更新繁殖方式的不足。本研究结果有助于对水青冈属植物繁殖策略的理解。     

Structures and topographical pattern of the tree layer of Fagus engleriana-Cyclobalanopsis oxyodon community in Shennongjia area, Hubei Province, China

Shennongjia represents an area of considerable plant biodiversity, not only for China but for the whole world. The numerous species are distributed along an altitude gradient. The genus Fagus, commonly known as Beeches, constitutes one of the dominant woody species of the humid temperate forests in China. This paper deals with the community structure of a mixed, broadleaved deciduous-evergreen beech forest dominated by the Fagus engleriana and Cyclobalanopsis oxyodon, which occurs along an altitude gradient range in this area. The community consists of 46 woody species, belonging to 22 families and 27 genera. The tree layer can be divided into three sub-strata. The upper layer is composed of deciduous trees, 80.7% of which is E engleriana. The second and third layers are dominated by the evergreen species, such as C. oxyodon and the Rhododendron hypoglaucum. These species increase from 55.9% in the second layer to 80.5% in the third, and regeneration at that rate allows us to assume that the stability of the community may be guaranteed. The micro-site heterogeneity plays an important role in maintaining species diversity in plant communities. In this research, a terrain surface of 0.96 hm<'2> was simulated using the digital elevation model (DEM) in order to analyze the influence of the topography on plant community structures on a small scale. The slope relief aspect obtained with the DEM showed an accentuated heterogeneity. Semivariance analysis was used to measure the heterogeneity scale. The range and nugget variance of the semivariograms for slope were 285.8 and 280.5, respectively; for aspect, were 21.8 and 498, respectively. The elevated value of the nugget variance suggested that even on a small scale, the topographic variations influenced the species distribution. Twenty-four species were selected to estimate the correlation coefficient between the slope, aspect, and orientation. Then based on the correlation results using the Square Euclidean Distance cluster analysis, the 24 species were divided into four groups.     

Structure and stem growth of multi-stemmed trees of Fagus engleriana in China

Fagus engleriana Seem. occurs in the mountains of southern China. It has a multi-stemmed form at several sites, but it is single-stemmed at other sites. It is not known whether this tree naturally develops the multi-stemmed form at all sites of its range. This paper describes the occurrences of multi-stemmed F. engleriana at eight sites that are spread over its range. The clonal structure and stem growth patterns for selected F. engleriana individuals are also given. Our results suggest that F. engleriana is able to develop a multi-stemmed form at all sites of its range. The beech clones examined usually had closed centres, suggesting that they were younger than the Japanese Fagus japonica clones that have open centres. There were usually dominant and suppressed stems within the F. engleriana clones. Often, the dominant and some suppressed stems within a clone were of similar-age and had strong initial stem-radial growth rates. These similar-aged stems probably emerged in a large opening. The suppressed stems usually had radial growth rates that were initially similar to, but later much less than that of the dominant ones. At one site that was intensively studied, decrease of stem growth with increase of stem size was found in the multi-stemmed beech but not in single-stemmed Fagus hayatae Palibin ex Hayata. Both species had comparable initial radial growth rates. At this latter site there were two large peaks in the ages of all F. engleriana stems sampled, suggesting two major disturbances occurred in the past. F. engleriana occurs mainly in the northern part of Chinese Fagus range, where beech seed production is rather low, and in forests where dense bamboo undergrowth restricts establishment and survival of seedlings. Vigorous sprouting is probably beneficial to F. engleriana enabling it to persist in these habitats.     

神农架地区米心水青冈萌枝过程的研究

米心水青冈是水青冈属３种多主干的树种之一,萌枝是它的主要更新方式。本文通过样方法和树木年代学方法对神农架地区米心水青冈的萌枝更新过程进行了研究。结果表明,米心水青冈的萌枝现象是普遍存在的,但萌枝数量不同地点差异较大。９丛米心水青冈完整的年轮分析结果表明,它们萌枝的时间不是连续的,而与森林的受干扰有关。根据８３个圆盘和生长锥芯资料,米心水青冈在萌枝后成长为乔木层或林冠层的过程中,径向生长表现为５种模式,这是根株内竞争的结果。萌枝在米心水青冈林的维持和发展过程中,具有重要的生态学作用。     

A Study on Distribution Pattern of An Epiphytic Bryophyte,Dolichomitriopsis diversif ormis ( Lembophyllaceae) on Tree Trunks in Forest in Fanjing Mountain of Guizhou

The distribution pattern of Dolichomitriopsis diversif ormis (Mitt. ) Nog. in Fanjing Mountain of Guizhou was investigated by means of TWINSPAN and DCA. The results showed that the community-wide distribution of epiphytic D1 diversif ormis is well correlated with forest community types. The forest communities with this species can be divided into six groups, which are Cyclobalanop sis stewardiana-Sinarundinaria nitida community, Cyclobalanopsis stewardiana+ Quercus engleriana+ Carpinus viminea-Sinarundinaria nitida community, Cyclobalanopsis stewardiana-Euryia brevistyla commun-i ty, Rhododendron ririei + Cyclobalanop sis multinervis-Illicium simonsii community , Fagus lucida + Cyclobalanopsis multinervis+ Cyclobalanopsis stewardiana-Sinarundinaria nitida community and Cyclobalanop sis stewardiana-Camellia cuspidata- Illicium simonsii community respectively. The vertical distributive range of this species is 1 650- 2 080 m above sea level; the vertical distribution of this species on tree trunks is that on the lower parts are significantly more than on the middle parts and on the middle parts are significantly more than on the upper parts; the distribution of this species among different tree species is remarkably different. The ecological factors of influencing the distribution of epiphytic D1 diversif ormis in Fanjing Mountain were also analyzed and discussed.     

