迟缓爱德华氏菌感染斑马鱼的模型构建及病理分析

【目的】本研究旨在建立迟缓爱德华氏菌感染斑马鱼的模型,以提供疾病模型用于病理学、药理学和药物学研究。【方法】通过不同途径对斑马鱼进行人工感染,模拟自然感染状态,并研究迟缓爱德华氏菌对斑马鱼的致病机理,包括死亡率、行为变化、生化指标和病鱼机体抗氧化能力的变化情况。【结果】比较3种感染途径,显示腹腔注射的致病力最强。迟缓爱德华氏菌感染后,斑马鱼表现出眼球突出、肛门出血、溃疡和腹水等症状。病理检查显示,感染后的斑马鱼发生急性炎症,可见肝细胞广泛坏死脱落,肝小叶萎缩,周围见吞噬细胞聚集。从患病斑马鱼体内分离出TX菌株,并通过特异性引物聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction, PCR)鉴定为迟缓爱德华氏菌,确定该菌的半致死浓度LD50为3.65×102菌落形成单位(colony forming units, CFU)尾。与对照组相比,注射感染组的超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)活力降低22.26%,丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)显著升高16倍,酸性磷酸酶(acid phosphatase, ACP)活性和碱性磷酸...     

迟缓爱德华菌的外膜蛋白图谱及耐药性分析

分析 2 7株不同来源的迟缓爱德华菌 (Et)的外膜蛋白 (OMP) ,可分为A～H 8个型。 2 1株致病株与 6株非致病株有明显不同的图谱。致病株OMP条带多而深浓 ,并且相同来源的菌株有几乎一致的图谱。其中国内致病株以E型为主 ,与ATCC参考株相似。非致病株OMP条带则浅而稀疏 ,来源虽不同 ,但图谱极类似。另外 ,6株非致病株对磺胺、庆大、四环素等抗生素普遍耐药 ,而致病株除少数几株外 ,均对抗生素有不同程度的敏感     

致病性迟缓爱德华菌的检测

系统检测了 2 5株迟缓爱德华菌 (Edwardasiellatarda ,Et)的胞外产物 (ECP) ,包括溶血素、胞外蛋白酶 (ECPase) ,并用Et强致病株JEL4的ECP抗血清作Dot ELISA检测各株Et的ECP ,同时对小鼠和剑尾鱼作致病性试验。试验表明 ,具动物致病性的菌株溶血素检测均为阳性 ,ECPase与致病性无关。JEL4ECP的Dot ELISA结果与动物致病性的符合率达 1 0 0 %。在此基础上 ,建立了致病性Et的检测方法 ,该方法只需作简便的平板溶血试验和Dot ELISA ,即可检测Et的ECP ,无须作动物试验 ,从而简化了致病性Et的检测程序 ,为研制检测试剂盒奠定了基础。     

迟缓爱德华氏菌EcoRⅠ核糖体自动化分型与聚类分析

【目的】对26株迟缓爱德华氏菌进行自动化核糖体分型,并进行聚类分析。【方法】采用RiboprinterTM全自动微生物鉴定系统对分离自斑点叉尾鮰、日本鳗、多宝鱼、比目鱼、斑醴等宿主体内的迟缓爱德华氏菌进行核糖体分型,以限制性内切酶Eco RⅠ处理、切割菌株DNA;运用Bio Numerics软件分析图像数据。【结果】迟缓爱德华氏菌核糖体图谱与数据库中已有信息进行比对,ATCC15947和BYK00685的比对相似值0.85,分别为0.95及0.90。条形码经软件分析共产生21种核糖体条带,聚类分析分为3个群。条带之间呈现明显的地域性差异和宿主差别。来自北方及南方的菌株除少数几株以外,各自聚集为一个群;所有人源株则分布在第三群。【结论】自动化核糖体分型可以方便快捷地用于不同物种的菌株分型与流行病学追踪溯源。     

迟缓爱德华菌溶血相关基因的测序和初步的功能分析

溶血素是迟缓爱德华菌（Edwardsiella tarda简称ET）的重要致病因子。用鸟枪法从ET－12菌的染色体中克隆到1株含有溶血活性的克隆子,经测定其序列的大小为4264bp,和已报道的ET两种溶血素基因无同源性,其中开放阅读框3（ORF3）424bp序列和伤寒沙门氏菌溶血调控基因（slyA0序列有68％同源性。含有完整的ORF3的亚克隆子有溶血性,而卡那霉素基因插入ORF3内的酶切位点,其转化子无溶血性,斑点杂交和Southern blot证实,该基因片段来源于供体菌ET－12,而且也存在于其他ET菌染色体上,但这些ET菌表型不一定溶血。含有溶血相关基因重组质粒的大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli简称E.coli）JM109、E.coli LE392有溶血现象。含有溶血相关基因重组质粒的ET菌,不一定有溶血现象。该基因不是溶血结构基因,而是溶血相关基因。     

