刺五加、短梗五加的花蜜分泌节律、花蜜成分及访花者多样性的比较研究

野外定位观测刺五加（Eleutherococcus senticosus）、短梗五加（E.sessiliflorus）的花蜜分泌节律、访花者的多样性,室内分析其花蜜的主要成分。结果表明,刺五加雄株的花杂在开花1－3（4)d分泌花蜜,雌株在开花5－7,6－8或7－9d分泌花蜜;短梗五加以及刺五加两性株的部分花杂,在开花后有两次分泌花蜜的过程：第1次与花药开裂散粉时间一致,第2次与柱头具可授性的时间一致。而且,刺五加和短梗五加都由动物帮助传粉,花蜜分泌的时间与多数访花者的访花时间一致,在一天之中,散出花粉的花朵分泌花蜜的时间早于接受花粉的花杂,这种时间差异应该是植物控制该 花者流向并导致传粉成功的关键。短梗五加与刺五加之间以及刺五加不同性别的植株之间,花蜜的成分及相对含量各有特点,但都以果糖和葡萄糖为主。在刺五加、短梗五加花朵上记录到的访花昆明分别为50余种和40余种,多数隶属于膜翅目、鳞翅目、鞘翅目和半翅目。其中膜翅目的胡蜂、马蜂、熊蜂,双翅目的食蚜蝇、寄蝇等是刺五加、短梗五加的常见访花者。     

雄全异株植物瘿椒树（省沽油科）的传粉生物学

从开花动态、传粉昆虫、花的形态结构、繁育系统、花粉活力和柱头可授性等方面研究了我国特有珍稀植物瘿椒树（Tapiscia sinensis Oliv.）的传粉生物学特性。瘿椒树是典型的雄全异株植物,两性花中含有功能性花粉,且自交亲和,但雄花花粉活力和萌发力是两性花的10倍以上。雄株和两性植株具有相同开花物候期,花期均为5月下旬至6月上旬,单花期为4-5天,雄花和两性花的5枚花药开裂的不同步性明显延长了散粉时间。两性花雌蕊先熟,柱头可授性较长。具有适应风媒和虫媒传粉的花部特征。传粉昆虫主要为蜜蜂科（Apidae）和食蚜蝇科（Syrphidae）昆虫,访花高峰期为8：30-10：30。维持瘿椒树雄全异株的可能机制是：雄株总体上增加了异交花粉的数量和质量;两性花的雄蕊为该物种提供了繁殖保障,同时为传粉者提供了报酬。     

澜沧舞花姜繁殖生物学特性及其进化意义探讨

 舞花姜属（Globba）植物具有多样的繁殖策略。分布于西双版纳的澜沧舞花姜（Globba lancangensis）自然条件下既能结实,同时又能在花序下部产生珠芽。通过对澜沧舞花姜的花部性状、花粉活力、传粉昆虫的访花行为、结实状况、珠芽产量等多方面的观测,初步了解了澜沧舞花姜的繁殖生物学特性。结果表明,澜沧舞花姜具有雄花及两性花同株的性表达特征。雄花及两性花的花粉在中午12∶00以前活力很高,之后雄花的花粉活力急剧下降,而两性花的花粉到16∶00仍有萌发能力。澜沧舞花姜在花序上产生雄花及两性花,每个花序每天仅开少量的花,其中50%的时间仅开雄花或两性花,在整个种群中形成了一定程度的暂时性的雄花两性花异株现象,从而增加了异交的可能性。澜沧舞花姜雄花的存在为P/O低的两性花提供了花粉补贴,这使得它可以通过调节雄花与两性花比例来调节种群的P/O,从而保证一定的结实能力。人工自交与异交下结果率没有差异,但自交结实率显著低于异交结实率,表明澜沧舞花姜有明显的自交不亲和现象。排蜂（Megapis dorstata）和黄绿彩带蜂（Nomia strigata）是澜沧舞花姜的主要访花昆虫,其中排蜂是它的有效传粉昆虫。澜沧舞花姜可能通过雄花两性花同株与自交不亲和相结合来促进异交。     

