迟缓爱德华氏菌感染斑马鱼的模型构建及病理分析

【目的】本研究旨在建立迟缓爱德华氏菌感染斑马鱼的模型,以提供疾病模型用于病理学、药理学和药物学研究。【方法】通过不同途径对斑马鱼进行人工感染,模拟自然感染状态,并研究迟缓爱德华氏菌对斑马鱼的致病机理,包括死亡率、行为变化、生化指标和病鱼机体抗氧化能力的变化情况。【结果】比较3种感染途径,显示腹腔注射的致病力最强。迟缓爱德华氏菌感染后,斑马鱼表现出眼球突出、肛门出血、溃疡和腹水等症状。病理检查显示,感染后的斑马鱼发生急性炎症,可见肝细胞广泛坏死脱落,肝小叶萎缩,周围见吞噬细胞聚集。从患病斑马鱼体内分离出TX菌株,并通过特异性引物聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction, PCR)鉴定为迟缓爱德华氏菌,确定该菌的半致死浓度LD50为3.65×102菌落形成单位(colony forming units, CFU)尾。与对照组相比,注射感染组的超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)活力降低22.26%,丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)显著升高16倍,酸性磷酸酶(acid phosphatase, ACP)活性和碱性磷酸...     

吲哚作为细菌细胞间信号分子的研究进展

吲哚广泛存在于自然界,目前已知超过145种革兰氏阳性和阴性细菌能产生吲哚,其中包括许多病原菌。随着细菌密度感应系统及其信号分子作用机制研究的深入,吲哚已被证实是肠道病原菌如致病性大肠杆菌、迟缓爱德华氏菌、霍乱弧菌等一类细胞间重要的信号分子,并参与细菌的多种生理活动,如毒力、抗药性、生物膜形成、运动性、质粒稳定性、抗酸性、孢子产生等。更为重要的是,吲哚及其衍生物还参与协调菌群竞争,有益于人体肠道菌群平衡和免疫系统。本文在吲哚作为细胞间信号分子参与迟缓爱德华氏菌的毒力、抗药性、生物膜形成和运动性的研究基础上,对近年来吲哚作为细菌细胞间信号分子的研究进展进行了综述。随着吲哚作用机制的进一步揭示,将有助于新型抗病原菌感染策略的研发和生物工程方面的应用。     

迟钝爱德华菌感染大鲵的研究

目的 研究迟钝爱德华菌对大鲵的致病性,为防治提供实验依据.方法 用不同浓度(102～108 cfu/ml)迟钝爱德华菌,通过不同的感染途径(喂养的水环境、灌喂及注射)感染大鲵,观察病原菌的致病条件及大鲵各组织器官的细菌分布(皮肤、消化道、肝、脾、血液)和病理变化及敏感抗生素的治疗作用.结果 喂养的水环境不能感染,大量灌喂(106～108 cfu/ml)出现轻微感染症状,注射感染(104～107 cfu/ml)出现明显感染症状,且部分死亡.感染后细菌分布于皮下、血液、肝、脾、胃等器官.用敏感抗生素处理后病鲵好转.结论 迟钝爱德华菌对大鲵可能是一种机会致病菌,病菌感染大鲵需要合适的入侵途径和数量,感染后用敏感抗生素进行治疗有较好效果.     

美洲黑石斑迟缓爱德华氏菌分离、鉴定及致病性研究

养殖美洲黑石斑(Centropristis striata)发生以“内脏白点”为主要临床症状的暴发性死亡, 为明确美洲黑石斑患病原因, 对患病鱼进行了病原分离、鉴定及致病性研究, 以期为防治美洲黑石斑迟缓爱德华氏菌病提供参考依据。患病的美洲黑石斑的症状主要表现为鳃和内脏组织如脾脏及肾脏上布满白点。从患病鱼的病灶处分离纯化到一株优势致病菌株(ZS201807), 通过对该菌株形态特征、生理生化特性和16S rDNA基因测序等综合分析, 鉴定该菌为迟缓爱德华氏菌(Edwardsiella tarda)。人工感染实验证实此菌株可引起健康美洲黑石斑发病并表现出与自然发病相似的症状。利用组织切片和电镜超薄切片技术对患病美洲黑石斑鱼的肝脏、脾脏、鳃丝等6种组织进行组织病理学分析。组织病理结果显示, 脾和肾是感染较严重的主要靶器官, 脾脏组织内大量红细胞浸润, 出现严重瘀血; 鳃丝毛细血管扩张; 肾小管管腔狭窄, 肾小球肿大, 上皮细胞肿胀, 细胞空泡化。超微病理显示, 病鱼脾脏和头肾组织有大量杆状细菌积聚。药敏试验发现该菌对环丙沙星(5 μg/片)、四环素(30 μg/片)、恩诺沙星(5 μg/片)等14种药物敏感; 对青霉素(10 U/片)、阿奇霉素(15 μg/片)、丁胺卡那(30 μg/片)等13种药物耐受。证实此次养殖美洲黑石斑发病死亡的病原菌为迟缓爱德华氏菌。     