四环素诱导肝脏特异表达绿色荧光蛋白转基因斑马鱼模型建立

目的探索tet-on四环素诱导表达系统在斑马鱼体内应用策略与技术路线,构建四环素诱导肝脏特异表达绿色荧光蛋白的转基因斑马鱼,为条件型功能基因研究及组织特异转基因斑马鱼疾病模型的建立奠定基础。方法构建肝脏特异启动子fabp10启动rt TA蛋白表达的重组质粒pfabp10-rt TA,联合p TRE-Tight-BI-Ac GFP1质粒转染He La细胞后给予doxycycline诱导,Western blot法验证;pfabp10-rt TA联合p TRE-Tight-BI-Ac GFP1质粒注射斑马鱼1-细胞期受精卵后,30μg/m L doxycycline诱导,荧光筛选稳定整合个体。结果共转染pfabp10-rt TA与p TRE-Tight-BI-Ac GFP1的He La细胞经1μg/m L浓度doxycycline诱导培养液诱导,GFP表达量显著高于不加doxycycline培养液对照组;筛选获得的稳定整合斑马鱼幼鱼,在浓度为30μg/m L doxycycline条件下,肝脏明显有绿色荧光表达,对照组幼鱼肝脏位置未有明显绿色荧光。结论 Tet-On四环素诱导表达系统可用于建立四环素调控斑马鱼肝脏特异表达外源基因;利用该技术可建立诱导肝脏表达GFP建立转基因斑马鱼品系,为建立条件型转基因斑马鱼疾病模型、探索肝脏器官发生发育等研究提供良好的模式动物工具。     

斑马鱼shh启动子指导绿色荧光蛋白基因在脊索中的表达

体外实验业已证明shh基因的启动子受HNF3β蛋白直接调控。为研究斑马鱼shh启动子在体内的作用模式,构建了由538bp斑马鱼shh启动子(包含两个HNF3β结合位点)与绿色荧光蛋白EGFP组成的表达载体,命名为pShh-EGFP。将pShh-EGFP注射到斑马鱼1-细胞期内的受精卵中,定期在倒置荧光显微镜下观察GFP的表达。GFP在原肠作用期就开始表达,主要发生在中轴下胚层中;在体节形成期,GFP在脊索细胞中表达,但未发现在神经底板细胞中表达。由此可见,含两个HNF3β结合区域的538bp的斑马鱼shh启动子具有脊索表达活性。     

迟缓爱德华菌抗独特型单克隆抗体的制备及鉴定

迟缓爱德华菌(Edwardsiella tarda)是肠杆菌科爱德华菌属的一种条件致病菌,可引起败血病,危害鲆、鲤等经济养殖鱼类。但是,经过20余年的研究,虽有各种灭活疫苗和组分疫苗的试验,却无针对该菌病的商品化疫苗的使用报道。抗独特型抗体疫苗技术已成功用于肿瘤、细菌、病毒、寄生虫的防治,具有安全、易大规模生产等优点。鉴于药物防治鱼菌病的局限性,作者在制备了抗迟缓爱德华菌单克隆抗体的基础上,制备抗该菌的抗独特型单克隆抗体,用该菌抗独特型抗体免疫牙鲆, 为预防该菌病提供一种安全有效的新方法。     

迟缓爱德华氏菌对Hep-2细胞的侵袭特性

用细胞裂解计数法及超薄切片电镜观察法分析了迟缓爱德华氏菌侵袭ＨＥｐ－２细胞的基本特性。在１５株来源各异的迟缓爱德华氏菌中,有６株细菌具有对ＨＥｐ－２细胞的侵袭能力。细菌侵入细胞后,主要位于空泡内。侵入细胞内的迟缓爱德华氏菌不仅可在细胞内增殖,而且可从细胞内释放出来。用细胞松弛素破坏微丝后可抑制其侵袭作用,而且表现出剂量依赖关系,而在秋水仙素破坏微管后不影响其侵袭力。这表明在迟缓爱德华氏菌对ＨＥｐ－     

迟缓爱德华氏菌对Hep-2细胞的侵袭特性

用细胞裂解计数法及超薄切片电镜观察法分析了迟缓爱德华氏菌侵袭Hep—2细胞的基本特性。在15株来源各异的迟缓爱德华氏菌中,有6株细菌具有对Hep—2细胞的侵袭能力。细菌侵入细胞后,主要位于空泡内。侵入细胞内的迟缓爱德华氏菌不仅可在细胞内增殖,而且可从细胞内释放出来。用细胞松弛素破坏微丝后可抑制其侵袭作用,而且表现出剂量依赖关系,而用秋水仙素破坏微管后不影响其侵袭力。这表明在迟缓爱德华氏菌对Hep—2细胞的侵袭过程中,细胞骨架中有微丝的参与,未发现微管的参与。     

