云南元阳哈尼梯田地方稻种的主要农艺性状鉴定评价

对当前(69份)与20世纪70年代(66份)云南元阳哈尼梯田135份地方稻种的23个农艺性状进行鉴定评价。结果表明,23个农艺性状多样性指数(H′)的平均值为1.801,其中当前和过去分别为1.766和1.784;当前和过去变异系数的平均值分别为21.7%和19.5%;表型类型丰富,当前地方稻种的多样性保存状况好。主要表型特性是红米类型多,有84份,占62.2%;落粒性强,7级以上的稻种有120份,占88.9%;大穗多粒型丰富,穗长和每穗总粒数平均分别为24.8cm和175.0粒。筛选出紫糯、月亮谷等16份优异资源,可供深入研究与育种利用。     

微卫星标记分析水稻地方品种30年的遗传变异

为揭示水稻(Oryza sativa)地方品种30年的遗传变异状况,文章通过60个SSR标记,对元阳哈尼梯田农户在20世纪70年代种植的6个(简称"过去的品种")和近10年间种植的对应6个(简称"当前的品种")代表性水稻地方品种进行检测。结果表明,共检测到159个等位基因(Na),等位基因数1～4不等,当前的品种较过去的品种减少7个等位基因。平均每个标记检测到的等位基因数(Na)、有效等位基因数(Ne)、基因型多样性(H′)和位点多态信息含量(PIC)4个指标均为过去的品种高于当前的品种,分别是(Na)为2.567>2.450,(Ne)为2.052>1.968,(H′)为0.768>0.722,(PIC)为0.469>0.439。基于60个SSR标记,过去6个品种间的遗传相似性系数(GS)平均值为0.437,变幅为0.117～0.667,而当前6个品种间平均值为0.473,变幅为0.200～0.700。总的说来,水稻地方品种经过30年自然和人工选择,遗传多样性降低,不同品种存在等位基因大小的差异程度不同。     

中国云南元阳哈尼梯田种植的稻作品种多样性

稻作是我国第一大粮食作物,近年来,选育品种的大面积单一化种植,导致种植的稻作品种遗传基础狭窄,多样性下降,已经受到关注。然而在一些少数民族地区,如元阳哈尼梯田,当地民族的传统文化习俗已经保护了当地的水稻资源,高度的多样性依然存在。采用半问卷式和农村参与式评价方法(PRA),在村寨和农户两个水平,调查分析中国云南省元阳哈尼梯田种植的稻作品种多样性,尤其是当前仍在种植的传统品种的多样性,为稻作传统品种多样性农家就地保护提供典型范例。结果表明,在调查的30个村寨750户中,共种植135个具不同名称的水稻品种(组合),包括100个传统品种,12个杂交稻组合和23个现代育成品种;种植传统品种的面积占总稻作面积的56.2%;平均每个村寨种植9.7个品种,最多的达19个,最少仅4个;每个村寨至少种植2个传统品种和1个现代品种;种植最多的是传统品种"老粳糯",有12个不同村寨种植;大多数传统品种仅有12个不同村寨种植。有11个村寨(占的30个村寨36.7%)的所有农户均种植传统品种。在农户级水平上,有611户(占81.5%)种植传统品种;有391户(占52.1%)同时种植传统品种和现代品种,其种植传统品种与现代品种的面积比例平均为1/2;仅种植传统品种的有220户(占29.3%)。平均每户种植2.2个品种(组合),最多的农户种植5个品种,包括3个传统品种,1个现代常规品种,1个杂交稻组合。传统品种的丰富度,村寨平均为5.9,最高达12,而农户平均为1.541;传统品种的均匀度,村寨平均为0.670,农户平均为0.192;不同村寨种植传统品种的差异度平均值为0.702。其中太阳老寨、新寨村、欧乐、多沙和上马点等5个村寨传统品种的丰富度与均匀度均较高,在稻作传统品种农家保护中扮演着重要角色。在村寨和农户水平,传统品种丰富度与均匀度的相关性均呈极显著正相关(r=0.627,0.925);村寨传统品种丰富度与农户数呈极显著正相关(r=0.473);村寨农户年人均纯收入分别与村寨传统品种丰富度和农户数呈极显著和显著负相关(r=-0.570,-0.370*)。在如此小的耕地面积(142.29hm2)上,当前生产上仍种植着如此丰富的稻作传统品种,实属少见。高度异质的生态环境和民族文化习俗是哈尼梯田传统稻作品种多样性种植的重要因素,建议将元阳哈尼梯田作为稻作传统品种多样性农家就地保护区。     