荧光假单胞菌感染大鲵的病理损伤

通过对感染荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescents)发病的大鲵(Andrias davidianus)主要器官进行病理剖解和病理组织学观察,以明确大鲵感染荧光假单胞菌引起的病理学损伤特点。结果表明,大鲵感染荧光假单胞菌后,主要表现为腹部极度膨胀、腹水和严重胃肠道反应,严重者可见将胃呕吐至口腔;组织器官具有典型的病理变化,其主要靶器官为肾、肝、肠道、皮肤和肌肉。分别引起坏死性肾小球肾炎、肝炎。此外,还可引起轻微肠炎及皮炎。可在肾小管管腔内、肝细胞坏死灶内、肠道固有层内及皮肤肌肉中发现数量极多的杆状细菌。     

迟缓爱德华菌luxS基因在不同生长时期表达水平的差异

摘要:【目的】探索迟缓爱德华菌LuxS/AI-2型密度感应系统关键基因luxS的分布及在不同生长时期的表达特征和生物功能。【方法】克隆迟缓爱德华菌luxS基因,利用生物信息学工具和网络数据库分析该基因序列的特征及编码蛋白的基本特征和保守结构;原核表达LuxS蛋白,纯化后制备抗LuxS的抗体,运用Western-blot技术分析LuxS在不同毒力、不同来源迟缓爱德华菌中的分布情况及在不同生长时期的表达水平;利用抗体中和方法,分析抗LuxS抗体对迟缓爱德华菌生长的影响,探索LuxS是否为信号分子AI-2的特 异依赖模式。【结果】克隆到迟缓爱德华菌luxS基因,长度为516 bp,序列分析结果表明,该基因在迟缓爱德华菌属中高度保守;对多株迟缓爱德华菌LuxS蛋白的检测结果表明,该基因在该菌属中普遍存在;对不同生长时期LuxS蛋白的检测结果表明,LuxS蛋白的表达量在迟缓期较低,进入对数生长期逐渐增加,在对数生长后期最大,稳定后期逐渐减少;抗体中和生长试验结果表明,1%抗血清(效价1:40000)能延长迟缓爱德华菌生长的平台期,但对细菌生长无显著影响。【结论】LuxS/AI-2介导的密度感应系统在迟缓爱德华菌中普遍存在;关键基因luxS的序列高度保守,在不同生长时期表达量不一致,在对数生长后期达到峰值。     

抗迟缓爱德华菌(Edwardsiella tarda)单克隆抗体的制备及双抗夹心ELISA检测方法的建立

以迟缓爱德华菌株2CDM001为抗原,利用杂交瘤技术制备了迟缓爱德华菌的单抗8D11、8H4、2F4、18C12、16E2、20D3、19G2、5F7、4E6、7C5、18H9。在特异性方面,单抗8H4和2F4特异性较差,与美人鱼弧菌ATCC33539、鮰爱德华菌ATCC33202等参考菌株均出现不同程度的交叉反应,而其余9株单抗特异性强,与实验中用到的除迟缓爱德华菌外的参考菌株均不结合;但与迟缓爱德华菌分离株的检测结果表明,仅有20D3和8H4可与所有分离株结合,其余单抗不能与实验中所有迟缓爱德华菌发生反应。由于单抗8H4与美人鱼弧菌ATCC33539有交叉反应,因此选单抗20D3和兔源多抗建立迟缓爱德华菌的双抗夹心ELISA检测方法,该方法特异性强,灵敏度达到5×10~7CFU/mL。本研究扩充了迟缓爱德华菌单克隆抗体库,为迟缓爱德华菌单克隆抗体的进一步应用提供更多参考数据和可选择的材料。     

