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1.
根据ITS1-5.8S-ITS2区域的特异核酸序列变化,加特隐球酵母Cryptococcus gattii(≡新型隐球酵母加特变种Cryptococcu neoformans var.gattii)可分为6种基因型。本研究通过检测加特隐球酵母的IGS基因,发现其IGS序列有着更丰富的变异和信息位点。通过结合加特隐球酵母RAPD(随机扩增的多态性DNA)图谱比较研究,与IGS和ITS的序列分析结果大体一致,说明新近发现的加特隐球酵母ITS8型确实有别于以前报道过的其他加特隐球酵母ITS基因型。研究证明IGS1及IGS2基因片段分析可以作为加特隐球酵母基因分类鉴定中有效的辅助鉴别的分子生物学方法,联合多种基因分类鉴定的方法可以更有效地揭示新型隐球酵母加特变种种内不同基因亚型间的遗传进化关系。  相似文献   

2.
目的构建体外血脑屏障模型,并检测隐球菌不同菌株穿越血脑屏障的能力。方法本研究应用商品化的小鼠脑微血管内皮细胞系b END.3构建体外血脑屏障模型,并验证该模型应用于隐球菌穿越血脑屏障机制研究的可行性。通过构建模型,以非致病性的酿酒酵母作为阴性对照,比较新生隐球菌不同血清型标准株及基因缺陷株穿越体外血脑屏障能力的差异。结果跨膜电阻值(TEER)检测提示体外血脑屏障模型构建成功。检测结果显示酿酒酵母作为阴性对照穿越血脑屏障效率最低,新生隐球菌血清A型标准株H99穿越细胞屏障效率最强,血清D型标准株JEC21穿越细胞屏障效率显著低于H99。较之H99,黑色素酶缺陷株lac1裣穿越体外血脑屏障模型的效率没有显著差异;尿素酶缺陷株ure1裣效率显著下降(P0.05),约为标准株H99通过率的59.9%;荚膜缺陷株cap59裣突破体外血脑屏障模型效率最低,约为标准株H99的18%(P0.001)。结论隐球菌中枢系统感染体外模型成功构建。新生隐球菌突破血脑屏障的能力与其血清型以及荚膜、尿素酶等毒力因子的表达密切相关。  相似文献   

3.
周利艳  付钰 《微生物学报》2019,59(2):326-333
【目的】建立流式细胞仪分选新生隐球菌单细胞的方法,确定新生隐球菌单细胞恢复生长的条件和能力。【方法】利用Moflo XDP流式细胞分析分选仪,体外测定不同条件下新生隐球菌恢复生长的比率。【结果】建立了流式细胞仪新生隐球菌单细胞分选流程。确定流式细胞仪分选得到的新生隐球菌单细胞具有恢复生长的能力,恢复生长的能力受营养条件和菌株差异的影响。在营养丰富的条件下,新生隐球菌JEC21和H99单细胞恢复生长比率分别为74%和89%。在寡营养条件下,JEC21和H99单细胞恢复生长比率分别为37%和80%。JEC21生长比率随细胞数的增加而升高,细胞数为100个时,生长比率为55%;细胞数为1000个时,生长比率为97%。【结论】流式细胞仪分选得到新生隐球菌单细胞具有恢复生长的能力,生长能力受营养条件、菌株差异的影响。  相似文献   

4.
在我国,对新生隐球菌(Cryptococcus neoformans)已进行了较系统的研究。生态学方面,,由鸽粪分离的环境株具有表型的多态性,包括新生变种的A、D血清型及尿素酶阴性株,而这些多态性菌株均已在临床发现。分子生物学方面,G+Cmol%和核型已被进行分析。,由PFGE分析所得到的有意义的信息是两个变种和5种血清型新生隐球菌株具有明显不同的核型谱。临床方面,研制的一种新的可同时检测酚氧化酶和尿素酶的培养基可用于该菌的临床鉴定。使用一种高渗培养基诱导出于该菌的L-型,提示在感染期间L-型的形成可能与该病的慢性过程与复发有关。已证实氟康唑对治疗新生隐球菌病有良好的效果。进一步应重视联合治疗的可能性,例如使用氟康唑加二性霉素B脂质体。总之在我国对新生隐球菌的系统性研究已经初步开始进行,许多有意义的结果已经得到并且将进一步得到。  相似文献   

