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1.
无融合生殖是指未经精卵融合而产生后代的特殊生殖方式,它可以分为单倍体无融合生殖和二倍体无融合生殖;对于作物改良意义更大的是二倍体无融合生殖。多胚囊和多胚现象SHI是无融合生殖的表现形式。本文运用石蜡切片法、子房整体透明法研究了雾灵山草地早熟禾〖WTBX〗(Poa pratensis〖WTBZ〗 L.)多胚囊和多胚现象。结果表明,(1)草地早熟禾多胚囊来源有两种:一是来自大孢子母细胞,二是来自珠心细胞;(2)草地早熟禾多胚来源有四个:其一是有性生殖胚,其二是孤雌生殖胚,其三是无配子生殖胚,其四是珠心胚。  相似文献   

2.
几种具无融合生殖特性的植物多胚和多苗现象的观察   总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3  
报道6种具无融合生殖特性的植物种子的胚数和萌发实生苗数的观察结果。金桔(Fortunellamargarita (Lour.)Swingle)、蜜桔(Citrus unshiu Marcoritch)和花椒(Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.)具珠心胚,含多胚种子频率分别为97.50%、100%和45.00%;多胚种子的胚数范围分别为2~49,3~54和2~6。草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis L.)、滨草(Elymus rectisetus)和湖北海棠(Malus hupehensis(pampon.)Rehd.)具非减数配子体无融合生殖特性,含多胚种子频率依次为34.25%、8.11%和37.50%;前两种的多胚种子中胚数范围为2~3,后者为2~15。蜜桔、草地早熟禾和湖北海棠种子萌发多苗的频率分别为22.00%、6.14%和2.22%。描述了多胚种子中胚的形态、位置和分布。对6种植物含单胚种子的胚的来源进行了分析。初步结论:1.具无融合生殖现象的植物种子含多胚和萌发多苗的特性可作为寻找具无融合生殖特性的植物的形态学指标;2.对其筛选的材料进行大孢子发生、胚囊形成和早期胚胎发育的研究,以期阐明多胚来源和生殖类型。  相似文献   

3.
植物无融合生殖相关基因研究进展   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
胡龙兴  王兆龙 《遗传》2008,30(2):155-163
无融合生殖是指不经过精卵融合即可形成胚从而进行种子繁殖后代的一种特殊的无性生殖方式, 无融合生殖胚的形成没有父本的参与, 其后代是母本基因型的完整克隆, 因此是植物杂种优势固定与利用的一种最理想的途径, 具有巨大的潜在利用价值, 被誉为“无性革命”。按其胚体发生的途径, 无融合生殖可分为二倍体孢子生殖、无配子生殖和不定胚生殖三种类型。本文介绍了植物胚发育、胚乳发育、减数分裂等涉及无融合生殖过程的相关基因的研究进展, 同时介绍了可能与植物无融合生殖途径调控相关的几个基因片段的研究情况。  相似文献   

4.
两对互补的显性基因控制着柑桔属和枳属的无融合生殖   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
洪棋斌  向素琼  陈克玲  陈力耕 《遗传学报》2001,28(11):1062-1067
无融合生殖具有重要的学术价值和应用价值。这种生殖方式普遍存在于 柑桔属及其近缘属植物中,对母本分别为单胚(即有性生殖)的宽皮柑桔品种克力迈丁和韦尔金,父本分别为多胚(即无融合生殖)的甜橙品种锦橙,新会橙,桃叶橙和哈姆林的杂种F1代群体总计8个杂交组合的229个开花结果后代,进行了胚性分离的调查,发现F1代中既有有性生殖,也有无融合生殖,有性生殖与无融合生殖的分离比例,在韦尔金后代中接近1:2,而在克力迈丁后代中接近1:1。根据该结果,结合前人的研究资料,提出在柑桔属和枳属或者还包括其他柑桔近缘属中,无融合生殖受到位于细胞核的两对互补的显性基因A1和A2的调控,且其中一对基因,设为A1表现显性纯合致死效应,两对基因的分离重组符合孟德尔的分离定律和自由组合定律,按该模式可以较为合理地解释已有的大部分常规杂交资料。  相似文献   

