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1.
二硫键异构酶   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
天然二硫键的形成是许多蛋白正确折叠中的限速步骤,在稳定蛋白质构象和保持蛋白质活性方面起重要作用。讨论的二硫键异构酶是内质网中一种重要的蛋白折叠催化剂,它催化蛋白二硫键的形成和错误配对二硫键的重排,并有抑制错误折叠蛋白聚集的分子伴侣活性。PDI广泛应用于基因工程上提高外源蛋白表达水平。  相似文献   

2.
许多蛋白在大肠杆菌中高效表达时,其产物常以无活性的包含体形式存在,包含体蛋白的复性往往是制备这些蛋白的关键步骤之一,蛋白复性包括肽链折叠和分子内二硫键的氧化这两个互相影响的过程,本文综述了蛋白折叠过程的研究进展,及促进蛋白折叠和二硫键氧化的方法。  相似文献   

3.
双环结构Gro EL及其辅分子伴侣Gro ES是目前研究得最深入的分子伴侣.然而,Gro EL/Gro ES帮助蛋白质折叠的一些关键理化机制,尤其是水解ATP,Gro EL发生构象改变,能否主动调节蛋白质错误折叠中间体的构象,以促进错误折叠中间体的复性,仍然存在争议.结合本研究组近年的工作,作者着力介绍Gro EL促进蛋白质折叠的主动解折叠机制.  相似文献   

4.
二硫键形成蛋白A(Disulfide bond formation protein A,DsbA)是存在于大肠杆菌周质胞腔内的一种参与新生蛋白质折叠过程中催化二硫键形成的折叠酶。综述了DsbA三维结构、进化过程、协助蛋白质体内外复性方面的研究进展。DsbA比硫氧还原蛋白具有更强的氧化性,其强氧化性来自于Cys30残基异常低的pKa值和不稳定的氧化型结构,通过定点突变的研究表明了Cys30残基是DsbA活性中心最关键的氨基酸残基之一。DsbA不论在体内与目标蛋白融合表达还是在体外以折叠酶形式添加,都能有效地催化蛋白质的折叠复性,同时DsbA还具有部分分子伴侣的活性。  相似文献   

5.
二硫键形成蛋白A(DisulfidebondformationproteinA,DsbA)是存在于大肠杆菌周质胞腔内的一种参与新生蛋白质折叠过程中催化二硫键形成的折叠酶。综述了DsbA三维结构、进化过程、协助蛋白质体内外复性方面的研究进展。DsbA比硫氧还原蛋白具有更强的氧化性,其强氧化性来自于Cys30残基异常低的pKa值和不稳定的氧化型结构,通过定点突变的研究表明了Cys30残基是DsbA活性中心最关键的氨基酸残基之一。DsbA不论在体内与目标蛋白融合表达还是在体外以折叠酶形式添加,都能有效地催化蛋白质的折叠复性,同时DsbA还具有部分分子伴侣的活性。  相似文献   

6.
在单链胰岛素体外折叠研究的基础上, 研究了胰岛素的体外折叠过程. 在胰岛素的折叠过程中捕捉到6个主要的折叠中间体, 分别命名为P1A, P2B, P3A, P4B, P5B和P6B. 中间体的折叠实验证明6个中间体都能最终折叠成胰岛素. 在中间体的鉴定和分析以及推断的过渡态中间体形成和作用的基础上, 提出了胰岛素体外折叠的两步折叠途径. (ⅰ) 在折叠过程的早期, 完全还原的胰岛素, 即A链和B链各自形成中间体: 2个A链中间体(P1A和P3A), 4个B链中间体(P2B, P4B, P5B和P6B). (ⅱ) 在进一步的折叠过程中, 推断相继产生3个过渡态中间体: 首先, 中间体P3A通过分子内巯基/二硫键交换反应形成过渡态中间体Ⅰ, 该中间体含有1个天然二硫键A6-A11和2个巯基分别位于A7和A20; 然后, 过渡态中间体Ⅰ的巯基和P4B或P6B上的巯基通过氧化反应(主要以折叠体系中的GSSG为氧化剂)分别形成含有2个天然二硫键的过渡态中间体Ⅱ和Ⅲ; 最后, 过渡态中间体Ⅱ和Ⅲ通过分子内巯基/二硫键交换反应形成第3个天然二硫键, 完成胰岛素体外折叠.  相似文献   