5.
对从北美海蓬子中分离的Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白基因SbNHX1进行了耐盐性及功能结构域分析.利用套叠PCR技术去除SbNHX1基因C末端162个核苷酸,得到SbNHX1-C基因,然后将SbNHX1、SbNHX1-C和拟南芥Na+/H+ 逆向转运蛋白基因AtNHX1分别插入pET22b(+)表达载体,转化大肠杆菌B菌株,进行各种金属盐离子胁迫分析.结果表明,北美海蓬子Na+/H+ 逆向转运蛋白基因SbNHX1只对Na+ 、K+离子有抗性,且耐盐性强于拟南芥Na+/H+ 逆向转运蛋白基因AtNHX1.缺失C末端的SbNHX1-C基因对Na+、K+离子胁迫无抗性,说明北美海蓬子Na+/H+ 逆向转运蛋白基因SbNHX1的耐盐作用与该基因C末端1 353 bp至1 514 bp的序列密切相关.  相似文献   

6.
【目的】鉴定及克隆新型隐球酵母(Cryptococcus neoformans)中PolⅢ型的U6启动子(Cn U6启动子),并验证CnU6启动子能否有效转录shRNA及CRISPR/Cas9系统中gRNA。【方法】结合Gen Bank数据库已公布的新型隐球酵母基因组信息和本实验室RNA-seq文库数据,利用生物信息学技术分析得到新型隐球酵母中具有高转录水平的U6RNA序列。使用重叠PCR和Easy Geno方法将预测的CnU6启动子分别克隆到sh RNA及gRNA的上游区域,通过观察shRNA对靶基因的RNAi效果及gRNA引导Cas9核酸酶对靶位点的切割结果,确定CnU6启动子能否转录短RNA。【结果】CnU6启动子能够转录形成shRNA对靶基因进行沉默,并且能转录形成g RNA引导Cas9核酸酶对靶点进行切割。【结论】新型隐球酵母的CnU6启动子被成功鉴定及克隆,它能有效驱动shRNA和gRNA的转录。  相似文献   

7.
目的探讨扁桃酸代谢对新生隐球菌毒力作用的影响。方法采用套叠PCR方法,构建扁桃酸消旋酶、扁桃酸脱氢酶及过氧化氢铜胺氧化酶基因重组片段,利用基因枪将重组片段转入新生隐球菌JEC21,应用PCR筛选、DNA测序等方法对阳性克隆子进行筛选与鉴定。体外观察并检测突变菌株对多种应激条件的应答反应。结果成功构建了新生隐球菌JEC21扁桃酸消旋酶、扁桃酸脱氢酶及过氧化氢铜胺氧化酶的基因缺陷菌株(mreΔ,lmdΔ,pcaoΔ),发现缺陷菌株mreΔ对于毒力功能影响不大,pcaoΔ、lmdΔ在高温、高渗、氧化应激等方面毒力减退,而黑色素分泌增加。结论扁桃酸代谢参与介导新生隐球菌毒力作用的调控,但其具体机制有待于进一步的研究探讨。  相似文献   

8.
[目的]新型隐球酵母是人类条件致病真菌,主要感染免疫缺陷患者.该酵母最显著的特征是细胞外包被着多糖荚膜,这一重要致病因子的调控机制复杂.本文研究旨在阐述编码铜依赖转录因子的CUF1基因对其荚膜生物合成的负调控作用.[方法]以野生型菌株为对照,对CUF1缺失的突变菌株进行菌落形态观察、荚膜墨汁染色的显微观察、细胞聚沉试验以及荚膜定量分析.[结果]与野生型菌株相比,△cuf1突变株产生的菌落更粘,显微镜下亦可明显观察到荚膜更厚.同样数量的细胞,突变株聚沉平衡后体积更大.此外,荚膜粗提物定量称重分析也证明突变株产生了更多的荚膜.并且外源铁可以回复△cuf1突变株荚膜过量产生的表型.[结论]铜应答转录因子1(Cuf1)对荚膜的生物合成具有负调控作用.Cuf1可能通过铁的高亲和吸收途径调控铁吸收而实现该作用的.  相似文献   