两个时期收集的云南水稻农家品种表型多样性比较

本研究以两个时期(1980年、2007年)收集的来自云南15个州、市有代表性的601份水稻农家品种为试验材料,在云南西双版纳和海南三亚种植鉴定,调查记载了播抽历期、株高、穗长、有效穗数、每穗粒数、结实率、千粒重、谷粒长、谷粒宽、长宽比、穗抽出度、剑叶长和剑叶宽等13个农艺性状,并分析了两个不同时期收集群体间的表型和多样性指数差异。研究表明,在云南西双版纳和海南三亚,播抽历期、株高、每穗粒数、谷粒宽、长宽比、穗抽出度等6个性状的表型平均值在两个时期间均表现为显著或极显著差异,而且播抽历期、每穗粒数、长宽比的均值表现为2007年收集的群体(简称G2群体)高于1980年收集的群体(简称G1群体),株高、谷粒宽、穗抽出度的均值表现为G1群体高于G2群体。在两种植地点两个群体的变异系数在两时期间差异均不显著,多样性指数在云南种植地点有显著差异。对两个时期间不同州、市的表型多样性分析发现,在两个种植地点,各州、市在两个时期间的表型多样性指数差异不显著。对不同时期收集的籼、粳两亚群间多样性比较表明,两个群体中粳稻亚群的平均多样性指数均高于籼稻亚群;籼稻亚群的平均多样性指数在两个种植地点均是G2群体(1.845/1.867)高于G1群体(1.791/1.830),而粳稻亚群的平均多样性指数则相反。综上所述,近30年来云南水稻农家品种的表型变异在两个时期间无显著差异,但总体表现为播抽历期变长,株高变矮,每穗粒数变多,谷粒长宽比变大,穗抽出度变短等趋势,表型性状的多样性指数也有增加的趋势。     

测序水稻品种SSR遗传连锁图谱的构建及其农艺性状基因座分析

利用测序水稻品种"Nipponbare（粳）/广陆矮4号（籼）"杂交F2群体90个单株为作图群体,构建含148个SSR标记的水稻遗传连锁图谱,覆盖基因组全长1737.81cM,标记间平均距11.90cM。利用该图谱及Excel2000和Mapmaker/QTL1.1b软件对分蘖数、穗数、穗长、主穗长、株高、剑叶长等六个农艺性状间的相互关系和基因位点进行分析,结果在LOD>2.2和P<0.005的条件下共检测到28个QTLs,它们分布在水稻所有染色体上,单个QTL对性状的分子贡献率11.1%-42.9%,其中大于20%有10个,并对选用已测序材料为亲本构建图谱来探讨水稻农艺性状的分子基础及其育种意义进行了讨论。     

不同年代水稻品种主要农艺性状的表型评价

水稻对异地环境的生态适应性与水稻产量和广适性密切相关。为了明确不同环境下不同年代水稻品种主要农艺性状的表型及稳定性差异,本研究以284份来源于中国黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、宁夏、新疆等省(自治区)和日本的不同年代水稻品种为试验材料,通过在沈阳、北京、银川、临沂、南昌和三亚等6个鉴定点的异地环境鉴定,进行了不同年代水稻品种主要的7个农艺性状的表型评价与稳定性分析。结果表明,异地环境下不同年代水稻品种主要农艺性状总体上从纬度较高的沈阳到纬度较低的南昌,各性状的表型值明显趋于减小,然后在三亚冬季环境下各性状表型值又有增加;从年代Ⅰ品种(20世纪60年代以前)至年代Ⅳ品种(21世纪以后)水稻生育期延长、株高降低、穗数减少、穗粒数增加、结实率和千粒重变化不大,水稻性状的总体变化趋势是从多穗型向大穗重穗型发展。在异地环境下千粒重、穗长和穗数的表型值相对较稳定,其次为抽穗天数和株高,结实率和穗粒数的稳定性最差。不同年代品种抽穗天数的稳定性参数大小顺序为年代Ⅰ年代Ⅱ年代Ⅳ年代Ⅲ,随着年代的进展,选育品种的生态适应性逐渐趋于增强。在异地环境下,辽粳931、辽粳454等20个品种表现为较强的生态适应性,这些材料可作为亲本材料利用于水稻育种。     

