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1.
根分泌物在污染土壤生物修复中的作用   总被引:19,自引:2,他引:17  
对根分泌物在植物根际微生态环境中 ,通过土壤 植物 微生物系统协同作用高效修复重金属和有机污染土壤的环境过程与机理进行了综述。根分泌物在重金属污染土壤植物修复中的作用主要表现在活化污染区重金属元素 ,使固定态转化为植物可吸收态 ,大大提高了重金属的植物有效性 ,通过植物的超积累作用 ,降低土壤中重金属污染物的含量 ;此外 ,根分泌物也可以和重金属形成稳定的螯合体 ,降低他们在土壤中的移动性 ,起到固定和钝化作用。对于有机污染物 ,根分泌物一方面为根际的微生物提供了丰富的营养和能源 ,使植物根际的微生物数量和代谢活力比非根际区高 ,增强了微生物对环境中的有机污染物的降解能力 ;另一方面植物根分泌到根际的酶系统可直接参与有机污染物降解的生化过程 ,提高降解效率。并对此领域今后研究工作的方向做了探讨  相似文献   

2.
根系分泌物及其在植物修复中的作用   总被引:53,自引:0,他引:53       下载免费PDF全文
 近年来环境污染日益严重,污染物在土壤植物中的行为引起了人们的高度关注。利用植物去除土壤水体等介质中污染物的植物修复是近10年来兴起的一项安全、廉价的技术,已成为污染生态学和环境生态学的研究热点,它通过植物吸收、根滤、稳定、挥发等方式清除环境中的重金属和有机污染物。国内外有关植物修复的研究报道和概述很多, 但对植物根系分泌物在植物修复中所起的作用及其机理少有述评。 本文从根系分泌物对土壤重金属和土壤有机污染物的去除作用出发,对根系分泌物的种类、数量及其在去除环境污染物中的作用机理和功能地位进行了总结,并借助研究事例对影响植物根系分泌的内外因子,如植物种类、营养胁迫、重金属胁迫、根际环境的理化性质、土壤微生物及其它环境因子进行了讨论。概言之,根系分泌物在修复污染土壤中的重金属途径是多种多样的,主要是通过调节根际pH值、与重金属形成螯合物、络合反应、沉淀、提高土壤微生物数量和活性来改变重金属在根际中的存在形态以及提高重金属的生物有效性,从而减轻它对环境的危害。在清除有机污染物时,根系分泌物中的酶可以对有机污染物进行直接降解,根系分泌物影响下的微生物也可以对有机污染物进行间接降解,且被认为是主要的降解途径。根系分泌物在植物修复过程中确实起着某些重要作用,今后应将这方面的研究重点放在某些特异性根系分泌物植物,尤其是某些重金属超富集植物资源的寻找、筛选上,通过室内实验和野外研究确定其根系分泌物对清除重金属和有机污染物的效率,证实超富集植物根系分泌物的特异性与污染物超富集的内在联系,找到污染土壤生态恢复和治理的有效方法并加以推广应用,如针对性地在被污染地大面积种植此类具特异性根分泌物植物,并辅以营林措施如修剪等,加快生物修复进程,提高修复效率。植物根系分泌物在植物修复过程中所具有的重要生态意义和可能应用前景,为污染生态学和化学生态学之间的联合研究开拓了全新的领域,今后将取得新的突破和重要进展。  相似文献   

3.
有机污染环境植物修复技术   总被引:7,自引:2,他引:5  
利用物理、化学方法修复有机污染环境,费用昂贵,而且还可能使当地的生态资源难以再利用,对于大面积污染土壤也难以实施。植物修复,利用植物吸收、降解以及根际圈降解的作用方式将有机污染物从环境中彻底去除,具有处理费用相对低廉、对环境扰动少和使资源可持续利用的特点,目前已成为环境科学领域的一大热点和前沿。本文对环境中主要有机污染物的发生机理、近年来植物修复有机污染的研究进展做一综述,并对有机污染植物修复的强化措施进行了展望。  相似文献   

4.
丛枝菌根对有机污染土壤的修复作用及机理   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
丛枝菌根(AM)是丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)与植物根系相互作用的互惠共生体,能改良土壤结构,增强植物抗性.自然界中已知的AMF有170多种,分布广泛,且可与大多数植物共生.利用AM修复有机污染土壤正成为一个崭新的研究方向.本文综述了AM对多环芳烃、酞酸脂、石油和农药等一些典型有机污染物污染土壤的修复作用.AM修复有机污染土壤的机理主要包括:AMF代谢有机污染物;AM分泌酶,降解污染物;AM影响根系分泌作用,并促进根际微生物对有机污染物的降解;AMF宿主植物吸收积累污染物.AM修复研究中,高效AMF的筛选、复合菌种效应、土壤老化、AM作用下植物对有机污染物的吸收积累等几方面仍有待于深入研究.  相似文献   

