秦岭太白山巴山冷杉种内和种间竞争特性的研究

通过对不同方法的比较分析,提出了确定巴山冷杉(Abies fargesii)植株间竞争强度和竞争范围的新方法,并利用改进的方法研究了其种内和种间竞争强度。结果表明:随对象木胸径的增大,由于巴山冷杉种群自然稀疏过程中密度调节作用,植株距离增加,种内竞争强度降低;巴山冷杉主要分布于亚高山地段,群落内太白红杉(Larixchinensis)数量较多,胸径较大,种内与种间竞争关系顺序为:太白红杉-巴山冷杉>巴山冷杉-巴山冷杉>牛皮桦(Betula utilis)-巴山冷杉>其它树种-巴山冷杉;竞争强度和对象木胸径的关系服从幂函数关系(CI=AD-B),当巴山冷杉胸径达到25 cm以上时,种内和种间竞争强度变化较小。研究表明,改进的方法能很好地预测巴山冷杉种内和种间的竞争强度。     

沙地云杉种内、种间竞争的研究

根据调查资料,采用Ｈｅｇｙｉ提出的单木竞争指数模型ＣＩ＝∑Ｎｊ＝１（Ｄｊ／Ｄｉ）１Ｌｉｊ对内蒙古白音敖包自然保护区的沙地云杉种内、种间的竞争强度进行定量分析。结果表明：沙地云杉种内竞争强度随着林木径级的增大而逐渐减小;种内竞争和种间竞争的强度顺序为：山杨＞沙地云杉种内＞白桦＞家榆。竞争强度与对象木的胸高直径服从幂函数关系ＣＩ＝ＡＤ－Ｂ,当沙地云杉胸高直径达到４０ｃｍ以上时,竞争强度变化很小。利用模型预测了沙地云杉种内、种间的竞争强度。说明Ｈｅｇｙｉ的单木竞争模型可为种内、种间竞争指数的研究提供可适用的数量指标。     

天柱山黄山松种内与种间竞争的研究

采用改进的竞争指数模型研究安徽天柱山黄山松的种内和种间竞争强度。结果发现:(1)随对象木胸径的增大,黄山松种群因自然稀疏过程中密度调节作用,植株距离增加,种内竞争强度降低;(2)黄山松群落内其它物种虽然较多,但个体普遍较小,结果种间竞争相对较弱,种内与种间竞争关系顺序为:黄山松—黄山松>杉木—黄山松>枹栎—黄山松>其它树种—黄山松;(3)竞争强度和对象木胸径的关系服从幂函数关系(CI=AD-B),当黄山松胸径达到20cm以上时,竞争强度变化不大,所得的预测模型能很好地预测黄山松种内和种间的竞争强度;(4)改进的竞争指数模型能很好地度量黄山松的种内和种间竞争强度,改进的确定邻体范围的方法能有效地确定黄山松的竞争范围。     

天然东北红豆杉(Taxus cuspidata)种内和种间竞争

竞争是植物种内和种间关系的主要形式之一。通过对黑龙江穆棱东北红豆杉自然保护区的95株东北红豆杉对象木及980株竞争木的调查,运用Hegyi的单木竞争指数计算分析了东北红豆杉的种内和种间竞争强度。东北红豆杉的种内竞争强度不大,占总竞争的4%。竞争压力更多的来自于种间竞争,占总竞争的96%。与东北红豆杉竞争激烈的树种主要是冷杉、紫椴、色木槭和红松等地带性植被的优势种。随着东北红豆杉胸径的增大,所受到的竞争压力逐渐减小,胸径在20cm以前所受到的竞争压力最大,竞争强度与对象木胸径符合幂函数（CI=AD^-B）关系。     

滇西北金沙江流域云南红豆杉群落种内与种间竞争

通过对滇西北金沙江流域云南红豆杉群落45株对象木及205株竞争木的调查,运用Hegyi的单木竞争指数计算了濒危保护植物云南红豆杉的种内和种间竞争强度.结果表明:云南红豆杉的种内竞争强度随径级的分布呈偏蜂曲线,径级在5 ～10 cm时最大,然后随径级的增加竞争强度呈减少的趋势;云南红豆杉的种间竞争强度(133.61)显著高于其种内竞争强度(76.88),其竞争压力主要来自于种间竞争;云南红豆杉的物种种内种间竞争强度大于丽江铁杉、亮叶杜鹃、红桦、川杨、川滇高山栲、少毛云南楤木等当地常见乔木物种,它们的竞争强度都在5以上;云南红豆杉与整个林分及伴生树种的竞争指数与对象木的胸径之间呈显著负相关,且均服从幂函数关系(CI=aDb),对象木胸径越大,其竞争压力越小.     

