不同来源小球藻对岩溶水Ca2+、HCO3-利用的初步研究

以外源小球藻和岩溶区筛选出的土著小球藻为研究对象, 在封闭体系中比较研究了两种不同来源小球藻对典型岩溶水中Ca2+、HCO3-的利用、藻细胞数量与其对Ca2+、HCO3-的利用率的关系和体系pH的变化。结果表明, 土著小球藻利用Ca2+、HCO3-的能力强于外源小球藻, 但外源小球藻对Ca2+的利用量高于土著小球藻, 而二者对HCO3-的利用量相同, 并且外源小球藻能够以胞外CaCO3形式产生沉淀, 而土著藻则不能形成沉淀。其次两体系中pH的变化显示, 两种小球藻光合作用都是先以水体中CO2为光合作用碳源, 然后利用HCO3-。外源小球藻能将岩溶水中29.648%的HCO3-吸收, 而土著藻能将40.625%的HCO3-通过其在食物链中的初级生产地位将岩溶碳汇转化进入到生态系统, 表现为净碳汇效应。       

云南土著鱼类资源保护与开发利用分析

在对土著鱼类资源状况分析的基础上,进一步阐释了土著鱼类资源保护和开发利用对于水生生态保护、渔业结构调整、渔民收入增加和人们膳食结构改善具有重要的意义,总结了云南土著鱼类资源保护和开发中取得成绩和存在的突出问题,从制度建设、栖息地保护、投入机制、技术支撑和产业化等方面提出了对土著鱼类资源保护与开发利用所应采取的对策建议,为云南土著鱼类资源保护与开发利用提供借鉴。     

《生物多样性公约》中“土著和地方社区”术语在中国的适用性和评价指标体系

《生物多样性公约》第8(j)条提出了术语“土著和地方社区”, 《名古屋议定书》关于遗传资源特别是传统知识获取与惠益分享的很多重要条款中都涉及该术语。然而, 二者均未对该术语予以定义, 国际社会对该术语的适用范围至今尚未达成一致, 缔约方只能根据公约文本内涵和各国具体国情予以推断和解读。当前的普遍理解包括殖民主义特征的“狭义土著和地方社区”和仅具有原住民特征的“广义土著和地方社区”两种情况。对于中国而言, “土著和地方社区”是否与中国少数民族社区概念上等同或完全不同, 对于全面履行《生物多样性公约》和《名古屋议定书》具有重要意义。本文通过词源分析、定性和定量化等理论和实证研究, 构建了以少数民族具体地方社区为评估单元的“土著和地方社区特征”评价指标体系, 进而对部分少数民族具体地方社区进行了实际评估。结果表明, 一些至今仍然维持传统生产和生活方式及保留传统文化的少数民族地方社区具有明显的“土著和地方社区”特征, 适用于国际公约的相关规定。这为理解国际上的“土著和地方社区”和中国“少数民族”提供了思路, 为中国履行《生物多样性公约》《名古屋议定书》中涉及“土著和地方社区”的条款提供了技术支持, 也为维护中国少数民族地方社区在遗传资源及相关传统知识获取与公平惠益分享中的应有权益提供了理论基础。     

氮和土著AMF对黄瓜间作土壤酶活性及氮利用的影响

设施土壤氮（N）肥的大量不合理施用和高残留是导致作物硝态N含量超标和农业面源污染的主要因素之一。研究土著丛枝菌根真菌（arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF）与间作体系强化蔬菜对不同形态N的利用并结合土壤酶活性的反馈作用,可为设施土壤N素的高效利用和降低土壤N残留提供依据。本研究采用盆栽试验,设置黄瓜单作和黄瓜//大豆间作种植模式,不同AMF处理[不接种（NM）、接种土著AMF]和不同形态N处理[不施N（N0）、有机N（谷氨酰胺120mg/kg,ON120）、无机N（碳酸氢铵120mg/kg,ION120）],探讨了设施条件下施用不同形态N、接种土著AMF与间作大豆对黄瓜根围土壤酶活性及氮利用的影响。结果表明,与NM相比,接种土著AMF使设施黄瓜地上部、根系生物量及植株N吸收量均有不同程度的增加,根围土壤NH₄ ⁺-N、NO₃ ^--N含量呈现降低趋势。同一N处理-土著AMF条件下,间作大豆处理下的黄瓜根系菌根侵染率显著高于单作处理;间作大豆也使黄瓜植株地上部、根系生物量及N吸收量显著增加,同时显著降低了根围土壤铵态N含量。此外,间作-土著AMF条件下,ON120和ION120处理的黄瓜根围土壤脲酶活性较N0处理分别提高了30%和14%,蛋白酶和硝酸还原酶活性也呈现出相同趋势。可见,所有复合处理中,以间作体系接种土著AMF与施用适量有机N的组合明显促进了设施黄瓜生长和N素利用率。     