太湖流域粳稻地方品种遗传多样性研究

太湖流域稻作历史悠久,是我国粳稻高产地区之一。但育成品种的遗传基础日趋狭窄,将会给农业生产带来潜在风险。为了有效利用地方水稻资源以扩大改良品种的遗传基础,作者通过调查19个农艺性状,对823个太湖流域粳稻地方品种的遗传多样性进行了研究。结果表明:15个数量性状的变异系数(CV)范围在4.6%(结实率)和33.7%(单株产量)之间。颖壳色、稃尖色、芒型和粒型4个质量性状分别有10、6、5、4种表现型。19个农艺性状的多样性指数(H′)变化范围在0.757(粒型)和1.930(每穗实粒数)之间,平均为1.540。9月10日以后抽穗的品种比9月10日及其以前抽穗的品种具有更丰富的表型变异。主成分分析表明,株高、单株有效穗、每穗总粒数、每穗实粒数、着粒密度、千粒重、单株产量和穗颈长等8个性状是解释太湖流域粳稻地方品种多样性的重要性状。     

云南新收集水稻地方品种的表型多样性分析

以来自云南16个州(市)新收集的1189份水稻地方品种为试验材料,分析了17个农艺性状的多样性指数在县(市)、州(市)、稻作生态区及稻作民族间的差异和分布。结果表明,在县(市)分析单元内,滇南、滇西南的芒市、盈江、陇川、腾冲、勐海、沧源等县(市)的多样性指数为1. 6010~1. 6822,高于其他县(市)。在州(市)分析单元内,滇南、滇西南的德宏(1. 6951)、普洱(1. 6746)、临沧(1. 6723)等州(市)的多样性指数较其他州(市)高。在稻作生态区分析单元内,有效穗数、穗粒数、千粒重和结实率等产量性状及株高、谷粒长、谷粒宽、剑叶宽和穗抽出度生物学性状的多样性指数为南部边缘水陆稻区(Ⅱ)高于滇西北高寒粳稻区(Ⅲ)和滇南单双季籼稻区(Ⅰ); 17个性状的多样性指数在Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ稻作生态区间的差异不显著,而结实率、谷粒宽、谷粒长宽比、剑叶长和剑叶宽5个性状的多样性指数在南部边缘水陆稻区(Ⅱ)与滇东北高原粳稻区(Ⅴ)间存在显著差异;除剑叶角度、倒伏性、种皮色和叶片茸毛外,其他13个性状的多样性指数在南部边缘水陆稻区(Ⅱ)与滇中一季粳籼稻区(Ⅳ)间也有显著差异。在稻作民族分析单元内,哈尼族、汉族、景颇族和彝族稻作的多样性指数为1. 7033~1. 7308,高于其他稻作民族;其中,在同一州(市)不同稻作民族间,德宏州景颇族(1. 3735)、傈僳族(1. 3714)和汉族(1. 3526)的多样性指数平均值较高;同一稻作民族不同州(市)间,德宏、保山和临沧汉族及红河州彝族的多样性指数平均值较大(1. 6190~1. 6808)。大穗和大粒型资源分别为173份和84份,主要分布于德宏、西双版纳和普洱等州(市);长粒型资源主要分布于德宏州和临沧市。总体而言,位于滇南和滇西南地区的县(市)、州(市)及稻作生态区是云南水稻地方品种性状多样性分布中心,而哈尼族、汉族、景颇族和彝族等的稻作表型多样性高于其他民族。     

大田增强UV-B辐射对元阳梯田地方水稻茎秆性状和倒伏指数的影响

大田原位种植元阳梯田2个地方水稻品种——白脚老粳和月亮谷,研究2年不同强度(0、2.5、5.0和7.5 kJ·m^-2)UV-B辐射对水稻穗下第1至第4节的茎秆性状(节间长、茎秆粗和茎壁厚)和倒伏指数的影响.结果表明: 增强UV-B辐射对水稻茎秆的节间长和茎秆粗没有显著影响,但导致茎壁厚度显著减小,其中,7.5 kJ·m^-2 UV-B辐射对水稻穗下第4节茎秆茎壁厚度的影响较大,降幅为11.6%～19.6%;增强UV-B辐射导致水稻茎秆的倒伏指数增加,增大水稻倒伏的风险,水稻穗下第4节茎秆倒伏指数最大,并大于倒伏临界值(200);水稻穗下第4节、第3节和第2节茎秆的倒伏指数与茎壁厚度呈显著负相关.表明增强UV-B辐射显著减小元阳梯田水稻茎秆的茎壁厚是增加其倒伏风险的主要原因.
     