7.
在单链胰岛素体外折叠研究的基础上, 研究了胰岛素的体外折叠过程. 在胰岛素的折叠过程中捕捉到6个主要的折叠中间体, 分别命名为P1A, P2B, P3A, P4B, P5B和P6B. 中间体的折叠实验证明6个中间体都能最终折叠成胰岛素. 在中间体的鉴定和分析以及推断的过渡态中间体形成和作用的基础上, 提出了胰岛素体外折叠的两步折叠途径. (ⅰ) 在折叠过程的早期, 完全还原的胰岛素, 即A链和B链各自形成中间体: 2个A链中间体(P1A和P3A), 4个B链中间体(P2B, P4B, P5B和P6B). (ⅱ) 在进一步的折叠过程中, 推断相继产生3个过渡态中间体: 首先, 中间体P3A通过分子内巯基/二硫键交换反应形成过渡态中间体Ⅰ, 该中间体含有1个天然二硫键A6-A11和2个巯基分别位于A7和A20; 然后, 过渡态中间体Ⅰ的巯基和P4B或P6B上的巯基通过氧化反应(主要以折叠体系中的GSSG为氧化剂)分别形成含有2个天然二硫键的过渡态中间体Ⅱ和Ⅲ; 最后, 过渡态中间体Ⅱ和Ⅲ通过分子内巯基/二硫键交换反应形成第3个天然二硫键, 完成胰岛素体外折叠.  相似文献   

8.
分于伴侣(Chaperohe)是细胞内催化及维持其他蛋白质正确梅象的一类蛋白质分子[1,2]。研究表明,分子伴侣参与细胞内许多蛋白质的折叠、聚合以及跨膜运输[3,4],通过瞬时稳定其他蛋白质折叠中间体,阻止了蛋白中间体的聚集,帮助其形成正确构象[5,6]。SecB是一个胞质酸性蛋白.单体分子量为17kDa,在体内以4~6个相同亚基组成的寡聚体形式存在。它在大肠杆菌中参与蛋白质分泌系统,纯化后进行离体试验表明,它可以阻止抗蛋白酶的pre-MBP的出现,能稳定地结合前体蛋白.使其处于适合运输的构型[7],它的作用是使蛋白质可以在正确折叠前跨过细胞膜,运输到细胞周质中。SecB通过与前体蛋白结合.从而阻止前体蛋自由于不正确折叠发生的聚集,属于分子伴侣家族的成员。分子伴侣的这些特性使得它们在基因工程中具有广阔的应用前景。外源蛋白在大肠杆菌中高表达时往往形成无活性的包涵体,包涵体大多是蛋白质在过量表达过程中不正确折叠形成的[8],正确构象的形成需要在体外进行变性和复性。蛋白质的复性过程十分复杂,在方法上缺少一定的规律可循,特别是分子量较大以及二硫键较多的分子,复性更加困难,有的甚至根本难以复性。分子伴侣可以促进其它蛋白质的正确折叠,设想在基因工程中如果将分子伴侣基因与外源蛋白基因共存表达,可能会有效地促进外源蛋白形成正确的构象.提高其活性,减少包涵体的形成,对基因工程下游的处理带来很大方便。根 据这个思路,我们将克隆的SecB基因与重组人淋巴毒索(Lymphotoxin,简称LT)基因在同一个大肠杆菌细胞中共存表达,来研究分子伴侣SecB对外源基因表达的影响。  相似文献   

9.
二硫键与蛋白质的结构   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
二硫键是肽链上2个半胱氨酸残基的巯基基团发生氧化反应形成的共价键.具有链内二硫键和链间二硫键2种形式。与氨基酸的氨基氮原子之间形成的稳定共价键不同.二硫键容易被还原而断裂,断裂后可再次氧化重新形成二硫键,因而是可以动态变化的化学键。二硫键是参与一级结构也是形成高级结构的重要化学键,对蛋白质折叠和高级结构的形成与维持十分重要。讨论了二硫键的形成和特征及其与蛋白质结构和功能之间的关系,并讨论了生物学教学中关于二硫键的一些疑问.  相似文献   