苦槛蓝属植物的用途

多年来澳大利亚独有的植物群已引起人们广泛的注意,但涉及到当地土著居民对植物的利用及其可能的用途方面的报道则比较少。苦槛蓝科（Myoporaceao）是一个较小的科,目前只包括3个属：沙漠木属（EremoPhila）,苦槛蓝底（MyoPorum）和BontiaL。许多苦槛蓝属植物是直立的木质灌木或小树,如M．montanum和M．Pfatycarpum。而有一些则是低矮而舒展开的。这一属的植物质地强壮、耐干旱、严寒等。当地的土著居民和早期的欧州移民有效地将这些灌木用于民俗文化、食物和医药方面。本文着重研究苦槛蓝属植物的用途、园艺栽培的可能性、及作植物…     

中国科学院昆明动物研究所珍稀鱼类保育研究基地简介

中国科学院昆明动物研究所珍稀鱼类保育研究基地由云南省发展与改革委员会、全球环境基金/世界银行资助兴建,是集物种保护、繁育、种群恢复和可持续利用等功能为一体的土著特有鱼类迁地保育研究基地。珍稀鱼类保育研究基地是云南省首家获得《中华人民共和国水生野生动物驯养繁殖许可证》和《中华人民共和国水生野生动物经营利用许可证》的科研     

主要利益相关方在履行《名古屋议定书》中的关系与义务

生物遗传资源及其相关传统知识的获取与惠益分享(Access and Benefit Sharing, ABS)涉及三个主要利益相关方, 即提供方、使用方和监管方。在我国履行《名古屋议定书》的过程中, 需深刻理解《名古屋议定书》中对于提供方、使用方和监管方的相关规定, 分析三方关系内涵及各自义务, 对有效履行《名古屋议定书》具有重要意义。本文提出, 为促进公平和公正的惠益分享, 提供方有义务明确生物遗传资源的原产地并保护和可持续利用原产的生物遗传资源, 确定生物遗传资源的原始持有社区和相关传统知识的原始持有人(或地方社区); 通过调查、登记和编目, 分析遗传资源的起源、形成及利用历史, 建立当地生物遗传资源及相关传统知识的档案; 通过ABS知识培训, 提高参与“获取与惠益分享”事务的能力, 特别是与使用方谈判ABS协议的能力。使用方有义务履行国际公约规定的“事先知情同意”和“共同商定条件”原则, 在征得土著和地方社区的事先知情同意和实质性参与下, 与土著和地方社区经共同商定条件, 签订体现公平惠益分享的ABS协议; 使用方要尊重土著和地方社区对保护和提供生物遗传资源的贡献, 制定行为守则, 履行社会责任; 还要在论文发表及专利申请时披露所使用遗传资源及相关传统知识的来源和原产地。监管方有责任建立完善的ABS政策和法规体系; 建立ABS信息交换机制, 发布ABS相关信息; 规定提交获取申请所要求的材料, 提供“ABS协议”的模本, 并审查和批准“ABS协议”, 签发“合法来源证书”; 并通过建立检查点, 监督和监测ABS协议的履行。     

土著从枝菌根真菌(AMF)与不同形态氮对紫色土间作大豆生长及氮利用的影响

在紫色土上,探究接种土著AMF(indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi)及不同形态氮肥施用对间作大豆Glycine max生长及氮利用的影响,为提高间作大豆对土壤不同形态氮素的吸收与利用,减少土壤无机氮残留提供理论依据。采用盆栽试验,设2种种植方式(大豆单作和玉米/大豆间作),不同丛枝菌根真菌处理[不接种(NM)、接种土著AMF]和3个氮处理[不施氮(N0)、施无机氮(ION120)、施有机氮(ON120)],以期揭示土著AMF和不同形态氮施用对间作大豆生长及氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明:与N0相比,施ION120和ON120处理显著增加了土壤无机氮的累积量。NM条件下,无论何种施氮处理的间作土壤NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N含量均低于单作,其中当接种土著AMF时,与单作相比,间作对减少土壤无机氮的积累能力得到进一步加强。无论单作或是间作,相同菌根处理下,ION120和ON120处理的大豆地上部和根系生物量,大豆地上部和根系氮含量及大豆地上部和根系氮吸收量均不同程度地高于N0处理,其中间作-土著AMF条件下,ION120处理的根系生物量、根系氮含量及氮吸收量均显著高于ON120处理。间作-ION120条件下,土著AMF处理的大豆地上部氮含量、吸收量及根系氮含量、氮吸收量较NM处理分别提高了9.8%、69.8%和8.1%、54.8%,四者差异均达到显著水平。除根系氮吸收量外,地上部氮含量、氮吸收量及根系氮含量均在间作-土著AMF-ION120处理下显著提高,间作与土著AMF互作优势明显。间作-土著AMF条件下,ION120和ON120处理的大豆根系氮吸收效率高于N0处理,分别提高了2%和6%。总体来看,土著AMF与ION120氮肥施用对促进间作大豆生长与提高氮素利用率尤为明显,可望减少土壤氮素残留而减轻氮素流失的风险。     