珍稀濒危植物梓叶槭种群径级结构与种内种间竞争关系

该研究对四川省珍稀濒危植物梓叶槭(Acer catalpifolium)种群的主要分布区进行调查,分析梓叶槭种群径级结构与种内和种间的竞争关系,探讨竞争强度与径级和距离之间的关系。结果表明:(1)梓叶槭胸径与树高之间存在显著的幂函数关系;种群径级结构呈正态分布,中小径级树木较多,高径级树木较少。(2)梓叶槭种内和种间竞争强度分别占总竞争强度(222.87)的15.16%和84.84%,说明竞争主要来自种间。(3)梓叶槭与主要伴生种之间的竞争强度大小依次为柳杉桢楠白栎刺楸灯台树桦木杉木厚朴光皮桦;对象木和竞争木距离与竞争指数之间较好地服从指数函数关系,当对象木与竞争木距离小于1m时,竞争指数可达到5.5,随着距离逐渐增加,其竞争指数相应降低,并最终趋于平缓。(4)竞争强度随对象木胸径的增大而减小,当对象木胸径小于20cm时,受到的竞争压力最大,竞争指数最大的分别是梓叶槭与整个林分(234.98)以及梓叶槭与种间(184.01);当对象木胸径小于10cm时,竞争指数均可以达到18;当对象木胸径大于20cm时,竞争强度变化很小且竞争指数较低;竞争强度与对象木胸径服从幂函数关系(CI=AD-B)。(5)模型预测结果表明,随着梓叶槭胸径的增加,竞争指数均越来越小,竞争强度呈降低趋势;当梓叶槭胸径为0~5cm时,梓叶槭与整个林分受到的竞争强度最大,竞争指数为7.14,占总竞争强度的50%;当胸径大于20cm时,竞争指数变化不大;该模型能很好的预测梓叶槭种内和种间竞争强度。     

大别山五针松种内和种间竞争强度

通过对安徽省岳西县大别山五针松群落内的53株对象木及2079株竞争木的调查,运用Hegyi单木竞争模型分析了大别山五针松的种内和种间竞争强度。结果表明,大别山五针松的种内和种间竞争强度分别为17.11%和82.89%,说明竞争主要来自种间。大别山五针松的伴生种较多,种内与主要伴生种间的竞争关系为短柄枹大别山五针松种内黄山松满山红茅栗金缕梅紫茎四照花灯台树鹅耳枥。竞争强度随对象木胸径的增大而减小,当对象木的胸径小于25cm时,所受到的竞争强度较大;当胸径在25cm以上时,竞争强度变化很小,二者符合幂函数关系(CI=AD-B),所得的预测模型能很好的预测大别山五针松种内和种间竞争强度。     

濒危植物宝华玉兰种内与种间竞争

利用Hegyi单木竞争指数模型对江苏镇江宝华山国家森林公园特有濒危植物宝华玉兰种内、种间竞争强度进行定量分析。结果表明:宝华玉兰竞争压力主要来自种间,占总竞争的90.7%。宝华玉兰种内竞争、种间竞争强度大小顺序为:紫楠>野核桃>建始槭>宝华玉兰种内>毛竹>化香>枫香>皂荚>朴树。整个林分竞争木对对象木的竞争强度与对象木的胸径大小近似服从幂函数关系,而伴生树种竞争木对对象木的竞争强度与对象木的胸径大小近似服从对数函数关系。种间竞争强度和对象木的胸径大小呈显著负相关。利用模型预测,当宝华玉兰的胸径达到30cm后,竞争强度几乎没有变化。研究认为,将无性系分株换算为一株与其胸高断面积之和相等的个体更为合理。     

子午岭天然油松林乔木层种内与种间竞争关系研究

采用改进的竞争指数模型研究了甘肃省子午岭天然油松林乔木层种内和种间竞争强度。结果发现:(1)随对象木胸径的增大,油松种群因自疏作用使植株距离增加,种内竞争强度降低。(2)油松群落内其它物种虽较多,但个体普遍较小,种间竞争相对较弱,种内与种间竞争关系顺序为:油松种内>辽东栎>漆树>春榆。(3)竞争强度与对象木胸径的关系服从幂函数关系,当油松胸径达25cm以上时,竞争强度变化不大,所得的预测模型能很好地预测油松种内和种间的竞争强度。(4)改进的竞争指数模型能很好地度量油松的种内和种间竞争强度。     