5.
水稻双胚苗无融合生殖胚胎学研究初报   总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
将子房整体染色透明观察后,通过筛选材料石蜡切片的方法,研究发现水稻双胚苗品系APⅣ中,存在低频率的无融合生殖。开花前珠心细胞特化并分裂发育形成不定胚。随着珠心组织的退化,不定胚长八胚囊腔中,以球形胚形式存在。开花后4天,球形胚开始分化。球形胚在胚囊中可以和合子胚并存,也可以单独存在。但双胚主要来自受精的助细胞或合子胚纵裂。开花后3—4天,在胚乳腔中着色深的球状结构是胚乳部份脱落形成的,不是不定胚。珠孔端反足细胞团不能形成胚。  相似文献   

6.
草地早熟禾胚胎学研究 Ⅲ.多胚囊及多胚现象   总被引:8,自引:1,他引:7  
报道了草地早熟禾中多胚囊的起源、发育和结构。在1个胚珠中,大孢子母细胞周围可以有一到多个起源于珠心细胞的胚囊原始细胞,并可以发育成为多胚囊,其中具有两个胚囊的可以发育成为成熟胚囊。起源于珠心的体细胞无孢子生殖胚囊的发育属于山柳菊型。两个成熟胚囊中,都可以形成胚和胚乳,因而形成了具假多胚的种子。位于中部的胚来源于珠心还囊,属于无融合生殖形成的胚。两个以上的多胚囊不能形成成熟胚囊。  相似文献   

7.
几种具有无融合生殖特性的植物多胚和多苗现象的观察   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
报道6种具无融合生殖特性的植物种子的胚数和萌发实生苗数的观察结果。金桔、密桔、和花椒具珠心胚,含多胚种子频率分别为97.5%、100%和54.00%,多胚种子的胚数范围分别为2 ̄49、3 ̄54和2 ̄6。草地早熟禾、滨草和湖北海棠具非减数配子体无融合生殖特性,含多胚种子频率依次为43.25%、8.11%和37.50%,前两种的多胚种子中胚数范围为2 ̄3,后为2 ̄15。密桔、草地早熟禾和湖北海棠种子  相似文献   

8.
多胚水稻胚位与苗位的观察研究   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
多胚水稻是进行水稻无融合生殖研究的重要材料,通过对4个多胚水稻品系种子胚位及萌发后的苗位观察发现这些品系中存在着多种胚位及苗位类型,其中以双-13的类型最为丰富。认为不定胚在与合子胚共存的情况下难以萌发表达,而只有当合子胚败育时才有可能得以萌发,并且认为反向单苗,侧向单苗及倒序单苗可能起源于不定胚,因而可能成为进行水稻无融合生殖筛选的重要标志。  相似文献   

9.
无融合生殖是与有性生殖、无性生殖并存的三大生殖系统之一。自从1745年发现弧雄生殖现象以来,关于无融合生殖的分类、形态结构、胚胎发生、遗传进化、生理生化等方面的研究不断开展,已从36个科300多种植物中发现无融合生殖现象。特别是八十年代以来,无融合生殖研究已成为生物学科的新热点。全世界几十个国家,200多个实验室正在从事这一研究。国际性无融合生殖研究协作网已经成立。国际性学术会议相继召开。关于无融合生殖的专著已经出版,专门杂志也已问世。这些事实说明,无融合生殖学这个生物学科的生长点已经崛起。但是由于无融合生殖所具有的特殊性给研究带来许多困难,给生物学科的诸多领域留下了不少空白点和世纪性难题。有关无融合生殖的概念和范围,无融合生殖的遗传,无融合生殖是进化还是退化,无融合生殖在胚胎学、生殖生物学、发育生物学中的重大问题,如:为何无融合生殖植物大小孢子母细胞分裂行为不一致?二倍体孢子生殖中大孢子母细胞胼胝质缺乏是无融合生殖的因还是果?怎样理解同一珠心组织中不同细胞分化?无融合生殖胆和胚乳的形成机制和相互关系以及在作物育种中应用的诱人前景都是当前研究的热门话题。本文都进行了必要的介绍和讨论。  相似文献   