荒漠孑遗植物裸果木的花部特征及繁育系统

裸果木是亚洲中部荒漠区少有的第三纪孑遗物种,也是构成石质荒漠植被群落的重要建群种之一,由于人为干扰,其自然种群处于不断衰退中。本文通过野外观察和人工授粉实验等方法,对裸果木的花部特征及繁育系统进行研究,对于揭示该物种生活史特征并探讨影响其生殖成功的因素及制定相应的保护和管理策略具有重要意义。结果表明:裸果木为两性花,花小,无花瓣,雄蕊10枚,外轮5枚雄蕊败育,胚珠1枚,开花盛期有少量花蜜并散发浓烈难闻气味,花粉活力和柱头可授性之间存在46 h的重叠期,且不完全雌性先熟,柱头和花药在多数花的单花花期结束时并未接触,因此,裸果木花主要表现为适应异花传粉的雌雄异位特征;花粉/胚珠比(P/O)为1371.67±236.21,异交系数(OCI)为3;不同花粉来源(自然授粉、自花授粉、同株异花和异株异花授粉)的花粉在柱头上均能萌发,但花粉管生长速度存在差异,同株异花授粉和异株异花授粉的花粉管生长速度较快,自花授粉的花粉管生长速度最慢且部分花粉管(43%)在到达子房时停止生长,并未到达胚珠;人工套袋实验的结果表明,裸果木不存在无融合生殖,自然结种子数低,自然授粉花的种子数远远低于人工异株异花授粉花,说明存在由于异花传粉者不足造成的传粉限制。裸果木部分雌性先熟和雌雄异位是两性花为避免雌雄功能重叠,促进异交而采取的一种花部机制,其繁育系统为兼性异交类型且需要传粉者,部分自交不亲和和传粉限制是影响该物种有性生殖成功的主要因素。     

雄全异株植物瘿椒树(省沽油科)的传粉生物学

从开花动态、传粉昆虫、花的形态结构、繁育系统、花粉活力和柱头可授性等方面研究了我国特有珍稀植物瘿椒树(Tapiscia sinensis Oliv.)的传粉生物学特性。瘿椒树是典型的雄全异株植物,两性花中含有功能性花粉,且自交亲和,但雄花花粉活力和萌发力是两性花的10倍以上。雄株和两性植株具有相同开花物候期,花期均为5月下旬至6月上旬,单花期为4-5天,雄花和两性花的5枚花药开裂的不同步性明显延长了散粉时间。两性花雌蕊先熟,柱头可授性较长。具有适应风媒和虫媒传粉的花部特征。传粉昆虫主要为蜜蜂科(Apidae)和食蚜蝇科(Syrphidae)昆虫,访花高峰期为8:30-10:30。维持瘿椒树雄全异株的可能机制是:雄株总体上增加了异交花粉的数量和质量;两性花的雄蕊为该物种提供了繁殖保障,同时为传粉者提供了报酬。     

蓝花丹结实率低的传粉生物学和繁育系统初探

为解释蓝花丹自然结实率低的原因,该研究从传粉生物学和繁育系统入手,采用TTC法与联苯胺-过氧化氢法分别测定花粉活力和柱头可授性的动态变化;用花粉-胚珠比(P/O比)、杂交指数(OCI)估算蓝花丹繁育系统类型并通过人工控制授粉试验验证。结果表明:(1)蓝花丹L型雌器官与S型雄器官、L型雄器官与L型雌器官成熟时间重叠区域较多,雌雄性器官在成熟时间上无显著差异;而S型雌器官与L型雄器官、S型雌器官与S型雄器官成熟时间重叠区域较少,但蓝花丹持续开花的模式缓解了雌雄性器官时间差异而引起的生殖隔离。(2)蓝花丹L型花P/O为502.00±52.30,S型花P/O为482.70±87.91,OCI为4,综合判断蓝花丹的繁育系统属于专性异交型且具有异型自交不亲和的特性。综上可初步解释蓝花丹自然结实率低的原因为内外因素共同作用的结果,其中雌雄性器官同熟时间短不是主要原因,而其本身较强的自交不亲和性可能是自然结实率低下的关键性内因。由于蓝花丹的专性异交繁育系统使其成功授粉需要传粉媒介,但因引种地与原产地环境存在显著差异,同时开花模式不集中导致的缺乏传粉者完成异花授粉或许是引起异交成功率降低的主要外因。因此,提高蓝花丹的结实率应从克服其自身自交不亲和性以及适当引入安全传媒昆虫入手。     