9.
新生隐球菌是自然界广泛存在的具荚膜的酵母型病原真菌,能侵染人类中枢神经系统引起真菌性脑膜炎,每年导致全球大约18万人死亡。本研究在前期隐球菌交配表达谱的基础上,选择一上调表达的RNA结合蛋白基因(CNAG_04772),进行克隆和功能分析。结果表明该基因全长2 247bp,cDNA全长1 518bp,编码505个氨基酸组成的蛋白,含有2个RNA识别基序RRM1和RRM2,命名为RBP1。基因表达模式分析表明RBP1在隐球菌酵母细胞、担子以及担孢子阶段都有表达,交配菌丝阶段不表达;亚细胞定位分析表明Rbp1蛋白定位于隐球菌的细胞核和细胞质中。与野生型菌株H99相比,敲除突变体菌株能够交配并产生双核菌丝,但丧失产生担孢子的能力,而互补菌株与野生型菌株H99间无显著差异。致病力测定结果显示,敲除突变体菌株致病性显著降低。  相似文献   

10.
新型隐球酵母是一种担子菌病原真菌,主要感染免疫功能缺陷的人群,例如HIV-1感染病人,最终会引起致命隐球菌性脑膜炎。非编码小RNAs一般指长度为20–30nt的小RNAs,具有调节功能。新型隐球酵母能够产生大量的小RNAs,但是其生成(biogenesis)过程以及生物学功能尚未完全阐述。本文就新型隐球酵母中小RNAs的特征和产生、以及在新型隐球酵母中的生物学作用和机制进行综述。  相似文献   

11.
The human pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans has diverged from a common ancestor into three biologically distinct varieties or sibling species over the past 10-40 million years. During evolution of these divergent forms, serotype A C. neoformans var. grubii has emerged as the most virulent and cosmopolitan pathogenic clade. Therefore, understanding how serotype A C. neoformans is distinguished from less successful pathogenic serotypes will provide insights into the evolution of fungal virulence. Here we report that the structurally conserved Pbs2-Hog1 MAP kinase cascade has been specifically recruited as a global regulator to control morphological differentiation and virulence factors in the highly virulent serotype A H99 clinical isolate, but not in the laboratory-generated and less virulent serotype D strain JEC21. The mechanisms of Hog1 regulation are strikingly different between the two strains, and the phosphorylation kinetics and localization pattern of Hog1 are opposite in H99 compared with JEC21 and other yeasts. The unique Hog1 regulatory pattern observed in the H99 clinical isolate is widespread in serotype A strains and is also present in some clinical serotype D isolates. Serotype A hog1delta and pbs2delta mutants are attenuated in virulence, further underscoring the role of the Pbs2-Hog1 MAPK cascade in the pathogenesis of cryptococcosis.  相似文献   

12.
Li D  Zhang X  Li Z  Yang J  Pan J  Zhu X 《FEMS yeast research》2012,12(1):69-77
CLC-type chloride/proton antiporters are required for copper/iron homeostasis in fungi. A relationship between CLCs and Ca(2+) homeostasis has not been found before. Here we demonstrate the requirement of the antiporter CLC1 for Ca(2+) homeostasis/signaling in Cryptococcus neoformans. The deletion of CLC1 in JEC21 resulted in a mutant hypersensitive to cyclosporine A, an inhibitor of calcineurin. Intracellular Ca(2+) deficiency in the mutant Tx1 was confirmed with Fluo-3 staining epi-fluorescence microscopy. Tx1 failed to grow at elevated temperature and in SDS and displayed defects in cell wall integrity and cell separation. This defective phenotype is because of Ca(2+) deficiency that was restorable by exogenous Ca(2+) . In contrast, H99 CLC1 was dispensable for Ca(2+) homeostasis and had no comparable defective consequences if deleted, suggesting divergent roles of CLCs in Ca(2+) homeostasis. Distinct Ca(2+) homeostasis mechanisms may contribute the virulence difference between the two strains. This work reveals a novel action of CLC antiporters in fungi and may provide information as to the evolution of pathogenicity among cryptococcal strains.  相似文献   

