高效氯氟氰菊酯对大鳞副泥鳅急性毒性和生理毒性的影响

为了估测高效氯氟氰菊酯对水生生物毒性的大小,以大鳞副泥鳅作为受试动物,研究不同浓度的高效氯氟氰菊酯对其急性毒性和生理毒性的影响。结果表明:高效氯氟氰菊酯对大鳞副泥鳅24h、48h、96h的半数致死浓度(LC50)分别为25.93μg/L、17.28μg/L、14.11μg/L,安全浓度为2.30μg/L。低浓度高效氯氟氰菊酯对大鳞副泥鳅肝脏谷丙转氨酶(GPT)和谷草转氨酶(GOT)起诱导作用,高浓度对其起抑制作用,试验组与对照组存在显著或极显著差异。研究表明,高效氯氟氰菊酯对大鳞副泥鳅有较强的毒性。     

夹竹桃叶乙醇提取物对斑马鱼的毒性评价

研究表明, 夹竹桃(Nerium indicum Mill.)及其提取物对多种害虫具有较强的毒杀作用, 已在害虫生物防治中显示出较大作用。为了合理开发夹竹桃植物, 需要进一步评价夹竹桃植物对水生生物的安全性和对动物的毒理学。文章利用索氏提取法提取夹竹桃叶乙醇粗提物, 并进一步用氯仿萃取浓缩、硅胶柱层析方法提取分离乙醇精提物, 经鉴定为强心甙组分。在此基础上, 委托浙江省医学科学院评价了乙醇粗提物对实验动物的毒理学, 并采用静态法评价了这二种提取物对斑马鱼(Brachydanio rerio)的急性毒性和慢性效应。结果表明: 夹竹桃叶乙醇粗提物的提取率为45%, 乙醇精提物(主要成分为强心甙组分)的提取率为0.25%。乙醇粗取物对大鼠经口和经皮毒性为低毒级, 对家兔皮肤和眼无刺激, 对豚鼠的致敏反应属弱致敏性。这说明夹竹桃叶乙醇粗提物对哺乳动物十分安全。在急性毒性试验中, 发现斑马鱼的死亡率与提取物处理浓度和处理时间均呈明显的正相关。处理浓度越大, 斑马鱼的死亡率越高; 同一浓度处理时间越长, 死亡率越高。用24 mg/L 乙醇粗提物处理6、12、24 和48h 的死亡率分别为26.67%、60%、91.11%和95.56%; 用0.5 mg/L乙醇精提物处理12、24、48、72 和96h 的死亡率分别为6.25%、33.33%、52.08%、54.17%和60.42%; 用24 mg/L 乙醇粗提物处理96h 或32 mg/L 处理48h, 或者用1 mg/L 乙醇精提物处理24h, 斑马鱼全部死亡。在慢性毒性试验中, 用3.33-10.0 mg/L 乙醇粗提物处理斑马鱼28d, 其死亡率为12%-20%。乙醇粗提物处理斑马鱼后, 急性毒性LC50=12.52 mg/L(药后96h)10 mg/L, 慢性毒性LC50=199.51 mg/L(药后28d); 乙醇精提物处理斑马鱼后, 急性毒性LC50=0.46 mg/L(药后96h)1 mg/L, 根据《化学农药环境安全评价试验准则》(1990)中农药对鱼类的毒性分级标准, 说明夹竹桃叶乙醇粗提物对斑马鱼的毒性属于低毒, 比较安全; 乙醇精提物对斑马鱼的毒性则为高毒, 十分不安全。       

海洋酸化条件下铜、镉对日本虎斑猛水蚤的急性毒性效应

以日本虎斑猛水蚤(Tigriopus japonicus)为试验生物,采用高纯度CO2和空气的混合气体调配试验所需酸化海水(pH值7.70、7.30、6.50),研究不同海水酸化条件下铜、镉对海洋生物的急性毒性效应。结果表明:单一CO2酸化海水对日本虎斑猛水蚤存活的影响不显著;海水酸化对铜和镉急性毒性的影响效应有差异。铜在低pH值(6.5)时对日本虎斑猛水蚤的毒性最强,96h LC50浓度为0.64 mg/L,明显低于pH值为8.0、7.7、7.3对日本虎斑猛水蚤的96h LC50浓度,其分别为1.98,1.19,1.05 mg/L,随pH值下降,96h LC50下降了近3倍。海水酸化使镉的96h LC50略呈下降趋势,但对其急性毒性影响效应并不显著;pH值为7.7和7.3时,铜的安全浓度分别为11.9、10.5μg/L,接近于中国海水二类水质标准。本研究表明随着海洋酸化的进程我国近海水域将面临铜污染加剧的威胁。     