土著发酵床对商品猪生产性能和血液生化指标的影响

目的采集徐州当地土著微生物作为原始菌株制作发酵床,考察土著发酵床对商品猪生产性能及血液生化指标的影响。方法选择60头杜×长×大三元配套系仔猪进行实验,仔猪断奶日龄为21 d。实验组商品猪饲喂于发酵床猪舍,对照组饲喂于水泥地面猪舍。每组设3个重复,每个重复随机选取健康仔猪10头。仔猪饲喂125 d后考察土著发酵床对商品猪生产性能和血液生化指标的影响。结果土著发酵床具有一定提高商品猪日增重的效果,并可显著降低料重比（P〈0.05）,但对猪酮体品质未产生显著影响。在血液生化指标方面,实验组商品猪血液中的总蛋白、白蛋白、碱性磷酸酶含量均显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论土著发酵床可以提高猪的生长性能和免疫机能。     

入侵植物替代控制中土著种选择机制的研究

生物入侵对入侵地生态系统的稳定性及社会经济造成严重危害,成为全球三大环境问题之一。为有效治理入侵植物,结合常采用的物理、化学和生物防治等方法,从防治机制方面分析土著种替代控制入侵植物的有效性。通常土著种替代控制入侵植物是由于土著植物向环境中分泌化感物质,使得土壤中的微生物、动物以及化学成分相互作用,从而改变了入侵植物的生存环境。同时,土著植物利用自身的优势条件与入侵植物进行养分和光能等资源竞争,使入侵植物处于不利地位。通过对替代控制机理的概述,提出了替代植物的选择方法,讨论了需要进一步加强的领域,以期拓展替代控制这一领域的广度和深度,为入侵植物的生态防治提供理论依据。     

Prospective elementary science teachers’ understanding of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in the context of multiple biological levels as nested systems

In this study, Turkish prospective elementary science teachers’ understanding of photosynthesis and cellular respiration has been analysed within the contexts of ecosystem knowledge, organism knowledge and interconnection knowledge (IK). In the analysis, concept maps developed by 74 prospective teachers were used. The study was carried out with prospective teachers in their final year who were enrolled in the special teaching methods course. The results show that prospective teachers’ understanding of photosynthesis, cellular respiration, energy flow and matter cycling is quite different from one another’s. In addition, the present study revealed that prospective elementary science teachers showed weak understanding of energy flow and matter, cycling and cellular respiration concepts and IK category but they had strong understanding of photosynthesis concept. Prospective teachers also experience difficulties in understanding connections between macro- and microbiological systems. The study concludes with suggestions for more meaningful biology education.     

The Same,but Different: Indigenous Knowledge Retention,Erosion, and Innovation in the Brazilian Amazon

This study explores how indigenous knowledge (IK) might be retained and/or changed among contemporary indigenous peoples. Through semi-structured interviews and quantitative analyses of long-term changes in artistic knowledge among three geographically displaced Kaiabi (Kawaiwete) we found an association between language proficiency and gender with greater IK retention, and formal schooling with IK erosion. Six mechanisms of innovation in knowledge of basketry and textiles among men and women were documented. A mixed mode of collaborative learning and knowledge transmission involving diverse actors emerged from community workshops and group forums. Innovative mechanisms for cultural transmission have taken advantage of media, technology, and non-indigenous support organizations to expand weaving knowledge of basketry designs. Our results illustrate how indigenous peoples actively shape cultural transmission and change, as well as the role that public policies and academic research may play in these processes.     