The Janzen-Connell effect on the population dynamics of a Fagus engleriana- Cyclobalanopsis oxyodon community in a subtropical zone of China

The Janzen-Connell (J-C) hypothesis provides a mechanism explaining the high species diversity in tropical rainforests. It postulates that predation could cause greater mortality on seeds and seedlings near their parental trees. In this study, we tested the hypothesis in a subtropical zone, a mixed evergreen-deciduous broad-leaved forest dominated by the Fagus engleriana and Cyclobalanopsis oxyodon. The study area was in the Shennongjia region, a key area of biodiversity conserva-tion in both China and the world. The recruitment probability index was used to detect the J-C effect on nine species of the community, which were more than 50 individuals. Six large adults of each species were selected, and the numbers of saplings and adults were counted at the distance intervals of 0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20, and 20-25 m from each focal tree. Two species in saplings stage and six in adult stage supported the J-C hypothesis, but their χ2 was not significant. Three species, the F. engleri-ana, Rhododendron hypoglaucum, and Toona sinensis, showed a strong Hubbell pattern in the adult stage. Because of these results, we reject the J-C hypothesis and conclude that species could recruit near the conspecific trees in subtropical forest. The reasons why the J-C hypothesis fails to explain the species diversity in this community are the shortage of seed-consuming agents of subtropical forest and the influence of microsite topo-graphic variation.     

Effects of size,neighbors, and site condition on tree growth in a subtropical evergreen and deciduous broad‐leaved mixed forest,China

Successful growth of a tree is the result of combined effects of biotic and abiotic factors. It is important to understand how biotic and abiotic factors affect changes in forest structure and dynamics under environmental fluctuations. In this study, we explored the effects of initial size [diameter at breast height (DBH)], neighborhood competition, and site condition on tree growth, based on a 3‐year monitoring of tree growth rate in a permanent plot (120 × 80 m) of montane Fagus engleriana–Cyclobalanopsis multiervis mixed forest on Mt. Shennongjia, China. We measured DBH increments every 6 months from October 2011 to October 2014 by field‐made dendrometers and calculated the mean annual growth rate over the 3 years for each individual tree. We also measured and calculated twelve soil properties and five topographic variables for 384 grids of 5 × 5 m. We defined two distance‐dependent neighborhood competition indices with and without considerations of phylogenetic relatedness between trees and tested for significant differences in growth rates among functional groups. On average, trees in this mixed montane forest grew 0.07 cm year^?1 in DBH. Deciduous, canopy, and early‐successional species grew faster than evergreen, small‐statured, and late‐successional species, respectively. Growth rates increased with initial DBH, but were not significantly related to neighborhood competition and site condition for overall trees. Phylogenetic relatedness between trees did not influence the neighborhood competition. Different factors were found to influence tree growth rates of different functional groups: Initial DBH was the dominant factor for all tree groups; neighborhood competition within 5 m radius decreased growth rates of evergreen trees; and site condition tended to be more related to growth rates of fast‐growing trees (deciduous, canopy, pioneer, and early‐successional species) than the slow‐growing trees (evergreen, understory, and late‐successional species).     

数字高程模型在群落内物种共存研究中的应用——以神农架米心水青冈-曼青冈群落的地形模型建立为例

地形是环境异质性产生的原因之一。受技术条件的限制, 以往研究中地形因子只能作为背景因子介入, 无法分析地形的细微变化对植物分布格局的影响。该文将数字高程模型引入群落内物种多样性研究, 以神农架米心水青冈 (Fagusengleriana) _曼青 冈 (Cyclobalanopsisoxyodon) 群落固定样地的地形分析为例, 介绍DEM的建立及地形因素的提取。摸拟 0.96hm2 样地的地形变化, 发现样地总坡向为西偏北 30°, 总坡度为 4 0.0 1°, 最大坡度为74.6°, 最小坡度为 18.2°, DEM的精度为 0.4m。选择群落中 2 4种植物与坡度、坡向及坡位等地形因素进行相关分析, 发现不同的种对地形变化的反应不同。该次研究中, DEM量化了地形数据, 使之可以参与到生物多样性研究中, 为在连续面上分析地形因素对群落内植物分布的影响提供了极大的便利。DEM在小尺度中应用的主要问题是原数据的采集, 该次研究中的地形数据为人工野外测量, 研究规模受到一定限制。