水稻轮回选择群体XTBG-HP1表型遗传多样性分析

该研究基于4个陆稻群体及172个水稻品种或杂交组合,构建了水稻多亲本隐性核不育轮回选择群体XTBG-HP1,并经过4次轮回重组,采用16个表型性状对其进行了遗传多样性分析。结果表明:(1)该群体14个数量性状符合正态分布,各表型均存在极端性状个体。(2)数量性状变异系数范围为0.08～0.41,均值为0.20; Shannon-Wiener多样性指数范围为0.72～1.92,均值为1.50。(3)群体在株型与产量构成因子性状方面有显著的相关性,对株型的选择可以实现产量性状的改良。(4)剑叶长、每穗粒总数、千粒重、穗长、粒长、一次枝梗数、有效穗数、剑叶宽、二次枝梗数、抽穗期10个性状可作为群体综合评价指标。(5)剑叶长、二次枝梗数、每穗粒总数3个表型性状具有较高的遗传变异、丰富的遗传多样性及与综合得分F值相关系数较高。综合以上结果发现,后期群体进行基因挖掘、品种改良以及优良育种材料的选育可以基于剑叶长、二次枝梗数及每穗粒总数3个表型性状,同时要充分利用群体株型与产量构成因子性状间的显著相关性。此外,该研究群体中极端单性状或综合得分F值较高的个体,可进一步用于品种选育。     

Frequency of Discrimination,Harassment, and Violence in Lesbian,Gay Men,and Bisexual in Italy

Background

This cross-sectional study assessed the frequency of discrimination, harassment, and violence and the associated factors among a random sample of 1000 lesbian, gay men, and bisexual women and men recruited from randomly selected public venues in Italy.

Methods

A face-to-face interview sought information about: socio-demographics, frequency of discrimination, verbal harassment, and physical and sexual violence because of their sexual orientation, and their fear of suffering each types of victimization.

Results

In the whole sample, 28.3% and 11.9% self-reported at least one episode of victimization because of the sexual orientation in their lifetime and in the last year. Those unmarried, compared to the others, and with a college degree or higher, compared to less educated respondents, were more likely to have experienced an episode of victimization in their lifetime. Lesbians, compared to bisexual, had almost twice the odds of experiencing an episode of victimization. The most commonly reported experiences across the lifetime were verbal harassment, discrimination, and physical or sexual violence. Among those who had experienced one episode of victimization in their lifetime, 42.1% self-reported one episode in the last year. Perceived fear of suffering violence because of their sexual orientation, measured on a 10-point Likert scale with a higher score indicative of greater fear, ranges from 5.7 for verbal harassment to 6.4 for discrimination. Participants were more likely to have fear of suffering victimization because of their sexual orientation if they were female (compared to male), lesbian and gay men (compared to bisexual women and men), unmarried (compared to the others), and if they have already suffered an episode of victimization (compared to those who have not suffered an episode).

Conclusions

The study provides important insights into the violence experiences of lesbian, gay men, and bisexual women and men and the results may serve for improving policy initiatives to reduce such episodes.     

Correlations of calcium accumulations in arteries, veins, cartilages, ligaments, and bones in single humans

To show the relationships of calcium accumulation in the thoracic aorta to the other tissues, calcium contents were determined with a microwave-induced plasma-atomic emission spectrometer on arteries, veins, cartilages, ligaments, and bones. These tissues were resected from 18 individuals, consisting of 11 men and 7 women who died in the age range 59–91 yr. As thoracic and abdominal aortas are routinely used for radiographic examination of arterial calcification, they appear to be standard tissues of the calcium accumulation. The calcium accumulations were determined in the femoral artery, the superior and inferior venae cavae, the internal jugular vein, cartilages of the articular disk of the temporomandibular joint and the intervertebral disk, both the ligaments of the anterior cruciate ligament and the ligamentum capitis femoris, and the calcaneus, in contrast with the thoracic aorta. As calcium increased in the thoracic aorta, it increased in the femoral artery, the articular disk of the temporomandibular joint, the intervertebral disk, both ligaments of the anterior cruciate ligament, and the ligamentum capitis femoris, but it did not increase in veins, such as the superior and inferior venae cavae and the internal jugular vein. In contrast, it decreased in the calcaneus.     

Seroepidemiology of human parechovirus types 1, 3, and 6 in Yamagata,Japan, in 2014

To clarify the seroepidemiology of human parechovirus type 1 (HPeV1), 3 and 6, neutralizing antibodies (NT Abs) were measured in 214 serum specimens collected in 2014 in Yamagata, Japan. The seroprevalence against HPeV1 was 100% in all age groups, while that against HPeV3 and HPeV6 was 79.4% and 66.8%, respectively, overall. The geometric mean titers of NT Abs against HPeV1, 3 and 6 were 755.2, 255.0 and 55.9, respectively, overall. Our findings indicate that HPeV1 is the most prevalent HPeV circulating in Yamagata, followed by HPeV3 and HPeV6.     