Herbal medicine use in the districts of Nakapiripirit, Pallisa, Kanungu, and Mukono in Uganda

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Traditional medicine (TM) occupies a special place in the management of diseases in Uganda. Not with standing the many people relying on TM, indigenous knowledge (IK) related to TM is getting steadily eroded. To slow down this loss it is necessary to document and conserve as much of the knowledge as possible. This study was conducted to document the IK relevant to traditional medicine in the districts of Mukono, Nakapiripirit, Kanungu and Pallisa, in Uganda. METHODS: An ethnobotanical survey was conducted between October 2008 and February 2009 using techniques of key informant interviews and household interviews. RESULTS: The common diseases and conditions in the four districts include malaria, cough, headache, diarrhea, abdominal pain, flu, backache and eye diseases. Respondents stated that when they fall sick they self medicate using plant medicines or consult western-trained medicine practitioners. Self medication using herbal medicines was reported mostly by respondents of Nakapiripirit and Mukono. Respondents have knowledge to treat 78 ailments using herbal medicines. 44 species, mentioned by three or more respondents have been prioritized. The most frequently used part in herbal medicines is the leaf, followed by the stem and root. People sometime use animal parts, soil, salt and water from a grass roof, in traditional medicines. Herbal medicines are stored for short periods of time in bottles. The knowledge to treat ailments is acquired from parents and grandparents. Respondents' age and tribe appears to have a significant influence on knowledge of herbal medicine, while gender does not. CONCLUSION: This survey has indicated that IK associated with TM stills exists and that TM is still important in Uganda because many people use it as a first line of health care when they fall sick. Age and tribe influence the level of IK associated with herbal medicine, but gender does not.     

Membrane-delimited inhibition of maxi-K channel activity by the intermediate conductance Ca2+-activated K channel

The complexity of mammalian physiology requires a diverse array of ion channel proteins. This diversity extends even to a single family of channels. For example, the family of Ca2+-activated K channels contains three structural subfamilies characterized by small, intermediate, and large single channel conductances. Many cells and tissues, including neurons, vascular smooth muscle, endothelial cells, macrophages, and salivary glands express more than a single class of these channels, raising questions about their specific physiological roles. We demonstrate here a novel interaction between two types of Ca2+-activated K channels: maxi-K channels, encoded by the KCa1.1 gene, and IK1 channels (KCa3.1). In both native parotid acinar cells and in a heterologous expression system, activation of IK1 channels inhibits maxi-K activity. This interaction was independent of the mode of activation of the IK1 channels: direct application of Ca2+, muscarinic receptor stimulation, or by direct chemical activation of the IK1 channels. The IK1-induced inhibition of maxi-K activity occurred in small, cell-free membrane patches and was due to a reduction in the maxi-K channel open probability and not to a change in the single channel current level. These data suggest that IK1 channels inhibit maxi-K channel activity via a direct, membrane-delimited interaction between the channel proteins. A quantitative analysis indicates that each maxi-K channel may be surrounded by four IK1 channels and will be inhibited if any one of these IK1 channels opens. This novel, regulated inhibition of maxi-K channels by activation of IK1 adds to the complexity of the properties of these Ca2+-activated K channels and likely contributes to the diversity of their functional roles.     

The urgent need for microbiology literacy in society: children as educators

Microbes and their activities have pervasive influence and deterministic roles in the functioning and health of the geosphere, atmosphere and biosphere, i.e. in nature. Microbiology can be considered a language of nature. We have argued that the relevance of microbes for everyday personal decisions and collective policies requires that society attains microbiology literacy, through the introduction of child-relevant microbiology topics into school curricula. That is: children should learn the microbiology language of nature. Children can be effective transmitters of new and/or rapidly evolving knowledge within families and beyond, where there is a substantive information asymmetry (witness digital technology, social media, and new languages in foreign countries). They can thus be key disseminators of microbiology knowledge, where there will be information asymmetry for the foreseeable future, and thereby contribute to the attainment of microbiology literacy in society. The education of family and friends can be encouraged/stimulated by home assignments, family leisure projects, and school-organised microbiology-centric social-education events. Children are key stakeholders in family decisions. Their microbiology knowledge, and their dissemination of it, can help inform and increase the objectivity of such decisions.     

Indigenous Knowledge of New Guinea’s Useful Plants: A Review1

We present the first large-scale synthesis of indigenous knowledge (IK) on New Guinea’s useful plants based on a quantitative review of 488 references and 854 herbarium specimens. Specifically, we assessed (i) spatiotemporal trends in the documentation of IK, (ii) which are New Guinea’s most useful ecosystems and plant taxa, (iii) what use categories have been better studied, and (iv) which are the best studied indigenous groups. Overall, our review integrates 40,376 use reports and 19,948 plant uses for 3434 plant species. We find that despite a significant increase in ethnobotanical studies since the first reports of 1885, all islands still remain under-investigated. Lowland and montane rainforests are the best studied habitats; legumes, palms, and figs are the most cited plant families; and Ficus, Pandanus, and Syzygium are the most useful genera. Medicinal uses have received the greatest attention and non-native species have the highest cross-cultural consensus for medicine, underscoring the culturally enriching role of non-native taxa to New Guinea’s pharmacopeia. Of New Guinea’s approximately 1100 indigenous groups, 217 are mentioned in the literature, and non-endangered groups remain better studied. We conclude that IK can contribute significantly to meet rising demands to make New Guinea’s landscapes “multifunctional” and boost the green economy, but ambitious strategies will still be needed to mainstream IK and improve its documentation.