长苞铁杉天然林群落种内及种间竞争关系研究

通过各种竞争指数的比较筛选,得到较能客观反映长苞铁杉种内、种间竞争关系的竞争指数,定量地分析了长苞铁杉种内和种间竞争强度。结果表明:长苞铁杉种内竞争随胸径的增大而逐渐减少;种间与种内竞争关系顺序为:长苞铁杉-长苞铁杉>猴头杜鹃-长苞铁杉>青冈栎-长苞铁杉>其它树种-长苞铁杉。竞争强度与对象木的胸高直径服从双曲线回归关系,利用模型预测了长苞铁杉种内、种间的竞争强度。     

阔叶红松林树种间竞争关系及其营林意义

竞争是森林生态系统中的普遍现象 ,其结果是一个有机体阻碍另一个有机体的正常生长和发育[9] 。在生态学上 ,多年来对树种间竞争的研究一直局限于实验的方法 ,而在竞争强度上缺乏数量指标[2 ] 。 2 0世纪 60年代以来 ,很多学者为了更准确地预测林木生长 ,相继提出了许多描述林木间竞争强度的数量指标 ,即竞争指数系统 ,从而形成了用单木生长模型来预测林木生长的方法[2 ,3 ] 。特别是Ｈｅｇｙｉ提出的竞争指数模型对于定量描述树种间的竞争强度有着十分重要的意义。在长白山地区 ,从海拔 5 0 0～ 110 0ｍ分布有温带地区的地带性顶极植被阔叶…     

浙江天台山甜槠种内与种间竞争研究

采用Hegyi的单木竞争指数模型对天台山的甜槠种内、种间的竞争强度进行定量分析。结果表明 ,甜槠种内竞争强度随着林木径级的增大而逐渐减小 ,种内竞争较之与其伴生树种间的竞争剧烈。甜槠种内、种间竞争强度的顺序为 :甜楮 >木荷 >马尾松 >尾叶冬青 >虎皮楠 >短柄木包 >珍珠栗。竞争木对对象木的竞争强度与对象木的个体大小服从幂函数关系 ,竞争强度和对象木个体的大小呈极显著的负相关关系。当甜槠胸径达到 30cm后 ,竞争强度变化不明显 ,说明此时该生态系统已基本达到稳定状态。     

Sperm competition mechanisms in birds: models and data

This study presents three models to explain the mechanism oflast male sperm precedence in birds. Because passive loss ofsperm from the female reproductive tract occurs, all modelsincorporate this process. The three models are passive spermloss alone, stratification with passive sperm loss, and displacementwith passive sperm loss. With two inseminations containing thesame number of sperm, the models make the following predictions.For passive sperm loss alone, (1) differential paternity ispositively and linearly related to the time interval betweeninseminations, (2) with a slope that is equal to rate of lossof sperm from the female reproductive tract, (3) with an interceptthat is the same as the differential fertilizing capacity betweenthe semen of the two inseminations, and (4) the ratio of offspringfrom two inseminations remains constant over time. For stratification,(1) the relationship between differential paternity and theinterval between inseminations is nonlinear and exhibits a "brokenstick" pattern, with a substantial first-insemination precedencefor short intervals, and (2) the proportion of offspring fatheredby the first insemination increases over time. For displacement,the relationship between differential paternity and the intervalbetween inseminations is nonlinear and also exhibits a "brokenstick" pattern, but in contrast to the stratification model,sperm from the last insemination have precedence. Data fromthree experimental studies of the domestic fowl and one forthe turkey provide the opportunity to test these models, albeitto different extents. The data from all studies are consistentwith the passive sperm-loss model, except that one aspect ofone data set provided ambiguous support for stratification.None of the data provided any support for the displacement model.     

Reproductive allocation patterns in different density populations of spring wheat

The effects of increased intraspecific competition on size hierarchies （size inequality） and reproductive allocation were investigated in populations of the annual plant, spring wheat （Triticurn aestivurn）. A series of densities （100, 300, 1 000, 3 000 and 10 000 plants/m^2） along a gradient of competition intensity were designed in this experiment. The results showed that average shoot biomass decreased with increased density. Reproductive allocation was negatively correlated to Gini coefficient （R^2 = 0.927）, which suggested that reproductive allocation is inclined to decrease as size inequality increases. These results suggest that both vegetative and reproductive structures were significantly affected by intensive competition. However, results also indicated that there were different relationships between plant size and reproductive allocation pattern in different densities. In the lowest density population, lacking competition （100 plants/m^2）, individual reproductive allocation was size independent but, in high density populations （300, 1 000, 3 000 and 10 000 plants/m^2）, where competition occurred, individual reproductive allocation was size dependent： the small proportion of larger individuals were winners in competition and got higher reproductive allocation （lower marginal reproductive allocation; MRA）, and the larger proportion of smaller individuals were suppressed and got lower reproductive allocation （higher MRA）. In conclusion, our results support the prediction that elevated intraspecific competition would result in higher levels of size inequality and decreased reproductive allocation （with a negative relationship between them）. However, deeper analysis indicated that these frequency- and size-dependent reproductive strategies were not evolutionarily stable strategies.     