稀有ju鲫-一种新的鱼类毒性试验材料

本文研究了稀有ju鲫(Gobiocypris rarus) 作为毒性试验材料的可行性。采用换水式试验，在硬度为200 mg/L (以CaCO[3]计)、pH7.8±0.2、温度24-25℃条件下研究了铬、铜、锌和五氯酚(PCP)对稀有ju鲫的急性毒性。重铬酸钾对2日龄稀有ju鲫的24 h和96 h和LC[50]控制范围分别263.6-334.7和115.3-178.5 mg/L (n=8)。铬、铜、锌和五氯酚对2日龄稀有ju鲫的急性毒性值(96 h LC[50])范围，从铜的52.2 μg/L到铬的52000 μg/L，毒性大小的顺序是铜>五氯酚>锌>铬。研究结果表明，稀有ju鲫有可能发展成为一种较为理想的毒性试验材料。     

钛对大型溞(Daphnia magna)的毒性研究

钛离子对大型蚤的毒性研究表明,其24、48、96h的半数抑制浓度EC_(50)为6.2,5.1,0.26mg/L.半数致死浓度LC50为6.3,6.0,1.5mg/L。长期实验表明,0.000lmg/L浓度是对大型蚤的生长和繁殖均有影响的最低浓度。本研究为制订饮用水水质卫生标准提供水生生物毒理学方面的资料。     

不同发育期诸氏鲻虾虎鱼对钻井液的敏感性比较

目的筛选试验鱼适宜急性毒性试验的发育期。方法将诸氏鲻虾虎鱼早期仔鱼、中期仔鱼、晚期仔鱼、稚鱼、幼鱼及成鱼暴露于一定浓度的钻井液中,比较钻井液对不同发育期诸氏鲻虾虎鱼的急性毒性。结果早期仔鱼48 h LC50为157 mg/L,中期仔鱼48 h LC50大于500 mg/L;中期仔鱼96 h LC50为79 mg/L,晚期仔鱼96h LC50为625 mg/L,稚鱼、幼鱼、成鱼96 h LC50显著大于500 mg/L;卤虫无节幼体96 h LC50为105 mg/L;不同发育期诸氏鲻虾虎鱼对钻井液的敏感性顺序为：早期仔鱼〉中期仔鱼〉晚期仔鱼〉稚、幼、成鱼。结论诸氏鲻虾虎鱼的早期仔鱼适用于海洋污染物急性毒性评价。     

钛对大型蚤（Daphnia magna）的毒性研究

钛离子对大型蚤的毒性研究表明,其24、48、96h的半数抑制浓度EC50为6．2,5．1,0．26mg/L。半数致死浓度LC50为6．3,6．0,0,1．5mg/L。长期实验表明,0．0001mg/L浓度是对大型蚤的生长和繁殖均有影响的最低浓度。本研究为制订饮用水水质卫生标准提供水生生物毒理学方面的资料。     

农药乐果对昭觉林蛙蝌蚪的耐受性研究

采用水生生物急性毒性试验方法,研究乐果对昭觉林蛙Rana chaochiaoensis蝌蚪的急性毒性影响,同时运用扫描取样法对正式实验的昭觉林蛙蝌蚪进行行为观察.结果 表明:昭觉林蛙蝌蚪在试验组中正常静止行为、异常静止行为、正常运动行为、异常运动行为分别占74.08%、9.41%、0.58%、2.36%;在对照组中,只有正常静止行为和正常运动行为,分别占90.99% 和9.01%.乐果对昭觉林蛙蝌蚪24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h的半致死浓度 (LC50) 分别为:76.97 mg/L、67.85 mg/L、56.61 mg/L、52.80 mg/L,呈现出线性关系,安全浓度 (SC) 为5.28 mg/L.因此,乐果对昭觉林蛙蝌蚪当属于低毒性农药.但是当乐果残留量超过安全浓度时,将会影响昭觉林蛙蝌蚪的正常生长发育,并对其行为产生影响.     