迟缓爱德华氏菌中甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶的胞外分泌调控

【目的】迟缓爱德华氏菌甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(GAPDH)是糖酵解途径中关键酶之一,前期研究证实是一种广谱性抗原,可作为水产养殖细菌病免疫防治中疫苗的开发靶点。本文探究迟缓爱德华氏菌甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶的胞外分泌机制。【方法】通过Western blot和ELISA方法考察迟缓爱德华氏菌经典分泌系统缺失株GAPDH胞外分泌情况;使用ELISA方法对迟缓爱德华氏菌突变体文库的GAPDH胞外分泌进行了大规模筛查,并结合q RT-PCR对筛查得到的插入失活株进行了表达分析。【结果】经典分泌系统与GAPDH的胞外分泌存在一定相关性。突变体文库的大规模筛查得到两株GAPDH分泌量明显增加的插入失活株Δesr A和Δesr C,这两个基因的失活会导致GAPDH的胞外分泌量显著上调。【结论】迟缓爱德华氏菌GAPDH的胞外分泌受Esr A和Esr C负调控。     

一株牙鲆源黏质沙雷氏菌YP1的分离鉴定及致病性分析

黏质沙雷氏菌(Serratia marcescens)是引起人类、动物及植物感染的重要条件致病菌,但其作为鱼类致病菌却鲜有报道。【目的】本研究以从患病牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)病灶处分离的一株黏质沙雷氏菌YP1为研究对象,分析黏质沙雷氏菌对鱼类的致病性及对疾控的影响。【方法】利用形态学、分子生物学及生理生化实验综合鉴定菌株YP1;利用菌株YP1进行人工感染实验、组织病理实验及药敏试验,研究其感染症状、组织病理学、毒力和药物敏感性。【结果】分离自患病牙鲆体表溃疡病灶处的菌株YP1鉴定为黏质沙雷氏菌。感染实验结果显示,牙鲆和斑马鱼的半数致死量(LD₅₀)分别为3.44×10⁷CFU/g和6.28×10⁵CFU/g,除牙鲆外菌株YP1对其他鱼类也具有高致病性;菌株YP1主要导致牙鲆腹水,同时伴有呼吸急促、摄食减弱、脱肛、白便、鳃缺血及多脏器膨大出血等症状,并随着感染时间的延长对脏器损伤呈加重趋势。病理组织切片结果显示,菌株YP1对牙鲆鳃、肠、肝、脾、肾、心均造成损伤。药敏试验结果表明,YP1对左氧氟沙星、诺氟沙星等14种药物敏感;但对氨苄西林、头孢拉定等19种药物具有耐药性。【结论】本研究结果证实了黏质沙雷氏菌是能导致牙鲆腹水病的一种病原菌,同时对其他鱼类也具高致病性,为该菌感染鱼类导致疾病的检测、鉴别和防治提供科学依据。     

迟缓爱德华氏菌对Hep-2细胞的侵袭特性

用细胞裂解计数法及超薄切片电镜观察法分析了迟缓爱德华氏菌侵袭ＨＥｐ－２细胞的基本特性。在１５株来源各异的迟缓爱德华氏菌中,有６株细菌具有对ＨＥｐ－２细胞的侵袭能力。细菌侵入细胞后,主要位于空泡内。侵入细胞内的迟缓爱德华氏菌不仅可在细胞内增殖,而且可从细胞内释放出来。用细胞松弛素破坏微丝后可抑制其侵袭作用,而且表现出剂量依赖关系,而在秋水仙素破坏微管后不影响其侵袭力。这表明在迟缓爱德华氏菌对ＨＥｐ－     

Vaccine efficacy of recombinant GAPDH of Edwardsiella tarda against Edwardsiellosis

Thirty-seven kilodalton glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) of Edwardsiella tarda was suggested to be an effective vaccine candidate against E. tarda infection in previous research. For developing a vaccine, obtaining GAPDH in large quantities is necessary. In this study, we determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the gene that encodes GAPDH of E. tarda, and overexpressed the GAPDH of E. tarda by using the Escherichia coli expression system. We immunized Japanese flounder with recombinant GAPDH (rGAPDH) and evaluated its vaccine efficacy. Our results showed that rGAPDH effectively protected Japanese flounder from experimental E. tarda infection, and will contribute to the development of a vaccine against E. tarda.     