13.
Mating and sexual development in C. neoformans var. grubii strains of the H99 background is often less robust than that laboratory generated isogenic C. neoformans var. neoformans strains in the JEC21 background. In Candida albicans and Saccharomyces serevisiae, slowing of DNA synthesis and engagement of the replication stress response, such as that caused by treatment with hydroxyurea (HU), induces filamentation and pseudohyphal growth, respectively. In this study, we investigated the effect of HU treatment on C. neoformans var. grubii morphogenesis. Treatment with HU did not induce filamentation of yeast cells either in liquid culture or on solid YPD or V8 agar. In the presence of the opposite mating partner, we observed early emergence of hyphae in the presence of HU. Semi-quantitative analysis of fusion using marked strains demonstrated that no significant enhancement of fusion in the presence of HU. Transfer of fusion colonies from crosses performed in the absence of HU to V8 + HU revealed enhanced hyphal growth in the presence of HU. Analysis of expression of the target of HU, ribonucleotide reductase, revealed that a phylogenetically divergent catalytic subunit is replication stress responsive in C. neoformans. These results suggest that induction of replication stress promotes post-fusion hyphal growth of C. neoformans var. grubii strains in the H99 background.  相似文献   

14.
We recently established that antibody (Ab)-binding can induce gene expression changes in a serotype A strain (H99) of the pathogenic yeast, Cryptococcus neoformans. That study showed that monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) differing in epitope specificity and protective efficacy elicited differences in gene expression. Because many mAbs bind to serotypes A and D strains differently, we now investigate the binding of one mAb to two strains representing these serotypes. Cells of the serotype A strain H99 and the serotype D strain 24067 were incubated with near saturating concentrations of the IgG1 capsule-binding mAb 18B7 or MOPC, an irrelevant mAb matched control. Comparative immunofluorescence analysis of mAb 18B7 binding revealed that it bound closer to the cell wall in H99 than 24067, where it was associated with decreased or increased cell diameter, respectively. A comparison of encapsulated cell compressibility showed that strain 24067 was more compressible than that of strain H99. RNA was extracted and used for gene expression analysis using the C. neoformans JEC21 genomic microarray. After 1h incubation with mAb 18B7, there were just 2 gene expression changes observed with strain 24067 or strain JEC21, unlike the 43 seen with strain H99. After 4h incubation with mAb 18B7, there were 14 and 140 gene expression changes observed with strain 24067 and JEC21, respectively. Thus, C. neoformans strains differ both in the response and the time of response to mAb binding and these differences may reflect differences in the location of Ab binding, Ab-mediated changes in cell diameter and compressibility of the capsular polysaccharide.  相似文献   

15.
The pathogenic yeast C. neoformans is classified into three varieties with five serotypes; var. grubii (serotype A), var. neoformans (serotype D), var. gattii (serotypes B and C), and serotype AD. Melanin is a virulence factor in the species, and its biosynthesis is catalyzed by laccase, encoded by the LAC1 gene. In order to estimate the natural variability of the LAC1 gene among Cryptococcus serotypes, the laccase protein sequence from 55 strains was determined and the phylogenetic relationships between cryptococcal and related fungal laccases revealed. The deduced laccase proteins consisted of 624 amino acid residues in serotypes A, D and AD, and 613 to 615 residues in serotypes B and C. Intra-serotype amino acid variation was marginal within serotypes A and D, and none was found within serotypes AD and C. Maximum amino acid replacement occurred in two serotype B strains. The similarity in the deduced sequence ranged from 80 to 96% between serotypes. The sequence in the copper-binding regions was strongly conserved in the five serotypes. The laccases of the five serotypes were grouped together in the same clade of the phylogenetic tree reconstructed from different fungal laccases, suggesting a monophyletic clade.  相似文献   