敌敌畏对多疣狭口蛙不同发育期蝌蚪的急性毒性影响

为了解农药对不同发育期蝌蚪的毒性,以多疣狭口蛙Kaloula verrucosa蝌蚪为对象,采用水生生物急性毒性试验方法,研究杀虫剂敌敌畏(DDVP)对25期、26期、35期和42期蝌蚪的急性毒性影响.结果表明,在水温19.5～22.0℃条件下,敌敌畏对各期蝌蚪96 h LC50分别为1.13、1.43、1.38和0.61 mg/L,各期蝌蚪对敌敌畏的敏感顺序为42期>25期>35期>26期.由此得出敌敌畏对25期、26期和35期蝌蚪属中等毒性,对42期蝌蚪则表现为高毒.因此建议农药施用应尽量避开蝌蚪的变态期进行.蛙类胚胎期(出膜后)随着发育对外界环境的耐受性增强,蝌蚪期随着发育对外界环境的敏感性增强.鉴于42期蝌蚪意外死亡率高的特点,认为不宜采用变态期蝌蚪进行急性毒性试验.     

海洋酸化条件下Cd2+和Hg2+对斧文蛤幼贝急性毒性效应

为研究在海洋酸化条件下重金属污染物对滩涂贝类的影响,采用半静态急性毒性实验的研究方法,利用海洋酸化人工模拟系统,分析了不同酸化条件下(对照组pH 8.20、酸化组pH分别为7.80、7.60和7.40)Cd2+和Hg2+对斧文蛤(Meretrix lamarckii)幼贝急性毒性效应的影响。实验结果表明:在实验设定的海洋酸化范围内,单一的海洋酸化对斧文蛤幼贝的存活没有显著性影响,但海洋酸化显著增强了Cd2+和Hg2+的急性毒性。与对照组相比,酸化组Cd2+和Hg2+的毒性随着酸化程度的加剧而呈现出逐渐增强的趋势; Cd2+和Hg2+均在pH 7.40时对斧文蛤的毒性最强,其96h半致死(96h LC50)浓度分别为4.068 mg/L(Cd2+)和10.332 mg/L(Hg2+),明显低于pH 8.20、7.80和7.60时其对斧文蛤幼贝的96h LC50浓度(其值分别为Cd2+ 6.458、5.947、4.728 mg/L和Hg2+ 12.027、11.169、10.595 mg/L)。研究有助于丰富海洋酸化与重金属毒理作用在海洋贝类中的研究内容,为斧文蛤资源恢复和海洋环境保护提供科学依据。     

Pharmacokinetic Profile of Ivermectin in Cattle Dung Excretion,and its Associated Environmental Hazard

Ivermectin is a worldwide used antiparasitic compound acting against both endo- and ecto parasites of livestock. Ivermectin can reach the environment through the direct emission of dung from livestock on pasture and via manure application on agricultural lands. Due to its very high acute toxicity to many invertebrates, especially to D. magna, the excretion profile of ivermectin in dung after application is essential for assessing its potential effects on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The aim of this article is to characterize the excretion profile, comparing plasma and dung levels, after a single subcutaneous dose to cattle, to be used in environmental risk assessment. The cumulative curve of excreted ivermectin was used to calculate the PEC dung in manure to be used as fertilizer. The potential hazard for dung fauna, aquatic and soil organism is presented through the combination of toxicity and excretion levels. Three hazard levels, offering the relevant information to veterinarians prescribing the drug, are presented.     

The acute toxicity of fenitrothion on narrow-clawed crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823) in association with biomarkers of lipid peroxidation

The aim of this research was to evaluate the acute toxicity of fenitrothion to the crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823), which is chosen as an alternative aquatic organism to fish by using the static test system and evaluate the basic lipid peroxidation parameters for the first 24 h. Crayfish of 27.3 ± 0.56 g mean weight and 10.0 ± 0.72 cm mean length were selected for the bioassay experiments. The experiments were repeated three times in 20 liters of tap water. The temperature of water was 21 ± 1°C. The data obtained were statistically evaluated by using a computer program developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, based on Finney's probit analysis method and the 96-h LC(50) value for crayfish was calculated to be 15.75 μg/L. The 95% lower and upper confidence limits for the LC(50) were 9.45 to 25.01 μg/L. In addition to the acute toxicity bioassay experiments, 24-h oxidative stress parameters such as malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and ferrous oxidation assay (FOX HP [hydrogen peroxide] equivalents) were also determined. Only MDA levels of hepatopancreas decreased at 5, 10, and 20 μg/L of fenitrothion doses. We can conclude that fenitrothion is highly toxic to crayfish, a nontarget organism in the ecosystem, and the lipid peroxidation indicators can be easily used for monitoring environmental effects.     