Quantitation of the involvement of the recA, recB, recC, recF, recJ, recN, lexA, radA, radB, uvrD, and umuC genes in the repair of X-ray-induced DNA double-strand breaks in Escherichia coli

Isogenic Escherichia coli strains carrying single DNA-repair mutations were compared for their capacity for (i) the repair of X-ray-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) as measured using neutral sucrose gradients; (ii) medium-dependent resistance, i.e., a recA-dependent X-ray survival phenomenon that correlates closely with the capacity for repairing DSB; and (iii) the growth medium-dependent, recA-dependent repair of X-ray-induced DNA single-strand breaks (SSB) as measured using alkaline sucrose gradients (about 80% of these SSB are actually parts of DSB). These three capacities were measured to quantitate more accurately the involvement of the various genes in the repair of DSB over a wide dose range. The mutations tested were grouped into five classes according to their effect on the repair of X-ray-induced DSB: (I) the recA, recB, recC, and lexA mutants were completely deficient; (II) the radB and recN mutants were about 90% deficient; (III) the recF and recJ mutants were about 70% deficient; (IV) the radA and uvrD mutants were about 30% deficient; and (V) the umuC mutant resembled the wild-type strains in its capacity for the repair of DSB.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Seasonal variation in the diet of juvenile lake sturgeon,Acipenser fulvescens,Rafinesque, 1817, in the Winnipeg River,Manitoba, Canada

The lake sturgeon, Acipenser fulvescens, is a threatened species across most of its range. To understand any potential shifts in diet across season or habitat, stomach contents were examined from juvenile lake sturgeon caught in the Winnipeg River, Manitoba, Canada. This information will aid in assessment of environmental impacts and conservation initiatives for this threatened species. From 2006 to 2008 gut contents were collected from juvenile lake sturgeon using a non‐lethal gastric lavage methodology. Juvenile lake sturgeon were sampled from four discrete deep water habitat types (13.7–27.4 m depths), during the months of May, June, July and October. In total, 13 066 prey items belonging to 14 prey groups were collected from 345 juvenile lake sturgeon (251–835 mm TL). Overall, juvenile lake sturgeon consumed a low diversity of organisms; insect larvae from three invertebrate orders, Trichoptera, Diptera and Ephemeroptera, accounted for 97.4% of the total numeric abundance of prey items recovered. A relationship between size of juvenile lake sturgeon and prey quantity or type was not observed. Diet of juvenile lake sturgeon varied in relation to season, with Diptera (77.6%) being the most abundant prey in May, Trichoptera the most abundant in June (n = 3,056, 60.4%) and July (n = 2,055, 52.6%). During October, 96% of stomachs examined were empty. In terms of habitat type, the standardized abundance of invertebrate prey items was highest in deep water habitats characterized by medium water velocity (depths > 13.7 m) and coarse substrate (particle sizes > 0.063 mm) in May and June when compared to deep water habitats characterized by low water velocity (<0.2 m.s^?1) and fine substrate (particle sizes < 0.063 mm). However, in July, the opposite was observed and prey abundance in juvenile lake sturgeon stomachs decreased with increasing particle size. Results suggest a high degree of dietary overlap among juvenile lake sturgeon from multiple size/age classes occupying deep‐water habitats of the Winnipeg River.     

Digestibility of chitin in cod,Gadus morhua,in vivo

Sixteen cod,Gadus morhua (L.), were individually fed a single ration of shrimps,Crangon allmanni. Four fish were killed and examined 6, 12, 24 and 48 h after the fish had been fed. Chitinase activities were measured in the extracts of stomach contents, stomach tissue, pyloric caecae, intestinal contents and intestinal tissue. The level of enzyme activity in different parts of the digestive tract was shown to be dependent on the phase of the digestive process. High concentrations of the chitin degradation product N-acetyl-D-glucosamine were determined in the stomach and in the intestinal contents. Based on the chitin concentration in the food organisms and the individual food uptake, the amount of chitin consumed by each fish could be calculated. Only up to 9% of the ingested chitin was recovered from the intestinal contents of the fish at any given time after feeding (6, 12, 24 and 48 h). In addition, only 2.4% of the chitin consumed with the food could be recovered in the collected faeces of the fish. The 4 cod killed 48 h after feeding had completely emptied their stomach. Chitin digestion in these fish was calculated to have been 90%.