16.
We demonstrated the diversity of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii strains by a sequence analysis of multiple genes: (i) the intergenic spacer (IGS) 1 and 2 regions of the rRNA gene; (ii) the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, including 5.8S of the rRNA gene; (iii) TOP1 (topoisomerase); and (iv) CAP59. In these studies, we compared C. neoformans var. gattii with varieties grubii, and neoformans of C. neoformans. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that both C. neoformans var. grubii and C neoformans var. neoformans are monophyletic, but C. neoformans var. gattii showed polyphyletic. C. neoformans var. gattii can be divided into three phylogenetic groups, I, II, and III, with high bootstrap support. Phylogenetic group I contains serotype B and C strains, and groups II and III include serotype B strains. Because the serotype B strains of C. neoformans var. gattii exhibited more genetic divergence, the serological characteristics and chemotypes of their capsular polysaccharide were further investigated. No remarkable difference among the serotype B strains was found in the reactivities to factor serum 5, which is specific for serotype B. The NMR spectra of the capsular polysaccharide from serotype B strains could be divided into three characteristic patterns, but the chemical shifts were very similar. These results suggested that the serotype B strain of C. neoformans var. gattii has more genetic diversity than the serotype C strain of C. neoformans var. gattii or the varieties grubii and neoformans of C. neoformans, but there was no correlation between genotype and chemotype.  相似文献   

17.
Sun S  Xu J 《Genetics》2007,177(3):1475-1486
Cryptococcus neoformans has two varieties, var. grubii and var. neoformans, that correspond to serotypes A and D, respectively. Molecular phylogenetic analyses suggest that these two varieties have diverged from each other for approximately 18 million years. The discovery of pathogenic serotype AD hybrid strains in nature indicates that intervariety mating in C. neoformans occurs in the natural environment. However, little is known about the genetic consequences of hybridization in C. neoformans. Here, we analyzed a hybrid population of 163 progeny from a cross between strains of serotypes A (CDC15) and D (JEC20), using 114 codominant nuclear PCR-RFLP markers and 1 direct PCR marker. These markers were distributed on all 14 chromosomes of the sequenced strain JEC21 that was isogenic to one of the parents (JEC20) in our cross. Our analyses identified that of the 163 progeny, 5 were heterozygous at all 115 loci, 1 was completely homozygous and identical to one of the parents (CDC15), and the remaining 157 each contained at least 1 heterozygous locus. Because all 163 progeny inherited mitochondria from the MATa parent JEC20, none of the progeny had a genotype identical to either of the two parents or to a composite of the two parents. All 115 nuclear loci showed three different genotypes in the progeny population, consistent with Mendelian segregation during meiosis. While the linkage analysis showed independent reassortment among loci on different linkage groups, there were significant differences in recombination frequencies among chromosomes and among regions within certain chromosomes. Overall, the linkage-map length from this hybrid cross was much shorter and the recombination frequency much lower than those constructed using serotype D strains, consistent with suppressed recombination in the intervariety cross between strains of serotypes A and D. We discuss the implications of our results in our understanding of the speciation and evolution of the C. neoformans species complex.  相似文献   

18.
19.
20.
Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii (serotypes B and C) is a human pathogen, ecologically, biochemically, clinically and genetically different from C. neoformans var. grubii (serotype A) and C. neoformans var. neoformans (serotype D). The phospholipase B (PLB1) gene from serotypes B and C was isolated and characterised. It resembled the serotype A and D genes, with an overall sequence homology of more than 85%. The respective open reading frames were 2236 bp (serotype B) and 2239 bp (serotype C) in length. Each contained six introns and encoded a 68-kDa protein destined for secretion. PLB1 was located on the second smallest chromosome in both serotypes. Gene expression, measured as mRNA, was not regulated by temperature, pH or exogenous nutrients.  相似文献   

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