Multi-linear regression models predict the effects of water chemistry on acute lead toxicity to Ceriodaphnia dubia and Pimephales promelas

The current study examined the acute toxicity of lead (Pb) to Ceriodaphnia dubia and Pimephales promelas in a variety of natural waters. The natural waters were selected to range in pertinent water chemistry parameters such as calcium, pH, total CO(2) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Acute toxicity was determined for C. dubia and P. promelas using standard 48h and 96h protocols, respectively. For both organisms acute toxicity varied markedly according to water chemistry, with C. dubia LC50s ranging from 29 to 180μg/L and P. promelas LC50s ranging from 41 to 3598μg/L. Additionally, no Pb toxicity was observed for P. promelas in three alkaline natural waters. With respect to water chemistry parameters, DOC had the strongest protective impact for both organisms. A multi-linear regression (MLR) approach combining previous lab data and the current data was used to identify the relative importance of individual water chemistry components in predicting acute Pb toxicity for both species. As anticipated, the P. promelas best-fit MLR model combined DOC, calcium and pH. Unexpectedly, in the C. dubiaMLR model the importance of pH, TCO(2) and calcium was minimal while DOC and ionic strength were the controlling water quality variables. Adjusted R(2) values of 0.82 and 0.64 for the P. promelas and C. dubia models, respectively, are comparable to previously developed biotic ligand models for other metals.     

A Weight of Evidence Approach to the Aquatic Hazard Assessment of Bisphenoi A

Bisphenol A (BPA; 4,4-isopropylidene diphenol) is a chemical intermediate used primarily in the production of epoxy resins and polycarbonate products. BPA has been identified in surface waters and, hence, has been the subject of considerable research into its potential effects on aquatic organisms. Available literature on the aquatic toxicity of BPA was reviewed for quality against European Union TGD and Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development GLP principles. From this review, studies of suitable quality covering numerous ecologically relevant endpoints were identified to evaluate the survival, growth, and reproductive success of aquatic organisms exposed to BPA. Those studies yielded approximately 70 no observed effect concentrations (ranging from 16 to 3640 μg/L) and lowest observed effect concentrations (160 to 11,000 μg/L) that were considered in this weight of evidence assessment. Across all data, adverse effects on survival, growth, and reproduction occurred only at concentrations of 160 μg/L and above. Secondary biochemical (e.g., vitellogenin induction) and morphological (e.g., gonad histology) data provide insight into mechanisms of action, but do not correlate with apical endpoints related to survival, growth, and reproduction. Comparing the weight of the evidence of the aquatic toxicity data that showed chronic effects at 160 μg/L and higher with typical surface water concentrations in the range of 0.001 to 0.10 μg/ L, BPA is unlikely to cause adverse effects on aquatic populations or ecosystems.     

使它隆对草鱼、鲢鱼和鲫鱼的急性毒性

【背景】有关农药对水生生物的毒性和影响已有大量的报道,但关于使它隆对水生生物影响的研究较少。【方法】采用半静态法测试了使它隆对草鱼、鲢鱼和鲫鱼的急性毒性,并计算使它隆对草鱼、鲢鱼和鲫鱼的安全浓度。试验过程中,水温保持在25℃±1℃。【结果】随着受试鱼苗在药液中暴露时间的延长,LC50值逐渐减小。使它隆对草鱼、鲢鱼和鲫鱼的96h LC50值分别为0．4764、0．3962和0．6918mg·L^-1。使它隆对草鱼、鲢鱼和鲫鱼的安全浓度分别为0．0476、0．0392和0．0692mg·L^-1【结论与意义】使它隆对草鱼、鲢鱼和鲫鱼表现高毒,这为使它隆的风险评估和环境安全管理提供了依据。     

Biological surface coating and molting inhibition as mechanisms of TiO2 nanoparticle toxicity in Daphnia magna

