超高产水稻剑叶衰老过程中PSⅡ激发压与Rubisco大、小亚基含量的相关性

研究了大田生长条件下两系超高产杂交水稻(Oryza sativa L.)“两优培九”和我国大面积推广的三系杂交水稻“汕优63”从灌浆期到收获期剑叶PSⅡ光化学特性和Rubisco大、小亚基含量的变化。结果表明：可溶性蛋白质和叶绿素含量随剑叶生长时间的延长先缓慢下降,后期有一个快速降解的过程,“汕优63”降解的速率高于“两优培九”;Fv/Fm和qP都呈下降的趋势,qN则是先降然后上升。激发压(1-qP)在前期的变化较为平稳,后期则急剧增加,“汕优63”较“两优培九”增加快。Rubisco大、小亚基的含量与叶绿素、可溶性蛋白含量一样在前期下降比较慢,后期也有一个快速降解的过程,“汕优63”比“两优培九”降解快。激发压的增加与Rubisco大、小亚基的降解呈显著的线性相关性。我们推测PSⅡ激发压的急剧增加可能诱发了水稻剑叶的快速衰老过程。“两优培九”高产的重要生理原因之一,可能是它比“汕优63”有更强的光合能力并能维持更持久和较高的光合功能期。     

超高产水稻剑叶衰老过程中PSⅡ激发压与 Rubisco大、小亚基含量的相关性

研究了大田生长条件下两系超高产杂交水稻(Oryza sati va L.)"两优培九"和我国大面积推广的三系杂交水稻"汕优63"从灌浆期到收获期剑叶PSⅡ光化学特性和Rubjsco大、小亚基含量的变化.结果表明:可溶性蛋白质和叶绿素含量随剑叶生长时间的延长先缓慢下降,后期有一个快速降解的过程,"汕优63"降解的速率高于"两优培九";Fv/Fm和qP都呈下降的趋势,qN则是先降然后上升.激发压(1 qP)在前期的变化较为平稳,后期则急剧增加,"汕优63"较"两优培九"增加快.Rubi Sco大、小亚基的含量与叶绿素、可溶性蛋白含量一样在前期下降比较慢,后期也有一个快速降解的过程,"汕优63"比"两优培九"降解快.激发压的增加与Rubisco大、小亚基的降解呈显著的线性相关性.我们推测PSⅡ激发压的急剧增加可能诱发了水稻剑叶的快速衰老过程."两优培九"高产的重要生理原因之,可能是它比"汕优63"有更强的光合能力并能维持更持久和较高的光合功能期.     

超高产杂交稻两优培九的光合作用、光抑制和C4途径酶特性

比较研究了超高产杂交稻(Oryza sativa L.)两优培九和常规杂交稻汕优63剑叶的光合气体交换、光抑制, 以及其剑叶和稃片中的C₄酶活性. 发现两优培九和汕优63的光饱和同化速率(Asat)与汕优63相差无几, 但是, 其表观量子效率(AQY)、羧化效率(CE)和CO₂同化的量子效率(FCO₂)都远远高于汕优63. 强光条件下, 超高产杂交稻两优培九表现出比汕优63更强的抗光抑制能力, 并且具有较高的以叶黄素循环为量度的非辐射能量耗散. 此外, 两优培九的剑叶和稃片中的C₄途径酶活性均高于汕优63. 这些结果表明, 较高的光能和CO₂利用效率、较强的抗光抑制能力, 以及剑叶和稃片中C₄途径的较高表达可能是超高产杂交稻两优培九高产的重要保证.     