10.
分子伴侣(molecular chaperone)能够帮助新生多肽链或错误折叠的蛋白质形成天然构象,但本身又不是成熟蛋白质的组成成分。蛋白质需要分子伴侣的帮助,才能够从核糖体合成的新生肽链折叠成有生物活性的大分子。E.coli的ObgE蛋白是保守的GTP酶,ObgE蛋白参与信号转导、蛋白运输和细胞周期调控,并与E.coli在氨基酸饥饿下的应激反应有关。本实验通过分子克隆,将E.coli ObgE蛋白的基因克隆到表达载体pET-28a中,转化到E.coli BL21进行蛋白表达纯化。纯化后的ObgE蛋白通过柠檬酸合成酶变复性实验、α-葡萄糖苷酶变复性实验、牛碳酸酐酶变复性实验,检测ObgE蛋白的分子伴侣活性,发现ObgE具有一定的分子伴侣活性,为该蛋白的研究应用奠定了基础。  相似文献   

11.
The folding mechanism of bovine pancreatic tripsin inhibitor (BPTI) is explained theoretically on the basis of the island model, where the driving force of folding is hydrophobic interaction. For this purpose, we take a look at the formation and breaking of disulfide bonds during the folding process of BPTI. The intermediate conformations and the native one are successfully obtained, which satisfy the so-called "lampshade" geometrical criterion for the formation of the disulfide bonds. The folding pathway is consistent with the renaturation experiment by Creighton. In addition, an elaborate treatment of side chains of amino acid residues by the software programme CHARMm confirms quantitatively the formation of disulfide bridges.  相似文献   

12.
The disulfide folding pathway of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) is characterized by the predominance of folding intermediates with native-like structures. Our laboratory has recently analyzed the folding pathway(s) of four 3-disulfide-containing proteins, including hirudin, potato carboxypeptidase inhibitor, epidermal growth factor, and tick anticoagulant peptide. Their folding mechanism(s) differ from that of BPTI by 1) a higher degree of heterogeneity of 1- and 2-disulfide intermediates and 2) the presence of 3-disulfide scrambled isomers as folding intermediates. To search for the underlying causes of these diversities, we conducted kinetic analyses of the reductive unfolding of these five proteins. The experiment of reductive unfolding was designed to evaluate the relative stability and interdependence of disulfide bonds in the native protein. It is demonstrated here that among these five proteins, there exists a striking correlation between the mechanism(s) of reductive unfolding and that of oxidative folding. Those proteins with their native disulfide bonds reduced in a collective and simultaneous manner exhibit both a high degree of heterogeneity of folding intermediates and the accumulation of scrambled isomers along the folding pathway. A sequential reduction of the native disulfide bonds is associated with the presence of predominant intermediates with native- like structures.  相似文献   

13.
Lin CC  Chang JY 《Biochemistry》2006,45(19):6231-6240
Secretory leucocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) is a 107-amino acid protein with a high density of disulfide pairing (eight). The mechanism of oxidative folding of reduced and denatured SLPI has been investigated here. Despite an exceedingly large number of possible folding intermediates ( approximately 46 million disulfide isomers) and their potential to complicate the refolding process, oxidative folding of SLPI turns out to be surprisingly simple and efficient. Complete oxidative folding and a near-quantitative recovery of the native SLPI can be achieved in a simple buffer solution using air oxidation without any supplementing thiol catalyst or redox agent, a phenomenon that has not yet been observed with other disulfide proteins. Because of the heterogeneity and extensive overlapping of folding intermediates, identification of the predominant intermediate was unfeasible. Nonetheless, studies of reductive unfolding of native SLPI and oxidative folding of a six-disulfide variant of SLPI enable us to propose an underlying mechanism accounting for the unique folding efficiency of SLPI in the absence of a redox agent. Our studies indicate that oxidative folding of SLPI undergoes heterogeneous populations of one-, two-, three-, four-, five-, six-, and seven-disulfide isomers, including two nativelike isomers, SLPI-6A and SLPI-7A, as transient intermediates. Formation of the last two native disulfide bonds leading to the conversion of SLPI-6A --> SLPI-7A --> N-SLPI is relatively slow and represents the final stage of oxidative folding. Most importantly, free cysteines of SLPI-6A and SLPI-7A also act as a thiol catalyst in promoting the disulfide shuffling of diverse non-native intermediates accumulated along the folding pathway. This explains why a near-quantitative recovery of N-SLPI can be achieved in the absence of any thiol catalyst and redox agent. Properties of SLPI-6A and SLPI-7A were investigated and compared to those of other documented kinetic intermediates of oxidative folding. The correlation between the mechanism of SLPI folding and the three-dimensional structure of SLPI is also elaborated.  相似文献   