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase of Edwardsiella tarda has protective antigenicity against Vibrio anguillarum in Japanese flounder

Edwardsiella tarda glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) may be an effective vaccine candidate against infection by E. tarda in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. The GAPDH of E. tarda is highly homologous to that of Vibrio cholerae (91%), and therefore E. tarda GAPDH may have protective antigenicity against Vibrio species. In this study, we immunized Japanese flounder with GAPDH of E. tarda and infected the fish with V anguillarum. The result showed that GAPDH prepared from E. tarda protected Japanese flounder effectively in a challenge of V anguillarum. Therefore, E. tarda GAPDH should be considered as a multi-purpose vaccine candidate against several kinds of pathogenic bacteria.     

Autoimmunity and HCV infection in porphyria cutanea tarda: a controlled study.

Autoimmunity and high rates of autoantibodies have been implicated in the pathogenesis of porphyria cutanea tarda. These abnormalities could be in part virus-induced, since porphyria cutanea tarda in most geographical regions is highly associated with hepatitis C virus infection. We analyzed the link of autoantibodies, autoimmune hepatitis and systemic lupus erythematosus in 111 patients with porphyria cutanea tarda and sex- and age-matched controls (mean age 58+/-13 years) in Germany, a region with a low prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection. Patients with porphyria cutanea tarda displayed lower rates of anti-nuclear antibodies (16/111, 14% vs 28/111, 25%, p<0,05) and of antibodies against smooth muscle (25/111, 23% vs 48/111, 43%, p<0,01), than controls. The percentage of patients with porphyria cutanea tarda with positive anti-HCV was low but significantly higher than in our controls (9/111, 8% vs 0/111, 0%, respectively), (p<0,05). Two patients with porphyria cutanea tarda (2/111, 2%) fulfilled the criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus and not one of 65 patients was found to have clinical autoimmune hepatitis. In the first controlled study of a large cohort of patients with porphyria cutanea tarda no increased prevalence of selected autoantibodies and autoimmune hepatitis was found. However, a higher prevalence of HCV infection and systemic lupus erythematosus in patients with porphyria cutanea tarda was confirmed.     

Green fluorescent protein-tagged Edwardsiella tarda reveals portal of entry in fish

The application of green fluorescent protein (GFP) to identify the portal(s) of entry of bacterial pathogens in animal hosts was studied using the fish pathogen Edwardsiella tarda and blue gourami, Trichogaster trichopterus. An immersion challenge model was utilized to mimic natural infection conditions in fish. Gastrointestinal tract, gills and the body surface of fish were found to be the sites of entry of virulent E. tarda (PPD130/91) by histological and infection kinetics studies. On the other hand, avirulent E. tarda (PPD125/87) was mainly found in the gastrointestinal tract, and the bacterial population in tissue declined over a period of 7 days.     

牙鲆迟钝爱德华氏菌感染症及其病原的研究

对 7起牙鲆迟钝爱德华氏菌感染病例进行了发病情况、临床特征、病理变化等方面的检验 ,经对细菌的分离与鉴定表明所检病例均为迟钝爱德华氏菌的单独感染 ,系统归纳了该感染症的主要特点。同时 ,对所分离后做纯培养的 130株迟钝爱德华氏菌进行了主要生物学性状、血清型的测定 ,表明除在生化试验的吲哚项目中表明有株间差异 (阴性的 2 0株、阳性的 110株 )外 ,130株对其他所测内容的结果一致 ,130株均为同种血清型。从每起病例分离并鉴定的各 1个代表菌株做对健康牙鲆的人工感染试验 ,表明了相应的原发病原学意义及较强的致病作用。药敏试验结果表明 ,对供试 37种抗菌药物中的头孢唑啉等 19种药物敏感、对青霉素G等 5种药物耐药、对氨苄青霉素等 13种药物表现了株间差异。经以荧光抗体技术对纯培养物、人工感染病死鱼肝脏中细菌的检验 ,初步表明了荧光抗体技术在对迟钝爱德华氏菌检验中作为辅助检验手段的可行性。     

Isolation of Edwardsiella tarda from Swine

Edwardsiella tarda was isolated from the intestinal tract of a 2-month-old pig. This is the first reported isolation of Edwardsiella tarda from swine in the United States. Swine have been reported as potential carriers of Edwardsiella tarda, but pathogenicity of this organism for swine has not been determined. Although the pig had access to several farm ponds, the exact source of infection was not determined.     