5.
有机污染环境的植物修复研究进展   总被引:20,自引:2,他引:18  
分析了近年来国内外的文献资料,对有机污染物污染环境的植物修复研究进展作了综述。植物能通过根系从环境中吸收和积累PCBs、PAHs等有机污染物,并将吸收的TNT、TCE及有机农药降解为高极性产物、水和CO2;另一方面植物根际可促进有机污染物的根际生物吸收与,使植物对有机污染环境的修复效果更明显。文中探讨了有机污染环境的植物修复技术的优势、问题与未来的研究。  相似文献   

6.
选择苜蓿草和水稻为供试植物,以污染物水平、有机以、专性细菌和真菌为调控因子,进行土壤中矿物油和PAHs的生物修复研究,结果表明,投肥对苜蓿草土壤中矿物油降解有促进作用,但对水稻土壤中矿物油降解无明显作用,投肥均使苜蓿草和水稻土壤中多环芒烃总量(11种列于美国EPA黑名单上的多环芳烃)降解率提高,这一降解促进效果在水稻土壤中好于苜蓿草土壤,有机肥量与苜蓿草根际土著真菌、细菌数量明显呈正相关,但仅与水稻根际土著细菌数量呈明显正相关,两种土壤中实测真菌和细菌总数均与试验投加专性真菌和细菌量无关,水稻土和苜蓿草土壤中3环多环芳烃的降解随投肥量增大而降解率提高,其在水稻土蓑中的效果好于苜蓿草土壤,投肥怪4环多环芳烃的降解并未产生有效作用。  相似文献   

7.
石油污染土壤修复植物的根-土界面微生物特征   总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3  
选取沈抚灌区的主要修复植物蓖麻为实验材料,分析了蓖麻根区土壤、根际土壤、根面、根内4个层面上细菌和真菌的数量,优势菌种的生理生化特征,及细菌菌株生长营养类型,揭示了根-土界面微生物区系特征与石油污染土壤生物修复的关系.结果发现:修复植物根-土界面上,细菌数量为根际>根面>根内,真菌数量为根内>根面>根际,根面细菌与真菌数量均处于根际与根内区域微生物数量之间;修复植物蓖麻根面区域优势细菌种类最多,根内区域优势真菌种类最多;根际与根内的优势细菌具有较强的降解大分子物质的能力;根面细菌在营养需求分类上可归为氨基酸需求菌群.  相似文献   

8.
土壤重金属镉(Cd)污染严重危害农产品安全生产,植物根际细菌在钝化土壤Cd和帮助作物抵御Cd胁迫方面发挥重要作用。本文首先概括在修复Cd污染土壤中得到广泛应用的植物根际细菌种类,并从根际细菌直接吸附Cd、调整土壤理化特性、调控土壤微生物群落和其他作用4方面阐述了植物根际细菌对Cd的钝化作用,其次从菌植互作角度阐述植物根系分泌物与根际细菌群落相互影响对土壤Cd的钝化作用。最后展望重金属胁迫下植物根际钝化Cd核心菌群的构建,以在新兴学科与技术的快速发展中探明植物根系-微生物互作体系的分子机制,深入开展植物根际细菌钝化修复重金属污染土壤的理论研究和实践。  相似文献   

9.
植物修复是一种前景广阔的重金属污染土壤的主要修复技术,在微生物的协助下效果更为显著。植物根际促生菌可通过分泌吲哚-3-乙酸(IAA)、产铁载体、固氮溶磷等方式促进植物生长、改善植物重金属耐受性,从而有效提高重金属污染土壤的植物修复效率。菌根真菌是土壤-植物系统中重要的功能菌群之一,可侵染植物根系改变根系形态和矿质营养状况,通过菌丝体吸附重金属,也可产生球囊霉素、有机酸、植物生长素等次生代谢产物改变重金属生物有效性。植物根际促生菌与丛枝菌根真菌可对植物产生协同促生作用,在重金属污染土壤修复中具有一定应用潜力。目前,国内外关于植物根际促生菌和丛枝菌根真菌互作已有大量研究,而二者的相互作用机理仍处于探索阶段。本文综述了近年来国内外植物根际促生菌和丛枝菌根真菌在重金属污染土壤植物修复中的作用机制,并对其研究前景进行展望。  相似文献   