14.
Chang JY  Lu BY  Lin CC  Yu C 《FEBS letters》2006,580(2):656-660
Scrambled isomers (X-isomers) are fully oxidized, non-native isomers of disulfide proteins. They have been shown to represent important intermediates along the pathway of oxidative folding of numerous disulfide proteins. A simple method to assess whether X-isomers present as folding intermediate is to conduct oxidative folding of fully reduced protein in the alkaline buffer alone without any supplementing thiol catalyst or redox agent. Cardiotoxin-III (CTX-III) contains 60 amino acids and four disulfide bonds. The mechanism of oxidative folding of CTX-III has been systematically characterized here by analysis of the acid trapped folding intermediates. Folding of CTX-III was shown to proceed sequentially through 1-disulfide, 2-disulfide, 3-disulfide and 4-disulfide (scrambled) isomers as folding intermediates to reach the native structure. When folding of CTX-III was performed in the buffer alone, more than 97% of the protein was trapped as 4-disulfide X-isomers, unable to convert to the native structure due to the absence of thiol catalyst. In the presence of thiol catalyst (GSH) or redox agents (GSH/GSSG), the recovery of native CTX-III was 80-85%. These results demonstrate that X-isomers play an essential and predominant role in the oxidative folding of CTX-III.  相似文献   

15.
The in vitro refolding process of the double-chain insulin was studied based on the investigation of in vitro single-chain insulin refolding. Six major folding intermediates, named P1A, P2B, P3A, P4B, P5B, and P6B, were captured during the folding process. The refolding experiments indicate that all of these intermediates are on-pathway. Based on these intermediates and the formation of hypothetic transients, we propose a two-stage folding pathway of insulin. (1) At the early stage of the folding process, the reduced A chain and B chain individually formed the intermediates: two A chain intermediates (P1A and P3A), and four B chain intermediates (P2B, P4B, P5B, and P6B). (2) In the subsequent folding process, transient I was formed from P3A through thiol/disulfide exchange reaction; then, transients II and III, each containing two native disulfides, were formed through the recognition and interaction of transient I with P4B or P6B and the thiol group’s oxidation reaction mainly using GSSG as oxidative reagent; finally, transients II and III, through thiol/mixture disulfide exchange reaction, formed the third native disulfide of insulin to complete the folding.  相似文献   

16.
The in vitro refolding process of the double-chain insulin was studied based on the investigation of in vitro single-chain insulin refolding. Six major folding intermediates, named P1A, P2B, P3A, P4B, P5B, and P6B, were captured during the folding process. The refolding experiments indicate that all of these intermediates are on-pathway. Based on these intermediates and the formation of hypothetic transients, we propose a two-stage folding pathway of insulin. (1) At the early stage of the folding process, the reduced A chain and B chain individually formed the intermediates two A chain intermediates (P1A and P3A), and four B chain intermediates (P2B, P4B, P5B, and P6B). (2) In the subsequent folding process, transient Ⅰ was formed from P3A through thiol/disulfide exchange reaction; then, transients Ⅱ and Ⅲ, each containing two native disulfides, were formed through the recognition and interaction of transient Ⅰ with P4B or P6B and the thiol group's oxidation reaction mainly using GSSG as oxidative reagent; finally, transients Ⅱ and Ⅲ, through thiol/mixture disulfide exchange reaction, formed the third native disulfide of insulin to complete the folding.  相似文献   

17.
Chang JY 《Biochemistry》2004,43(15):4522-4529
The pathways of oxidative folding of disulfide proteins exhibit a high degree of diversity, which is illustrated by the varied extent of (a) the heterogeneity of folding intermediates, (b) the predominance of intermediates containing native disulfide bonds, and (c) the level of accumulation of fully oxidized scrambled isomers as intermediates. BPTI and hirudin exemplify two extreme cases of such divergent folding pathways. We previously proposed that the underlying cause of this diversity is associated with the degree of stability of protein subdomains. Here we present compelling evidence that substantiates this hypothesis by studying the folding pathway of alphaLA-IIA. alphaLA-IIA is a partially folded intermediate of alpha-lactalbumin (alphaLA). It comprises a structured beta-sheet (calcium-binding) domain linked by two native disulfide bonds (Cys(61)-Cys(77) and Cys(73)-Cys(91)) and a disordered alpha-helical domain with four free cysteines (Cys(6), Cys(28), Cys(111), and Cys(120)). Purified alphaLA-IIA was allowed to refold without and with stabilization of its structured beta-sheet domain by calcium. In the absence of calcium, the folding pathway of alphaLA-IIA resembles that of hirudin, displaying a highly heterogeneous population of folding intermediates, including fully oxidized scrambled species. Upon stabilization of its beta-sheet domain by bound calcium, oxidative folding of alphaLA-IIA undergoes a pathway conspicuously similar to that of BPTI, exhibiting limited species of folding intermediates containing mostly native disulfide bonds.  相似文献   