Expression of an iron-regulated hemolysin by Edwardsiella tarda

Abstract The ability of Edwardsiella tarda to hemolyse red blood cells was investigated. Most E. tarda strains (> 80%) produced a hemolysin when assayed by either an agar overlay or contact-dependent hemolysis technique. This activity was cell-associated (CAH) and not released into the culture supernatant under routine conditions. When quantified, E. tarda strains significantly produced 30–40-fold higher levels of hemolytic activity against guinea pig, sheep, or rabbit erythrocytes than either E. hoshinae or E. ictaluri . When grown under iron restricted-conditions in the presence of ethylenediamine di( o -hydroxyphenylacetic acid), hemoglubin, hematin and hemin were found to stimulate growth in both liquid and agar bioassays. Hemolysin activity could be released from selected E. tarda strains when grown in L broth supplemented with EDDA; hemolytic activity was 3- to > 40-fold under these conditions when compared to L broth alone. Preliminary characterization of the hemolysin of strain ET-13 indicates that it is a heat-labile protein with active sulphydryl and thiol groups. These results indicate that, in addition to its invasive capabilities, E. tarda produces a hemolysin which is at least partially regulated by the relative availability of iron and may play a role in human disease.     

Phenotypic diversity of Edwardsiella tarda isolated from different origins

Aims: To evaluate the diversity of phenotypic characteristics among isolates of Edwardsiella tarda from various origins. Methods and results: A total of 10 E. tarda strains were investigated on biological characteristics including flagella formation, bacterial motility, biofilm formation, extracellular protein and plasmid profiles. All the E. tarda strains (including two previous recognized as nonflagellation strains) were proven to have an average of 1–7 peritrichous flagella with the precise number positively correlated with motility and biofilm formation. All the E. tarda strains exhibited similar protein profiles except ET2034, LMG2793 and ET080814, which lacked the three major bands of approximately 18, 21 and 55 kDa. E. tarda with the same geographic location shared similar plasmid profiles. Conclusions:  Edwardsiella tarda strains exhibited diversities in phenotypic characteristics that may be linked to differences in geographic location or host origin. In addition, the number of flagella is essential for bacterial motility and biofilm formation. Significance and Impact of the Study: This is the first report demonstrating the difference in flagella formation between E. tarda strains, which may broaden the understanding of flagellation trait at intra‐species level. Furthermore, evaluation of virulence‐associated characteristics can provide useful information for unveiling the diverse pathogenic mechanisms of E. tarda.     

迟钝爱德华氏菌RNA提取及痕量基因组DNA去除方法探究

迟钝爱德华氏菌EIB202是一类细胞壁结构特殊的革兰氏阴性菌,高质量RNA提取相对较难。为了从转录组水平研究这类致病菌的致病机理,需要摸索有效的RNA提取及RNA样品中痕量基因组DNA去除方法。对常规RNA提取步骤进行改进,增加PBS清洗、反复冻融及较高浓度溶菌酶处理等步骤;另外,利用小体系基因组DNA去除系统,Mg2+与Mn2+协同激活DNase I去除RNA样品中基因组DNA污染。利用优化方法提取的RNA在质量及浓度(1 740 ng/μL)方面均有了显著改善,并建立了一套完全去除RNA样品中痕量基因组DNA污染的程序。     

Detection of type III secretion gene as an indicator for pathogenic Edwardsiella tarda

Aims: To differentiate pathogenic and nonpathogenic Edwardsiella tarda strains based on the detection of type III secretion system (T3SS) gene using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Methods and Results: Primers were designed to amplify Edw. tarda T3SS component gene esaV, catalase gene katB, haemolysin gene hlyA and 16S rRNA gene as an internal positive control. Genomic DNAs were extracted using a commercial isolation kit from 36 Edw. tarda strains consisting of 18 pathogenic and 18 nonpathogenic strains, and 50 ng of each DNA was used as the template for PCR amplification. PCR was performed with a thermocycler (TaKaRa TP600) in a 25‐μl volume. Products of esaV were detected in all pathogenic strains, but not in nonpathogenic strains; katB was detected in all pathogenic strains and one of nonpathogenic strains; hlyA was not detected in any strains. Conclusions: The detection of esaV gene can be used for the assessment of pathogenic Edw. tarda strains. Significance and Impact of the Study: The strategy using T3SS gene as the virulence indicator provides a useful tool for the clinical assessment of pathogenic Edw. tarda strains and prediction of edwardsiellosis risk in fish culture environments.     