10.
菌根真菌对石油污染土壤修复作用的研究进展   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
生物修复技术是处理石油污染土壤最简单有效的方法之一。本文在系统概述土壤石油污染的环境危害及多种土壤修复技术的基础上,着重介绍了菌根生物修复技术,论述了菌根真菌对土壤中石油污染物的降解效果,探讨了菌根真菌降解污染物的可能机制:酶作用、根际作用、共代谢作用、基因调控;讨论了石油污染土壤的菌根生物修复前景和发展趋势。  相似文献   

11.
Significant progress has been made in recent years in enhancing the ability of plants to tolerate, remove, and degrade pollutants. Plant root remediation of contaminated soils and groundwater shows great potential for future development due to its environmental compatibility and cost-effectiveness. Hairy roots are disease manifestations developed by plants that are wounded and infected by Agrobacterium rhizogenes. The application of transgenic hairy roots in phytoremediation has been suggested mainly because of their biochemical resemblance to the roots of the plant from which they are derived. The application of genetic engineering has greatly augmented removal rates of hazardous pollutants. In addition, the rhizospheric bacteria that live on or around plant hairy roots also lead to improved tolerance to normally phytotoxic chemicals and increased removal of pollutants. This paper provides a broad overview of the evidence supporting the suitability and prospects of hairy roots in phytoremediation of organic pollutants and heavy metals.  相似文献   

12.
This article reviews recent developments in in situ bioremediation of trace metal contaminated soils, with particular reference to the microbial dynamics in the rhizospheres of plants growing on such soils and their significance in phytoremediation. In non-agricultural conditions, the natural role of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), P-solubilizing bacteria, mycorrhizal-helping bacteria (MHB) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in maintaining soil fertility is more important than in conventional agriculture, horticulture, and forestry where higher use of agrochemicals minimize their significance. These microbes initiate a concerted action when a particular population density is achieved, i.e. quorum sensing. AMF also recognize their host by signals released by host roots, allowing a functional symbiosis. AM fungi produce an insoluble glycoprotein, glomalin, which sequester trace elements and it should be considered for biostabilization leading to remediation of contaminated soils. Conclusions drawn from studies of metal uptake kinetics in solution cultures may not be valid for more complex field conditions and use of some combination of glasshouse and field experiments with organisms that occur within the same plant community is suggested. Phytoextraction strategies, such as inoculation of plants to be used for phytoremediation with appropriate heavy metal adapted rhizobial microflora, co-cropping system involving a non-mycorrhizal hyperaccumulator plant and a non-accumulator but mycorrhizal with appropriate AMF, or pre-cropping with mycotrophic crop systems to optimize phytoremediation processes, merit further field level investigations. There is also a need to improve our understanding of the mechanisms involved in transfer and mobilization of trace elements by rhizosphere microbiota and to conduct research on selection of microbial isolates from rhizosphere of plants growing on heavy metal contaminated soils for specific restoration programmes. This is necessary if we are to improve the chances of successful phytoremediation.  相似文献   

13.
Phytoremediation--a novel and promising approach for environmental clean-up   总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13  
Phytoremediation is an eco friendly approach for remediation of contaminated soil and water using plants. Phytoremediation is comprised of two components, one by the root colonizing microbes and the other by plants themselves, which degrade the toxic compounds to further non-toxic metabolites. Various compounds, viz. organic compounds, xenobiotics, pesticides and heavy metals, are among the contaminants that can be effectively remediated by plants. Plant cell cultures, hairy roots and algae have been studied for their ability to degrade a number of contaminants. They exhibit various enzymatic activities for degradation of xenobiotics, viz. dehalogenation, denitrification leading to breakdown of complex compounds to simple and non-toxic products. Plants and algae also have the ability to hyper accumulate various heavy metals by the action of phytochelatins and metallothioneins forming complexes with heavy metals and translocate them into vacuoles. Molecular cloning and expression of heavy metal accumulator genes and xenobiotic degrading enzyme coding genes resulted in enhanced remediation rates, which will be helpful in making the process for large-scale application to remediate vast areas of contaminated soils. A few companies worldwide are also working on this aspect of bioremediation, mainly by transgenic plants to replace expensive physical or chemical remediation techniques. Selection and testing multiple hyperaccumulator plants, protein engineering ofphytochelatin and membrane transporter genes and their expression would enhance the rate of phytoremediation, making this process a successful one for bioremediation of environmental contamination. Recent years have seen major investments in the R&D, which have also resulted in competition of filing patents by several companies for economic gains. The details of science & technology related to phytoremediation have been discussed with a focus on future trends and prospects of global relevance.  相似文献   