10.
无融合生殖   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
曹虎 《生命世界》1996,(4):29-30
自1745年博内(Bonnet)在研究蚜虫中发现孤雌生殖以来,世界各地的植物学家,也在众多的植物中发现了这种奇特的生殖现象,迄今为止,已记录到36科300余种植株的孤雌生殖。为同有性生殖和无性生殖相区分,植物学家把它定名为无融合生殖。 由于无融合生殖生理机制十分复杂,长期以来,对其概念的界定,植物学界一直没有统一。我国学者蔡得田和陈冬玲,在1993年提出:无融合生殖是指发生在植物胚珠中,不经过精卵融合形成胚,以种子进行繁殖的生殖方式。此界定包括三部分内容,一是它与无性生殖明显的区别是发生在性器官中;二是没有性融合过程而区别于有性生殖;三是以种子繁殖  相似文献   

11.
花椒和野花椒的无融合生殖   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
花椒与野花椒的胚囊发育类型属蓼型,成熟胚囊的卵器退化。花椒无雄花,不发生双受精,自发形成胚乳并产生珠心胚。野花椒虽有正常花粉,人工授粉后能萌发,但在花粉管长入胚囊之前卵器已解体,中央细胞中已形成胚乳游离核,因此也不发生双受精,由珠心细胞自发形成胚。这种现象是花椒和野花椒在长期进化过程中形成的一种十分特化的适应。  相似文献   

12.
Genetic analysis of apomixis in Citrus and Poncirus by molecular markers   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
Propagation of citrus rootstocks depends upon the production of clonal plants from nucellar seedlings. This makes apomixis one of the host important traits in breeding programs for citrus rootstocks. The genetic control of apomixis was studied in a 50-tree progeny derived from the cross C. volkameriana×P. trifoliata using 69 molecular markers and bulked segregant analysis. The proportion of nucellar seedlings was estimated by isoenzymatic analysis of 25 seedlings per tree for 2 consecutive years. The type of embryony (polyembryonic versus monoembryonic seeds) was also determined for fruit-yielding trees. Separate genetic maps for each parental species were developed. The integration and comparison of these maps could be accomplished using common multiallelic segregant loci. Differences in gene synteny between the two species-specific genetic maps were shown. Important distortions in the segregation of markers at several genomic regions, some of them also involving differences in the C-methylation pattern, have been observed, especially for the pollen parent. Analysis of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) revealed the presence of six genomic positions (two in P. trifoliata and four in C. volkameriana) contributing individually up to 24% of the total variation for apomixis. Within the same species, QTLs with positive and negative allele effects were present, even in the same linkage group. One of the markers associated to apomixis (Apo2) is also associated to embryony type. Therefore, the genetic control of apomictic reproduction found in citrus (nucellar embryony) is quite complex compared to what has been reported for gametophytic apomixis. Molecular markers linked to QTLs governing apomixis will be useful to assist selection of future apomictic rootstocks for citrus varieties. Received: 30 November 1998 / Accepted: 28 December 1998  相似文献   

13.
14.
Plantlets were produced by induction of nucellar embryony (apomixis)in isolated unfertilized ovules of a non-apomictic plant—thegrapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet-Sauvignon). Ovulesgrown in liquid culture with benzyladenine (5–10 µM)and ß-naphthoxyacetic acid (5–25 µM) formeda nucellar callus which gave rise to somatic embryos. For growthof plantlets the embryos were transferred to an agar mediumcontaining gibberellic acid (1 µM) and 2-isopentenyladenine(5 µM). This is the first report of somatic embryo formationin a cultivar of a temperate fruit.  相似文献   

15.
Angiosperm nucellar cells can either use or avoid meiosis in vivo, depending on the developmental context. This unique ability contrasts with the conditions required in vitro, either for a reconstituted oocyte to avoid meiosis and produce clones by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), or for mammalian stem cells to undergo meiosis and produce synthetic sex cells (gametes). Current biotechnological initiatives to harness the potential of nucellar cells are based on the transfer of apomixis genes to sexual crop plants with the aim of producing clones through seeds. The elusive genetic basis of apomixis compels us to examine whether this process involves epigenetic factors. The elegant and versatile developmental platform available in nucellar cells should be explored as a genome-scale science and compared with mammalian stem cell biology for a holistic understanding of developmental programming and reprogramming in eukaryotes.  相似文献   