Edwardsiella tarda sialidase: Pathogenicity involvement and vaccine potential

Bacterial sialidases are a group of glycohydrolases that are known to play an important role in invasion of host cells and tissues. In this study, we examined in a model of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) the potential function of NanA, a sialidase from the fish pathogen Edwardsiella tarda. NanA is composed of 670 residues and shares low sequence identities with known bacterial sialidases. In silico analysis indicated that NanA possesses a sialidase domain and an autotransporter domain, the former containing five Asp-boxes, a RIP motif, and the conserved catalytic site of bacterial sialidases. Purified recombinant NanA (rNanA) corresponding to the sialidase domain exhibited glycohydrolase activity against sialic acid substrate in a manner that is pH and temperature dependent. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed binding of anti-rNanA antibodies to E.?tarda, suggesting that NanA was localized on cell surface. Mutation of nanA caused drastic attenuation in the ability of E.?tarda to disseminate into and colonize fish tissues and to induce mortality in infected fish. Likewise, cellular study showed that the nanA mutant was significantly impaired in the infectivity against cultured flounder cells. Immunoprotective analysis showed that rNanA in the form of a subunit vaccine conferred effective protection upon flounder against lethal E.?tarda challenge. rNanA vaccination induced the production of specific serum antibodies, which enhanced complement-mediated bactericidal activity and reduced infection of E.?tarda into flounder cells. Together these results indicate that NanA plays an important role in the pathogenesis of E.?tarda and may be exploited for the control of E.?tarda infection in aquaculture.     

Infection with Edwardsiella tarda causes hypertrophy of liver cells in the Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

To study the direct cause of liver enlargement in the Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus infected with Edwardsiella tarda, the fish were challenged with E. tarda and reared without feeding. The liver of fish exposed to the bacteria was markedly enlarged compared to that of the controls while no severe histopathological change appeared in the organ during the experiments. No notable difference was observed in the crude fat, glycogen, and water content of the liver between challenged and control fish. The size of liver cells and nuclei of the challenged fish was apparently larger than that of the controls. Analysis of crude DNA in the liver suggested that the number of liver cells of starved control fish significantly decreased during the experiment while that of the challenged fish was maintained at a level of the initial control. RNA/DNA ratio of the liver of challenged fish clearly increased while it decreased in the control fish during the experiment. These observations suggest that liver enlargement of flounder infected with E. tarda, at least in the early stage of infection, is not a result of any readily observable histopathological changes and that E. tarda infection causes hypertrophy of the cells, as well as preventing decrease in liver cell number.     

Comparison of the responses of peritoneal macrophages from Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) against high virulent and low virulent strains of Edwardsiella tarda

In vivo infection studies in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) demonstrated that the number of viable cells of the virulent strain (NUF251) of Edwardsiella tarda increased gradually in kidney and hepato-pancreas after intraperitoneal injection, but the low virulent strain (NUF194) did not. To gain insight into the virulence factors of E. tarda, in vitro responses of Japanese flounder (P. olivaceus) peritoneal macrophages to these strains were compared in terms of phagocytosis, bactericidal activity, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation as measured by chemiluminescence (CL) responses. Microscopic observation revealed that these two strains of E. tarda were phagocytosed by the peritoneal macrophages, and there was no significant difference in the mean numbers of ingested bacteria per macrophage between these strains. A gradual increase in the number of viable cells of the highly virulent strain within macrophages was observed during 9h post-phagocytosis, whereas no significant replication of the low virulent strain within macrophages was detected. These results suggest that the virulent strain of E. tarda has an ability to survive and replicate within macrophages, while the low virulent strain has no such ability. When the peritoneal macrophages were exposed to the opsonized low virulent E. tarda strain, a rapid increase in CL response was induced. However, the highly virulent strain caused only background level of CL response. By the subsequent stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate, the macrophages exposed to the virulent E. tarda strain showed extremely higher CL response than that of the one exposed to the low virulent E. tarda strain. These results suggest that the virulent E. tarda prevents the activation of ROS generation system during phagocytosis, though the system is still capable of responding to other stimulation. The virulent strain significantly reduced the CL response induced by xanthine/xanthine oxidase system, while the low virulent strain had almost no effect. Furthermore, the virulent strain showed greater resistance to H(2)O(2) than the low virulent strain. Our results suggest that the virulent strain of E. tarda is highly resistant to ROS, and such ability might allow the organism to survive and multiply within phagocytes, and may serve to disseminate E. tarda throughout the host during in vivo infection.