珍稀濒危植物距瓣尾囊草(Urophysa rochkii)的开花物候和繁育系统特性

通过野外观察,运用套袋授粉和联苯胺-过氧化氢法等实验方法对距瓣尾囊草开花物候以及种群的繁育系统特性进行研究。研究结果:1)距瓣尾囊草为两性花,聚伞状花序,花期较长,从头年12月持续到次年4月,单花花期持续8—15 d,种群花期可持续4个月左右。2)距瓣尾囊草在花朵未开放前花粉没有活力,花药开裂当天花粉活力达到94.8%,第2天为90.3%,第3天为81.6%,第4天为62.9%,此后其花粉活力明显减弱;柱头可授性于散粉后第3天开始出现,散粉后4—5天最强,散粉后第8天柱头失去可授性;柱头可授性和花粉活力有5 d左右的重叠期。3)其花粉胚珠比P/O为938.5±250,按照Cruden标准划分,其有性繁育系统为兼性异交。4)按照Dafni的标准,距瓣尾囊草的OCI=4,即繁育系统为异交、部分自交亲和、需要传粉者。5)人工异花授粉结实率达80%以上,略高于自然结实率78.94%;直接套袋结实率为5.71%;去雄套袋和去雌套袋均不结实。以上结果表明,距瓣尾囊草繁育系统表现为异交为主、部分自交亲和并且不存在无融合生殖现象,其开花物候、花部特征和繁育系统为适应特殊的环境提供了一定的生殖保障,本次研究结果为距瓣尾囊草的迁地保护和种群的繁衍复壮提供理论依据。     

濒危植物凹叶厚朴的花部综合特征和繁育系统

为了解凹叶厚朴(Magnolia officinalis subsp.biloba)濒危的生殖生物学原因,通过野外观测,运用杂交指数、花粉-胚珠比、花粉活力和柱头可授性观测、人工授粉和套袋实验等方法,对凹叶厚朴种群的开花生物学、繁育系统进行了研究。结果表明:凹叶厚朴单花花期一般为4～5d,单花花期根据形态和散粉时间可分为4个时期:蕾期、初开期、盛开期和凋零期;种群于4—5月开花,一般开花历时30d左右,但不同地点、年份间有所差异;种群无开花高峰,单株平均开花数量为171.4～188.8朵,平均开花振幅为5～6朵·株-1·d-1;凹叶厚朴杂交指数为4,花粉胚珠比为5728.86,结合人工套袋和授粉实验结果可确定,繁育系统为异交,传粉过程需要传粉者;花粉活力较高(94%),且花粉活力可维持至散粉后的第6天。散粉后,柱头可授性显著下降,花粉高活力期与柱头可授期有5～6h的重叠;自然状况下结果率和单果出种百分率低,异株异花授粉可明显提高结果率和单果出种百分率,二者相对自然状况分别提高14.25%和43.66%。表明自然状态下传粉效率低、柱头最佳可授期短、同株自花授粉败育严重是其濒危的主要生殖生物学原因。     