竞争进化与协同进化

竞争和协同作用是普遍存在于生物个体或种群之间的两种表现行为。大量实验和研究表明,竞争主导的生物进化是存在的,在一定范围和水平上竞争的结果有利于植物形态、生理适应特征及生活史适应策略的进化。协同能够使生物以最小的代价或成本实现自身在自然界的存在与繁殖(最大适合度);基于生态系统的稳定性和生物多样性的角度考虑,与竞争相辅相成、在一定条件下可以相互转化的协同作用更有利于生态系统各组分之间能量转化效率的提高,有利于加强系统自身的自组织能力,有利于维持生态系统的有序性和多样性。因此,协同作用的结果应该是更有利于生物进化,而且比竞争更普遍、更有意义。     

The evolution of sperm-allocation strategies and the degree of sperm competition

The prevailing viewpoint in the study of sperm competition is that male sperm-allocation strategies evolve in response to the degree of sperm competition an ejaculate can expect to experience within a given mating. If males cannot assess the degree of sperm competition their ejaculate will face and/or they are unable to facultatively adjust sperm investment in response to perceived levels of competition, high sperm allocation (per mating) is predicted to evolve in the context of high sperm competition. An implicit assumption of the framework used to derive this result is that the degree of sperm competition is unaffected by changes in sperm-allocation strategies. We present theory based on an alternative perspective, in which the degree of sperm competition and the sperm-allocation strategy are coupled traits that coevolve together. Our rationale is that the pattern of sperm allocation in the population will, in part, determine the level of sperm competition by affecting the number of ejaculates per female in the population. In this setting, evolution in sperm-allocation strategies is driven by changes in underlying environmental parameters that influence both the degree of sperm competition and sperm allocation. This change in perspective leads to predictions that are qualitatively different from those of previous theory.     

The relative influence of density and kinship on dispersal in the common lizard

We experimentally investigated the relative role of kinshipand density on juvenile dispersal in the common lizard. A fewdays after birth, juveniles were introduced into seminaturalendosures, where they experienced different social environmentsin the first experiment we varied the density of unrelated adults(males or females) within the enclosure (0, 1, or 2 adults),and in the second experiment, we varied the level of kinshipand familiarity between juveniles and adults. Each enclosurewas connected to a second enclosure by small holes which allowedonly juveniles to move between enclosures. Juvenile movementswere monitored during 14 days after birth, as juvenile dispersalis mainly completed within 10 days after birth under naturalconditions. Most juveniles did not return to the first enclosure.Sex had no effect on juvenile dispersal. Adult densityand kinshipwith adults both affected dispersal. Adult female density increasedjuvenile dispersal whatever the level of kinship and familiaritywith the females. Dispersers had better body condition thannondispersers at high female densit and this difference wassignificantly greater when the mother and the familiar femalewere present in the enclosure. Furthermore, body condition ofmothers and familiar females was positively correlated withjuvenile dispersal, whereas there was no such correlation inthe case of unfamiliar and unrelated females. These resultsstrongly suggest that adult female density is a major factorpromoting dispersal in this species and that both intraspecificand kin competition motivate dispersal.     

红花尔基自然保护区天然樟子松林种内种间竞争分析

运用Hegyi单木竞争指数分析了内蒙古红花尔基自然保护区天然樟子松（Pinus sylvestris var．mongolica Litv．）林内所有胸径大于2cm的樟子松、山杨（Populus davidiana Dode．）、白桦（Betula platyphylla Suk．）和山荆子（Malus baccata L．）的种内和种间竞争强度。结果表明，样地中主要的竞争木和对象木均为樟子松和白桦；樟子松的种内竞争强度（0．534）远大于种间竞争强度。随径级的增大，樟子松的种内竞争强度逐渐减小，且与胸径存在幂函数关系CI=A·D^-B。胸径达到30cm后，樟子松种内竞争强度变化不明显。作为竞争木，樟子松对其他树种产生了较大的竞争压力。