The production and use of nanoparticles (NP) has steadily increased within the last decade; however, knowledge about risks of NP to human health and ecosystems is still scarce. Common knowledge concerning NP effects on freshwater organisms is largely limited to standard short-term (≤48 h) toxicity tests, which lack both NP fate characterization and an understanding of the mechanisms underlying toxicity. Employing slightly longer exposure times (72 to 96 h), we found that suspensions of nanosized (～100 nm initial mean diameter) titanium dioxide (nTiO(2)) led to toxicity in Daphnia magna at nominal concentrations of 3.8 (72-h EC(50)) and 0.73 mg/L (96-h EC(50)). However, nTiO(2) disappeared quickly from the ISO-medium water phase, resulting in toxicity levels as low as 0.24 mg/L (96-h EC(50)) based on measured concentrations. Moreover, we showed that nTiO(2) (～100 nm) is significantly more toxic than non-nanosized TiO(2) (～200 nm) prepared from the same stock suspension. Most importantly, we hypothesized a mechanistic chain of events for nTiO(2) toxicity in D. magna that involves the coating of the organism surface with nTiO(2) combined with a molting disruption. Neonate D. magna (≤6 h) exposed to 2 mg/L nTiO(2) exhibited a "biological surface coating" that disappeared within 36 h, during which the first molting was successfully managed by 100% of the exposed organisms. Continued exposure up to 96 h led to a renewed formation of the surface coating and significantly reduced the molting rate to 10%, resulting in 90% mortality. Because coating of aquatic organisms by manmade NP might be ubiquitous in nature, this form of physical NP toxicity might result in widespread negative impacts on environmental health.     

球等鞭金藻对氟苯尼考胁迫的响应研究

研究以球等鞭金藻(Isochrysis galbana)为研究对象, 分析在不同浓度氟苯尼考暴露下, 球等鞭金藻的生长、叶绿素、类胡萝卜素和脂肪酸含量的变化。结果表明, 氟苯尼考对球等鞭金藻的生长呈“低促高抑”作用, 其72h-EC₅₀为17.12 mg/L; 随着暴露浓度(≥1 mg/L)增加, 细胞内叶绿素含量显著下降, 光合作用受到抑制, 而类胡萝卜素含量显著上升。脂肪酸和类胡萝卜素共同参与藻细胞的防御机制, 氟苯尼考(< 1 mg/L)暴露引起细胞内总脂肪酸含量显著降低。研究探究了水产养殖环境中抗生素残留的生态风险, 为水产养殖过程中抗生素的科学合理使用提供了理论依据。     

双酚A和壬基酚对隆线溞和微型裸腹溞的毒性

我们以隆线溞和微型裸腹溞为实验动物,进行了两种酚类内分泌干扰物双酚A（BPA）和壬基酚(NP)的毒性效应研究。急性实验测定出双酚A对隆线溞的24h和48h半数致死浓度（LC50）为：12.02mg/L和11.64mg/L,对微型裸腹溞24h和48h半数致死浓度LC50为：13.70mg/L和9.63mg/L。而壬基酚对隆线溞的24h和48h半数致死浓度（LC50）分别为：0.221mg/L和0.159mg/L,对微型裸腹溞的24h和48h半数致死浓度（LC50）分别为：0.334mg/L和0.126mg/L。实验表明微型裸腹溞对双酚A和壬基酚的敏感度高于隆线溞,能够很好的指示水环境的污染。慢性毒性实验发现双酚A对微型裸腹溞后代的雌雄比例有明显的影响,影响类似于hormesis现象。而壬基酚对隆线溞的慢性毒性研究发现,隆线溞的生活史、后代成活率均受到暴露的壬基酚浓度升高的不利影响。这些研究表明低浓度双酚A长期暴露的潜在毒性与高浓度壬基酚的急性毒性在这两种内分泌干扰物污染环境的研究中有重要意义。     

中国林蛙变态蝌蚪对pH、盐度和碱度的适应性

在水温16～18℃的野外条件下,采用单因子急性毒性实验法,研究了水环境中pH、盐度和碱度对中国林蛙(Rana chensinensis)变态蝌蚪的毒性效应．结果表明,中国林蛙变态蝌蚪对pH的适应范围为4．3～9．7,最低耐受限3．6,最高耐受限10．7;对盐度的最高耐受限为9．98g·L^-1,适应盐度上限7．14g·L^-1,安全盐度上限1．70g·L^-1;对碱度的最高耐受限为19．96mmol·L^-1,适应碱度上限8．76mmol·L^-1。安全碱度上限2．41mmol·L^-1．野外变态蝌蚪饲养池水体pH应控制在6．5～8．5,盐度控制在2．0g·L^-1以下,碱度不超过4．0mmol·L^-1．中国林蛙变态蝌蚪是一种狭酸碱、低耐盐、低耐碱生物。