     

Bayesian inverse kinematics vs. least-squares inverse kinematics in estimates of planar postures and rotations in the absence of soft tissue artifact

A variety of inverse kinematics (IK) algorithms exist for estimating postures and displacements from a set of noisy marker positions, typically aiming to minimize IK errors by distributing errors amongst all markers in a least-squares (LS) sense. This paper describes how Bayesian inference can contrastingly be used to maximize the probability that a given stochastic kinematic model would produce the observed marker positions. We developed Bayesian IK for two planar IK applications: (1) kinematic chain posture estimates using an explicit forward kinematics model, and (2) rigid body rotation estimates using implicit kinematic modeling through marker displacements. We then tested and compared Bayesian IK results to LS results in Monte Carlo simulations in which random marker error was introduced using Gaussian noise amplitudes ranging uniformly between 0.2 mm and 2.0 mm. Results showed that Bayesian IK was more accurate than LS-IK in over 92% of simulations, with the exception of one center-of-rotation coordinate planar rotation, for which Bayesian IK was more accurate in only 68% of simulations. Moreover, while LS errors increased with marker noise, Bayesian errors were comparatively unaffected by noise amplitude. Nevertheless, whereas the LS solutions required average computational durations of less than 0.5 s, average Bayesian IK durations ranged from 11.6 s for planar rotation to over 2000 s for kinematic chain postures. These results suggest that Bayesian IK can yield order-of-magnitude IK improvements for simple planar IK, but also that its computational demands may make it impractical for some applications.     

Therapeutic potential of modulating potassium currents in the diseased myocardium.

Myocardial disease states are characterized by multiple electrophysiologic abnormalities, including alterations in potassium channel activities. During acute myocardial ischemia, activation of ATP-regulated K+ current (IK(ATP)) results in shortening of action potential duration and elevation of extracellular K+ concentration. In hypertrophied myocardium, increases in inward rectifier K+ current (IK1) and decreases in delayed rectifier K+ current (IK) are observed. Alterations in K+ channel activity in myocardial disease states suggest the potential to therapeutically modify cardiac rhythm and function with K+ channel modulators. Class III anti-arrhythmic agents, which prolong myocardial refractoriness predominantly via a blockade of IK, have demonstrated efficacy in suppressing reentrant atrial and ventricular arrhythmias in animal models as well as promising efficacy in initial clinical studies. Potassium channel openers (PCOs), which activate cardiac IK(ATP), have demonstrated both antiarrhythmic and proarrhythmic activities in various experimental settings, and also are being investigated as potential cardioprotective agents. Sulfonylureas, which block cardiac IK(ATP), also have been investigated as potential antiarrhythmic agents with equivocal results, and have displayed a propensity to exacerbate ischemic myocardial dysfunction in experimental studies. A more comprehensive understanding of K+ channel activity in various myocardial disease states, including concomitant disorders such as myocardial ischemia and hypertrophy, will facilitate the development of more useful potassium channel modulators, as well as a clearer recognition of the undesirable effects of such agents.     

高通量测序在病原微生物耐药方面的应用进展

高通量测序是一种高效、准确、价廉的新型测序技术,随着近年来的不断推广,逐渐进入不同的研究领域。目前,多重耐药菌的感染给患者和社会增加了巨大负担,耐药机制和抗菌药物的研发是科学研究的热点之一。高通量测序技术也开始在病原微生物耐药方面发挥了巨大作用,尤其是在耐药机制研究方面,解决了一些用现有的技术无法解决的问题。本文从病原菌鉴定、耐药机制、药物新靶标、耐药菌流行病学以及用药指导等方面阐述了高通量测序在病原微生物耐药方面的应用及进展,重点讨论了耐药机制和抗菌药物新靶标进展以及现阶段存在的问题。高通量测序技术不断发展,尤其是进入病原微生物研究领域后延伸出新的研究技术和方法,随着相关的生物信息学的进步,此项技术应用将会更加广泛。