16.
Some citrus varieties express a form of apomixis termed nucellar embryony in which the adventive embryos develop from nucellus tissue surrounding the embryo sac. This trait results in many seeds containing multiple embryos (polyembryony). Inheritance of the frequency of polyembryony was studied in 88 progeny from a cross of Citrus maxima (monoembryonic) × Poncirus trifoliata (polyembryonic). The frequency of polyembryonic seed produced by each progeny was determined by scoring 100–500 seeds for the number of seedlings to emerge from each seed. Two groups of eight individuals from each extreme of the population were chosen for bulked segregant analysis with amplified fragment length polymorphism markers amplified with 256 primer combinations. Candidate markers identified in the bulks as linked to the trait were tested on the 32 individuals used to create the bulks and then on the remaining plants in the population. Five candidate markers tightly linked to polyembryony in P. trifoliata were identified. Specific marker alleles were present in nearly all progeny that produced polyembryonic seed, and alternate alleles were present in nearly all progeny that produced only monoembryonic seed. The region defined by these markers very likely contains a gene that is essential for the production of polyembryonic seeds by apomixis, but also shows segregation distortion. The proportion of polyembryonic seeds varied widely among the hybrid progeny, probably due to other genes. Scoring 119 progeny of a P. trifoliata selfed population for the closely linked markers and the proportion of polyembryonic seeds confirmed close linkage between these markers and polyembryony.  相似文献   

17.
Apomixis and Polyembryony in the Guggul Plant, Commiphora wightii   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
The present report is a part of our study on the reproductivebiology of a traditional Indian medicinal plant,Commiphora wightii,a source of guggul steroids. Field examination showed a predominantlylarge number of isolated and groups of female individuals. Onlyone andromonoecious and two exclusively male plants were recorded.Female plants set seed irrespective of the presence or absenceof pollen. Hand-pollination experiments and embryological studieshave confirmed the occurrence of non-pseudogamous apomixis,nucellar polyembryony and autonomous endosperm formation forthe first time in this plant, which is presently threatenedby over-exploitation. Commiphora wightii ; autonomous endosperm; guggul; medicinal plant; non-pseudogamous apomixis; nucellar polyembryony  相似文献   

18.
Apomixis, the asexual formation of embryos and seeds, occurs in approximately 18% of angiosperm families. Melastomataceae exhibits a remarkable number of apomictic species, distributed among different tribes. This mode of reproduction has been elucidated in Miconieae, but remains unclarified for other groups, such as Microlicieae. Although apomixis has been previously described for Microlicieae species, the cytological basis for this phenomenon is entirely unknown in this group. Thus, populations of Microlicia fasciculata and M. polystemma were used in order to (a) investigate the presence of autonomous apomixis; (b) verify if this mode of reproduction leads to polyembryony; and (c) investigate whether apomixis may occur in parallel with the sexual process. We tested these species for autonomous fruit set and polyembryony, and pollen viability, and analyzed pollen tube growth. Anatomical techniques were used to elucidate the micro- and megasporogenesis and gametogenesis. The species showed autonomous fruit and seed formation and exhibited polyembryony. Apospory and adventitious embryony were the developmental mechanisms of apomixis in M. fasciculata and M. polystemma, respectively. Both species exhibited low pollen viability. However, some viable pollen, reduced embryo sac formation, natural pollination and pollen tube growth enable sexual reproduction and characterize these species as facultative apomicts. The independence of pollinators for fruit set, uniparental reproduction and the possibility of sexual reproduction, confer reproductive assurance and flexibility, bringing together advantages of sexual and asexual reproduction. In this sense, apomixis may have played an important role in the evolution and diversification of Microlicia, a widely distributed genus in the Brazilian Cerrado.  相似文献   

19.
Abstract: Two woody species of Eriotheca (Bombacaceae) of the Central Brazilian Cerrados were submitted to RAPD analyses. Both species are bee pollinated and have a similar flower structure, but E. pubescens presents adventitious embryony and apomixis, while E. gracilipes is self-incompatible. The RAPD screening reflects these differences in breeding systems, with very low genetic variation in the apomictic species, while the sexual species presented much higher variability with no similar genotypes among the sampled trees. The results suggest that adventitious embryony in E. pubescens effectively results in clonal populations or population mosaics of clonal individuals. Since recent studies have indicated poly-embryony and possibly apomixis in a number of Cerrado woody species otherwise considered obligatorily allogamous, the RAPD results presented here indicate the technique will be a useful tool to detect clonal populations of apomictic origin among Cerrado woody species with mixed mating systems and will help to assess the importance of apomixis as a breeding system for the Cerrado flora.  相似文献   

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