超高产杂交稻在强光胁迫及其恢复进程中的PSⅡ活性和叶黄素循环

研究了两系超高产杂交稻(Oryza sativa L.)"两优培九"和"华安3号"以及多年来大面积推广的三系杂交稻"汕优63"剑叶的PSⅡ活性和叶黄素循环对强光胁迫及其恢复进程的响应.结果表明,在2 000 μmol photons*m-2*s-1的强光胁迫下,3个杂交稻的PSⅡ光化学最大效率(Fv/Fm)、开放的PSⅡ反应中心捕获激发能效率(Fv′/Fm′)和PSⅡ的实际光化学转能效率(ΦPSⅡ)都随着光抑制进程而下降,其中以"汕优63"下降的幅度最大.光抑制过程中,杂交稻叶黄素循环的紫黄素(V)组分迅速下降,与此同时,脱环氧化组分环氧玉米黄素(A)和玉米黄素(Z)迅速积累,而超高产杂交稻"两优培九"和"华安3号"的A和Z的积累速度大大高于"汕优63".伴随A和Z的快速积累,它们的叶黄素循环的脱环氧化状态(DES)迅速上升,并在半小时左右基本达到最大值,其中"两优培九"和"华安3号"DES的上升速率仍然较"汕优63"高.光抑制处理结束后,转移到弱光(70 μmol photons*m-2*s-1)条件下恢复过程中,两个超高产杂交稻的Fv/Fm、Fv′/Fm′和ΦPSⅡ的恢复速率和恢复水平都高于"汕优63".同时,它们的叶黄素循环组分V、A、Z以及DES都逐渐恢复,但"两优培九"和"华安3号"的恢复速率和恢复水平仍然要优于"汕优63".以上结果说明,超高产杂交稻"两优培九"和"华安3号"较对照品种"汕优63"具有更强的抗光抑制及光保护能力,同时在光抑制结束后又能够更迅速地恢复光合功能,较强的抗光抑制能力和较高的恢复能力可能是超高产杂交稻高产的重要生理基础之一.     

超高产杂交稻剑叶中C4途径酶活性和稳定碳同位素分异作用的变化

以超高产杂交水稻(Oryza sativa L.)"培矮64S/E32"和多年来大面积推广的杂交稻"汕优63"为材料,研究孕穗后剑叶中C4途径酶和对稳定碳同位素分异作用的变化.结果表明,籽粒灌浆期(移栽后68～75 d)的两个品种剑叶中NADP-MDH活性最高,随后下降;超高产杂交水稻"培矮64S/E32"的NADP-MDH的活性明显高于"汕优63";PEPCase和NADP-ME活性在黄熟期之前的叶片中持续上升.不同生育期的叶片与籽粒的△1aC值相近(19.49‰～19.82‰),在成熟期时较高.超高产水稻"培矮64S/E32"叶片的平均△13C值比"汕优63"高0.43‰.     

超高产杂交稻剑叶中C4途径酶活性和稳定碳同位素分异作用的变化

以超高产杂交水稻(Oryza sativa L．)“培矮64S／E32”和多年来大面积推广的杂交稻“汕优63”为材料,研究孕穗后剑叶中C4途径酶和对稳定碳同位素分异作用的变化。结果表明,籽粒灌浆期(移栽后68～75d)的两个品种剑叶中NADP—MDH活性最高,随后下降;超高产杂交水稻“培矮64S／E32”的NADP-MDH的活性明显高于“汕优63”;PEPcase和NADP—ME活性在黄熟期之前的叶片中持续上升。不同生育期的叶片与籽粒的△^13C值相近(19．49‰～19．82‰),在成熟期时较高。超高产水稻“培矮64S／E32”叶片的平均△^13C值比“汕优63”高0．43‰。     

超高产杂交稻光合特性的研究

比较了超高产杂交稻(Oryza sativa L.)X07S/紫恢100和两优培九与多年来大面积推广的杂交稻汕优63的光合功能和抗光胁迫能力.结果表明,超高产杂交稻X07S/紫恢100和两优培九的净光合速率(Pn)分别比汕优63高9.1%和11.9%,而其蒸腾速率(Tr)分别比汕优63低37.46%和31.42%,此外,其水分利用效率(WUE)分别比汕优63高出74.2%和63.5%;经强光(2 000μmol photons@m-2@s-1)处理2 h之后,X07S/紫恢100和两优培九的光系统Ⅱ光化学量子效率分别上升28.3%和37.0%,荧光光化学猝灭系数分别升高46.2%和18.0%,而汕优63的这两项参数值却变化很小;同时,X07S/紫恢100和两优培九的非光化学猝灭系数均下降50%左右,而汕优63则上升近50%,表明超高产杂交稻较高的光合能力、水分利用效率以及较强的抗光抑制能力可能是其高产的生理基础.     