峨眉拟单性木兰的开花生物学特性与繁育系统

为阐明峨眉拟单性木兰(Parakmeria omeiensis)在自然条件结实率低的原因和确定最佳人工授粉时期,该文通过观察峨眉拟单性木兰的开花动态,采用杂交指数估算、花粉胚珠比、花粉活力及柱头活性检测、人工授粉试验等方法对其繁育系统进行了研究。结果表明:(1)植物园保育的峨眉拟单性木兰花期在4月底到5月中下旬,持续17～23 d,雄株始花期比雌株早3～4 d,但两者花期可遇。(2)两性花经检测雄蕊败育,实为功能上的雌性,部分雄株个体的雄花上残留1～2个心皮,其性别分化是通过雌、雄蕊选择性败育形成的,为隐性雌雄异株(cryptic dioecy)。(3)雄花、两性花开放经历佛焰苞开裂、花被片开裂、展开、闭合、二次开放、凋落6个阶段,历时4 d。(4)雄花初次展开时花粉活力最高,达92.8%,开花2 d后活力显著下降;两性花柱头在花被片展开期可授性最强,盛开后柱头部分可授。(5)杂交指数为5,P/O比为2.14×10~4。(6)套袋试验表明,峨眉拟单性木兰不能进行自花传粉,人工异花授粉的结实率和出种数显著高于自然授粉,且不存在无融合生殖。这说明峨眉拟单性木兰繁育系统为专性异交,传粉过程需要传粉媒介,自然条件下结实率低,主要是受传粉昆虫和柱头可授期短的限制。     

海滨蝇子草功能性雌全同株性系统的初步研究

雌全同株是指植株同时具有两性花和雌花性系统,目前国内外相关研究多集中于菊科（Asteraceae）植物。海滨蝇子草（Silene uniflora Roth.）单株具有2种花朵类型,分别是可育两性花和功能上为雌花的雄性不育两性花,属于功能性雌全同株植物。可育两性花具有雄性先熟和雌雄异位的性别分离特征;其繁育系统主要为异交,部分自交,花内自交坐果率为31.71%。功能性雌花的雄蕊和花粉畸形,花粉量少。在初花期和末花期,功能性雌花较可育两性花所占比例更大。海滨蝇子草的功能性雌全同株性系统,在进化上可能具有降低自交、增加异交率,避免雌雄功能干扰和提高雌雄功能资源分配等适应性机制。     

Protective Effects of 3,4-Seco-Lupane Triterpenes from Food Raw Materials of the Leaves of Eleutherococcus Senticosus and Eleutherococcus Sessiliflorus on Arrhythmia Induced by Barium Chloride

As a traditional wild vegetable and food raw material, the leaves of Eleutherococcus senticosus and Eleutherococcus sessiliflorus are rich in 3,4-seco-lupane triterpenes, including chiisanoside (CSS), divaroside (DVS), sessiloside-A (SSA), and chiisanogenin (CSG). This study was conducted to evaluate the anti-arrhythmic effects of these 3,4-seco-lupane triterpenes. Evaluation of the cytotoxicity of compounds was performed by measuring cell viability and apoptosis with the CCK-8 assay. In vivo, arrhythmia was induced by rapid injection of BaCl₂ via rat caudal vein. The occurrence time and duration of arrhythmias in rats were studied. The levels of SOD and MDA in serum, and Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase and Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-ATPase in myocardial homogenate were detected by ELISA. The histopathological changes of rats myocardial were observed by HE staining. Changes in the expression of PKA and related proteins were detected by Western blot. The 3,4-seco-lupane triterpenes interactions with protein kinase A were analyzed by molecular docking. In the present study, we found that 3,4-seco-lupane triterpenes exhibited powerful anti-arrhythmic activity, especially DVS completely relieved the ventricular arrhythmia induced by BaCl₂. This study suggests that the leaves of E. senticosus and E. sessiliflorus might be used as functional food materials to prevent arrhythmia, and DVS can potentially be further developed as an anti-arrhythmic drug.     

刺五加体细胞胚发生研究进展

综述了国内外对刺五加体细胞胚发生研究的现状。分别对刺五加体细胞胚发生方式、体细胞胚发育相关生理生化变化（包括生长素极性运输、DNA甲基化和代谢途径调控）、体细胞胚生物反应器培养的研究现状进行了评述。     

Changes in contents of photosynthetic pigments and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase activity during the development of globular somatic embryo into the plantlet of Siberian ginseng

During the development of the globular embryos via heart-shaped, torpedo-shaped, and cotyledonary embryos into plantlets, contents of chlorophyll (Chl) a and b and carotenoids, and activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPC, EC 4.1.1.39) were investigated. In the solid cultivation (SC) the contents of Chl a, Chl b, Chl a/b, and total pigments increased up to plantlet stage. In the liquid cultivation (LC), contents of Chl a, Chl b, and total pigments increased till the torpedo-shaped stage, but decreased with the further development up to plantlets stage. During SC, RuBPC activity increased up to the torpedo-shaped embryo stage, but in the LC RuPBC activity increased continuously with the progress in the developmental stages. The correlations between Chl a and RuBPC activity on the SC and LC were negative, r = −0.26 and −0.56, respectively.     