18.
Huwentoxin-I, a neurotoxic peptide with 33 ammo acid residues and three disulfide bonds, was used to investigate the pathway of reduction/denaturation and of oxidative folding in small proteins with multiple disulfide bonds. Titration of thiol groups, reversed-phase HPLC, 1D NMR spectroscopy, and biological activity assays were used to monitor the extent of reduction/denaturation and renaturation of the toxin. The reduction and denaturation of huwentoxin-I resulted in a 100% loss of bioactivity as measured in a mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation. About 90% of full biological activity could be restored under optimized conditions of oxidative refolding of the reduced peptide. Several reaction conditions employing air oxidation, oxidized and reduced glutathione (GSSG and GSH), and cystine/cysteine were investigated in order to find optimal conditions for renaturation of huwentoxin-I. The best renaturation yield was achieved in 0.1 mM GSSG and 1 mM GSH at pH 8.5 and 4°C over 24 hr. High concentrations of glutathione and high temperatures reduced renaturation yields. Oxidative refolding of huwentoxin-I in air requires about 6 days for maximal yields and is inhibited by EDTA.  相似文献   

19.
Amphioxus insulin-like peptide (AILP) belongs to the insulin superfamily and is proposed as the common ancestor of insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1. Herein, the studies on oxidative refolding and reductive unfolding of AILP are reported. During the refolding process, four major intermediates, P1, P2, P3, and P4, were captured, which were almost identical to those intermediates, U1, U2, U3, and U4, captured during the AILP unfolding process. P4 (U4) has the native disulfide A20-B19; P1 (U1), P2 (U2), and P3 (U3) have two disulfide bonds, which include A20-B19. Based on the analysis of the time course distribution and properties of the intermediates, we proposed that fully reduced AILP refolded through 1SS, 2SS, and 3SS intermediate stages to the native form; native AILP unfolded through 2SS and 1SS intermediate stages to the full reduced form. A schematic flow chart of major oxidative refolding and reductive unfolding pathways of AILP was proposed. Implication for the folding behavior of insulin family proteins was discussed. There may be seen three common folding features in the insulin superfamily: 1) A20-B19 disulfide is most important and formed during the initial stage of folding process; 2) the second disulfide is nonspecifically formed, which then rearranged to native disulfide; 3) in vitro refolding and unfolding pathways may share some common folding intermediates but flow in opposite directions. Furthermore, although swap AILP is a thermodynamically stable final product, a refolding study of swap AILP demonstrated that it is also a productive intermediate of native AILP during refolding.  相似文献   

20.
The folding pathway of human epidermal growth factor (EGF) has been characterized by structural and kinetic analysis of the acid-trapped folding intermediates. Oxidative folding of the fully reduced EGF proceeds through 1-disulfide intermediates and accumulates rapidly as a single stable 2-disulfide intermediate (designated as EGF-II), which represents up to more than 85% of the total protein along the folding pathway. Among the five 1-disulfide intermediates that have been structurally characterized, only one is native, and nearly all of them are bridges by neighboring cysteines. Extensive accumulation of EGF-II indicates that it accounts for the major kinetic trap of EGF folding. EGF-II contains two of the three native disulfide bonds of EGF, Cys(14)-Cys(31) and Cys(33)-Cys(42). However, formation of the third native disulfide (Cys(6)-Cys(20)) for EGF-II is slow and does not occur directly. Kinetic analysis reveals that an important route for EGF-II to reach the native structure is via rearrangement pathway through 3-disulfide scrambled isomers. The pathway of EGF-II to attain the native structure differs from that of three major 2-disulfide intermediates of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI). The dissimilarities of folding mechanism(s) between EGF, BPTI, and hirudin are discussed in this paper.  相似文献   

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