超高产杂交稻不同生育期的光合色素含量、净光合速率和水分利用效率

 较为系统地研究了两个超高产杂交稻‘两优培九’、‘华安3号’和多年来大面积推广的常规杂交稻‘汕优63’不同生育期的光合色素含量、净光合速率和水分利用效率。结果表明,在苗期,3个杂交稻的单位叶面积的叶绿素（Chl）含量差别不大,类胡萝卜素（Car）的含量以‘汕优63’为最高。然而,随着发育阶段的推进,到分蘖期,尤其是抽穗期剑叶的单位叶面积Chl和Car含量,两个超高产杂交稻高于‘汕优63’。从苗期到抽穗期,超高产杂交稻‘两优培九’和‘华安3号’的净光合速率（Pn）都比‘汕优63’高,而在苗期的午间强光条件下和分蘖期的早晨以及抽穗期的早晚相对弱光条件下其Pn的差别尤为显著。在苗期,‘汕优63’的水分利用效率（WUE）略高于‘两优培九’和‘华安3号’;到分蘖期和抽穗期,在上午10时之前和下午14时以后的时间段,则是两个超高产杂交稻明显高于‘汕优63’。这些结果说明,超高产杂交稻‘两优培九’和‘华安3号’不仅有较高的Pn和较强的抗光抑制能力,而且还能充分利用早晨和傍晚较弱的光强进行光合作用,这些是它们之所以高产的重要生理基础。此外,超高产杂交稻在生长发育的中后期（分蘖期和抽穗期）具有较高的WUE,有利于节约农业用水。     

高产杂交稻‘两优培九’剑叶及其叶鞘的光合作用

以高产杂交稻‘两优培九’（LYP9）和杂交稻‘汕优63’（SY63）为研究材料,用HC同位素示踪等技术,研究了剑叶的叶片与叶鞘的光合作用与光合产物向叶鞘的分配。结果表明,‘两优培九’剑叶及其叶鞘的净光合速率的均值均高于‘汕优63’;剑叶叶鞘中部群体内透光率均值、倒二叶叶鞘中部群体内的透光率均值高于‘汕优63’;剑叶及其叶鞘的Rubisco初始羧化活性均值、总羧化活性均值和活化率均值都高于‘汕优63’,其差异大多数时期达显著水平。‘两优培九’叶鞘光合产物的输出比‘汕优63’快,其叶鞘光合产物输送到穗部的量即转化为经济产量的量比‘汕优63’高。‘两优培九’叶鞘的光合产物主要输送到穗等部位,对产量有一定的（约为15％）贡献。     

超高产水稻组合‘培矮64S/E32’的耐光氧化特性及其机理

甲基紫精（MV）介导的光氧化导致两个水稻品种‘汕优63’(目前我国大面积推广的杂交水稻)和‘培矮64S/E32’（新培育的超高产杂交水稻）细胞电解质渗漏率都增加,前者增加的量大于后者,显示‘培矮64S/E32’的细胞膜系统受光氧化的伤害小。光氧化条件下,‘培矮64S/E32’仍能维持较高的光合放氧能力（Amax、Φi）、PSⅡ活性（Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ）和叶绿素荧光猝灭系数（qP、NPQ）,而且光氧化引起‘培矮64S/E32’这些参数的下降幅度也小。另外,光氧化导致了两个水稻品种抗氧化酶SOD和APX活性增加,‘培矮64S/E32’增加的幅度约为‘汕优63’的3倍。结果表明超高产水稻具有更强的耐光氧化能力。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.