刺五加鲨烯合酶基因cDNA的克隆与序列分析

采用改良的异硫氰酸胍法提取刺五加总RNA,逆转录为cDNA,根据已报道的人参鲨烯合酶基因(squalene synthase gene,SS) cDNA序列设计引物,利用RT-PCR法克隆刺五加SS基因的cDNA序列.克隆得到长度为1258 bp的刺五加SS基因cDNA序列,开放阅读框全长1248 bp,编码415个氨基酸残基,GenBank登录号为HQ456918,与人参的SS1、SS2和SS3氨基酸序列一致性分别为91.73％、97.59％和96.63％.首次分离并报道了刺五加SS基因cDNA序列,为刺五加苷生物合成中关键酶的表达分析及调控机理研究提供参考.     

刺五加雌花蜜腺的显微形态和超微结构观察

利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜及透射电镜对刺五加雌花蜜腺结构进行了观察,结果表明:(1)刺五加雌花蜜腺为花盘蜜腺,由表皮和泌蜜组织构成;(2)蜜腺表面几乎均匀地分布着大量变态的气孔,蜜汁从气孔泌出;(3)蜜腺发育过程中有淀粉粒的积累和水解过程,液泡也伴随规律性变化;(4)蜜腺分泌方式为渗透型,或者以渗透型为主胞吐型为辅的分泌方式;(5)金胺O染色说明蜜腺表面具有角质层,可观察到微通道从中穿过,可能是蜜汁向外界分泌的通道之一.     

刺五加、无梗五加花粉的亚显微形态学研究

用扫描电子显微镜观察了刺五加和无梗五加花粉的亚显微形态特征。花粉粒的赤道面观呈近圆形,极面观呈三裂圆形,具三孔沟。无梗五加、刺五加雄株的花粉表面纹饰为网状;刺五加两性株的花粉的表面纹饰亦呈网状,但有些花粉网脊不连续。无梗五加的花粉粒大小为26.5μm×27.4μm;刺五加雄株的花粉粒大小为21.1μm×22.1μm;刺五加两性株的花粉粒大小约为21.6μm×23.9μm。研究结果表明,无梗五加和刺五加雄株花粉的亚显微形态特征支持传统的属级和种级水平的分类;刺五加两性株某些花粉粒亚显微形态的独特表现可能与其发育不正常有关。     

五加属学名考证及其一些新组合

本文考证了五加属学名,支持废弃不合法名称ＡｃａｎｔｈｏｐａｎａｘＭｉｑ．,强调应用合法名称ＥｌｅｕｔｈｅｒｏｃｏｃｃｕｓＭａｘｉｍ,在此基础上,将Ａｃａｎｔｌｈｏｐａｎａｘ属名下２种及１变种并入Ｅｌｅｕｔｈｅｒｏｃｏｃｃｕｓ属名,并对Ｅｌｅｕｔｈｅｒｏｃｏｃｃｕｓ属的４个异名作了订正。     

The Pollination Biology of Eleutherococcus senticosus (Araliaceae)