14.
ABSTRACT

Phytoremediation is an eco friendly approach for remediation of contaminated soil and water using plants. Phytoremediation is comprised of two components, one by the root colonizing microbes and the other by plants themselves, which degrade the toxic compounds to further non-toxic metabolites. Various compounds, viz. organic compounds, xenobiotics, pesticides and heavy metals, are among the contaminants that can be effectively remediated by plants. Plant cell cultures, hairy roots and algae have been studied for their ability to degrade a number of contaminants. They exhibit various enzymatic activities for degradation of xenobiotics, viz. dehalogenation, denitrification leading to breakdown of complex compounds to simple and non-toxic products. Plants and algae also have the ability to hyper accumulate various heavy metals by the action of phytochelatins and metallothioneins forming complexes with heavy metals and translocate them into vacuoles. Molecular cloning and expression of heavy metal accumulator genes and xenobiotic degrading enzyme coding genes resulted in enhanced remediation rates, which will be helpful in making the process for large-scale application to remediate vast areas of contaminated soils. A few companies worldwide are also working on this aspect of bioremediation, mainly by transgenic plants to replace expensive physical or chemical remediation techniques. Selection and testing multiple hyperaccumulator plants, protein engineering of phytochelatin and membrane transporter genes and their expression would enhance the rate of phytoremediation, making this process a successful one for bioremediation of environmental contamination. Recent years have seen major investments in the R&D, which have also resulted in competition of filing patents by several companies for economic gains. The details of science & technology related to phytoremediation have been discussed with a focus on future trends and prospects of global relevance.  相似文献   

15.
Rhizoremediation of metals: harnessing microbial communities   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
With the increasing successful stories of decontamination, different strategies for metal remediation are gaining importance and popularization in developing countries. Rhizoremediation, is one such promising option that harnesses the impressive capabilities of microorganisms associated with roots to degrade organic pollutants and transform toxic metals. Since it is a plant based in-situ phytorestoration technique it is proven to be economical, efficient and easy to implement under field conditions. Plants grown in metal contaminated sites harbor unique metal tolerant and resistant microbial communities in their rhizosphere. These rhizo-microflora secrete plant growth promoting substances, siderophores, phytochelators to alleviate metal toxicity, enhance the bioavailability of metals (phytoremediation) and complexation of metals (phytostabilisation). Selection of right bacteria/consortia and inoculation to seed/ roots of suitable plant species will widen the perspectives of rhizoremediation.  相似文献   

16.
Human activities have resulted in arsenic (As) and heavy metals accumulation in paddy soils in China. Phytoremediation has been suggested as an effective and low-cost method to clean up contaminated soils. A combined soil-sand pot experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of red mud (RM) supply on iron plaque formation and As and heavy metal accumulation in two wetland plant species (Cyperus alternifolius Rottb., Echinodorus amazonicus Rataj), using As and heavy metals polluted paddy soil combined with three rates of RM application (0, 2%, 5%). The results showed that RM supply significantly decreased As and heavy metals accumulation in shoots of the two plants due to the decrease of As and heavy metal availability and the enhancement of the formation of iron plaque on the root surface and in the rhizosphere. Both wetland plants supplied with RM tended to have more Fe plaque, higher As and heavy metals on roots and in their rhizospheres, and were more tolerant of As and heavy metal toxicity. The results suggest that RM-induced enhancement of the formation of iron plaque on the root surface and in the rhizosphere of wetland plants may be significant for remediation of soils contaminated with As and heavy metals.  相似文献   

17.
丛枝菌根在植物修复重金属污染土壤中的作用   总被引:23,自引:0,他引:23  
王发园  林先贵 《生态学报》2007,27(2):793-801
丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhizae,AM)是自然界中分布最广的一类菌根,AM真菌能与陆地上绝大多数的高等植物共生,常见于包括重金属污染土壤在内的各种生境中。在重金属污染条件下,AM真菌可以减轻重金属对植物的毒害,影响植物对重金属的吸收和转运,在重金属污染土壤的植物修复中显示出极大的应用潜力。重点介绍了AM真菌对植物重金属耐性的影响及其在植物提取和植物稳定中的应用等方面的进展,讨论了未来研究所面临的任务和挑战。  相似文献   

18.
In laboratory experiments, the rhizobacteria Azospirillum lipoferum 137, Arthrobacter mysorens 7, Agrobacterium radiobacter 10, and Flavobacterium sp. L30 were found to have a relatively high resistance to the toxic heavy metals lead and cadmium (except that strain L30 was found to be sensitive to Cd). When introduced by means of seed bacterization, the heavy metal-resistant strains actively colonized the rhizosphere of barley plants cultivated in uncontaminated and contaminated soils. In both pot and field experiments, seed bacterization improved the growth of barley plants and the uptake of nutrient elements from soil contaminated with Pb and Cd. The bacterization also prevented the accumulation of Pb and Cd in barley plants, thereby mitigating the toxic effect of these heavy metals on the plants.  相似文献   

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