Molecular cloning,characterization, and sequencing of the hemolysin gene from Edwardsiella tarda

Hemolysis is a major symptom of diseased eels infected by Edwardsiella tarda. The hemolysin gene of E. tarda strain ET16 was cloned into plasmid pSK and expressed in Escherichia coli. The mol. mass of the functional β-hemolysin was estimated to be approximately 34 kDa by gel filtration and by SDS-PAGE followed by in situ hemolysin activity analysis. The cloned fragment containing the β-hemolysin locus from E. tarda strain ET16 expressed in E. coli was estimated to be 5.3 kb in length; the deduced gene product was identical in mol. mass and properties to the extracellular products of E. tarda strain ET16. The presence of EcoRI and XbaI sites within the β-hemolysin gene of E. tarda was determined from the loss of hemolytic activity in subclones. Analysis of the DNA sequence of a 2,436-bp HaeIII-HindIII fragment that included EcoRI and XbaI sites revealed three ORFs organized as an operon that encoded three predicted polypeptides of 15,874, 7,055, and 34,804 Da. A 34-kDa polypeptide expressing hemolytic activity in cell lysates of the clone DH5α(pETH3E) is very likely the β-hemolysin encoded by the third ORF. The observation that hemolytic activity appeared in the culture medium of E. tarda, but not in that of E. coli strain DH5α(pETH3E) indicates the existence of a mechanism for transporting the hemolysin across the cell envelope in E. tarda that is different from that of E. coli. Received: 7 July 1995 / Accepted: 24 October 1995     

Overexpression of mltA in Edwardsiella tarda reduces resistance to antibiotics and enhances lethality in zebra fish

Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the role of membrane‐bound lytic murein transglycosylase A (MltA) in a bacterial fish pathogen Edwardsiella tarda. Methods and Results: An mltA in‐frame deletion mutant (ΔmltA) and an mltA overexpression strain (mltA⁺) of Edw. tarda were constructed through double‐crossover allelic exchange and by transformation of a low‐copy plasmid carrying the intact mltA into the ΔmltA mutant, respectively. Either inactivation or overexpression of MltA in Edw. tarda resulted in elevated sensitivity to β‐lactam antibiotics and lower viability in oligotrophic or high osmotic environment than wild‐type strain. Autolysis induced by EDTA was reduced in ΔmltA strain, while mltA⁺ strain was virtually flimsy, indicating that MltA is responsible for the lysis effect. Moreover, mltA⁺ strain exhibited significant increases in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis and virulence to zebra fish compared with wild‐type strain. Conclusions: The results indicated that MltA plays essential roles in β‐lactam antibiotics and environmental stresses resistance, autolysis, LPS biosynthesis and pathogenicity of Edw. tarda. This is the first report that MltA has a virulence‐related function in Edw. tarda. Significance and Impact of the Study: This study provided useful information for further studies on pathogenesis of Edw. tarda.     

Analysis of 16S-23S intergenic spacer regions of the rRNA operons in Edwardsiella ictaluri and Edwardsiella tarda isolates from fish

AIMS: To analyse interspecies and intraspecies differences based on the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer region (ISR) sequences of the fish pathogens Edwardsiella ictaluri and Edwardsiella tarda. METHODS AND RESULTS: The 16S-23S rRNA spacer regions of 19 Edw. ictaluri and four Edw. tarda isolates from four geographical regions were amplified by PCR with primers complementary to conserved sequences within the flanking 16S-23S rRNA coding sequences. Two products were generated from all isolates, without interspecies or intraspecific size polymorphisms. Sequence analysis of the amplified fragments revealed a smaller ISR of 350 bp, which contained a gene for tRNA(Glu), and a larger ISR of 441 bp, which contained genes for tRNA(Ile) and tRNA(Ala). The sequences of the smaller ISR of different Edw. ictaluri isolates were essentially identical to each other. Partial sequences of larger ISR from several Edw. ictaluri isolates also revealed no differences from the one complete Edw. ictaluri large ISR sequence obtained. The sequences of the smaller ISR of Edw. tarda were 97% identical to the Edw. ictaluri smaller ISR and the larger ISR were 96-98% identical to the Edw. ictaluri larger ISR sequence. The Edw. tarda isolates displayed limited ISR sequence heterogeneity, with > or =97% sequence identity among isolates for both small and large ISR. CONCLUSIONS: There is a high degree of size and sequence similarity of 16S-23S ISR both among isolates within Edw. ictaluri and Edw. tarda species and between the two species. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Our results confirm a close genetic relationship between Edw. ictaluri and Edw. tarda and the relative homogeneity of Edw. ictaluri isolates compared with Edw. tarda isolates. Because no differences were found in ISR sequences among Edw. ictaluri isolates, sequence analysis of the ISR will not be useful to distinguish isolates of Edw. ictaluri. However, we identified restriction sites that differ between ISR sequences of Edw. ictaluri and Edw. tarda, which will be useful in distinguishing the two species.