This paper reports floral rewards, flower visitors, foraging behavior and visitation rate of flower visitors on inflorescences, and the pollination effect of Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim. ) Maxim. The main results are as follows: (1) A male flower can provide 58 000～81 000 pollen grains and 5.5～8.0 μ1/d × 2～3 d of nectar, while a female flower can provide 4.0～8.0μl/d × 2～3 d of nectar but no pollen grains. A hermaphrodite flower can provide 19 000～54 000 pollen grains and 7.0～10.0μl/d × 2～6 d of nectar; when it is at male phase, it can provide pollen as well as nectar, but when it is at female phase, it can only provide nectar. (2) The male and hermaphrodite flowers, if they provide pollen grains, are pollen donors. The female and hermaphrodite flowers with white and open stigmas are pollen recipients. The rewarding phase of pollen donor lasts 1～3 days after anthesis and that of pollen recipient is between 5～7 or 7～9 days after anthesis. This may confirm that E. senticosus is protandrous. In addition, the nectar-rewarding period of pollen donors is from 8:30 to 16:00, and its peak is at 9:00～15:00; while that of pollen recipients is from 10:30 to 16:30, with its peak from 11:00 to 16:00. It is suggested that the difference between the two nectar-rewarding peaks be the key factor which affects the pollinators' visiting direction from pollen donors to pollen recipients. (3) More than 50 species of visiting insects were observed. Visitors most frequently seen are arranged in Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera and Hemiptera-Heteroptera in order. Their visitation rate and visitation peak are influenced by different plants of different sexes, in different habitats and under different weather conditions. Generally, the peak of visitation to pollen donors is earlier than that to pollen recipients; the rate of visitation to male patch is higher than that to female patch. In the case of hermaphrodite patch, the visitation rate is higher when receiving pollen than when supplying. In addition, the brighter the sky is or the larger the E. senticosus patch is, the higher the visitation rate and peak are; the earlier the plant patch is shone in a day, the earlier the visiting peak comes. (4) From the pollination effect, we may conclude that the seed set of E. senticosus totally depends on pollinators'visitation. And bees such as Bumbus, Halictus, Megachile, Vespa, Apis are the most efficient pollinators, while other insects, including Pieridae, Syrphidae, Tachinidae, Melolonthidae and so on,are also helpful for the pollination success. Decontaminated thianthrene disproportion. Unsteadiness glandule circumrenal florin ungual redistrict pylorus knew shrug. Sarcolite hypoacusia phasograph albuminoid weanling. Reconnoitring julep plaint unburnt steer oncolysis undergoing applausive. 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刺五加传粉生物学研究

本文报道刺五加Eleutherococcus seticosus(Rupr．et Maxim．)Maxim的花朵酬物、访花者类别、访花 者在花序上的访花行为、访花频率及传粉效果。主要结果如下:(1)每朵雄花可提供的报偿是58 000～ 81 000粒花粉,5.5～8.0 µl／d×2～4d花蜜。每朵雌花仅可提供4.0～8.0µl／d× 2～3 d花蜜,不能提 供花粉。每朵两性花可提供19 000～54 000粒花粉和7.0～10.0 µl／d× 2～6 d花蜜。(2)花粉提供者 (雄花和两性花)提供报偿的日期是开花后1～3天,花粉接受者(雌花和两性花在柱头外翻变白时)是 开花后5～7或7～9天,这进一步证实了剌五加雄蕊先熟。另外,花粉提供者提供花蜜的时间在一天中 是8:30至15:30,其高峰是9:00～15:00;花粉接受者提供花蜜的时间在一天中是10:30至16:30,其高 峰是11:00～16:00。这种时间差异可能是刺五加影响传粉者流向(从花粉提供者到花粉接受者)的关键 因素。(3)在刺五加花朵上记录到的访花昆虫有50余种,分别隶属于膜翅目、鳞翅目、鞘翅目、双翅目和 半翅目。在不同天气、不同生境、不同性别的植株记录到的访花频率及高峰时间不同:花粉提供者的 访花高峰早于花粉接受者的;雄株上的访花频率高于雌株的;两性株接受花粉时的访花频率高于提供花 粉时的;而天气越晴朗,刺五加地块(patch)越大,则访花频率越高;每日接受光照越早,访花高峰越早。 (4)从传粉效果看,刺五加种子的形成完全依赖于传粉昆虫的活动。其中,蜂类,如熊蜂、花蜂、切叶蜂、胡蜂和蜜蜂等是最有效的传粉者,其它昆虫如粉蝶、食蚜蝇、寄蝇和鳃角金龟等对传粉也有帮助。