安徽滁州琅琊山下奥陶统弗洛阶(红花园组上部)的苔藓动物

寒武纪没有化石苔藓动物的任何记录.最老的、毫无疑问的、真正的苔藓动物,发现于我国峡东地区的下奥陶统特马豆克阶地层中.这类苔藓动物以丰富但多样性低的变口目和少量的隐口目为代表.弗洛期的一些苔藓动物,在北美,英国和波罗的海地区(俄罗斯西北部)已相继发现,这时以Ceramopora?unapensis为代表的泡孔目苔藓动物开始出现,有一定的多样性.中奥陶世初期,苔藓动物迅速崛起,古生代狭唇纲的四个目--变口目、隐口目、泡孔目和管孔目(=环口目)苔藓动物都已经有了代表.由于奥陶纪是苔藓动物发生、演化发展和辐射的重要时期,因此,奥陶纪,特别是早奥陶世苔藓动物的任何新的发现,都有重要的意义.本文描述和解释的一个新的苔藓动物群,发现于安徽滁州琅琊山弗洛阶的红花园组上部.这个苔藓动物群由变口目爱沙尼亚苔虫亚目的两个种:Dianulites hexaporites(Pander),Orbiramus grandis sp.nov.和隐口目翼网苔虫亚目的一个种:Prophyllodi-ctya putilovensis Lavrentjeva组成.尽管这个苔藓动物群在局部地区可能还是低多样性的,但就整个世界范围而言,有一定的多样性,类似于同样以变口目苔藓动物占优势的比林根苔藓动物群,后一苔藓动物群产于波罗的海以东地区(俄罗斯西北部)同时代的地层中.     

贵州独山中泥盆世早期的变口目苔藓虫

泥盆纪的变口目苔藓虫,在世界各地分布很广,种类和数量亦很丰富,这个时期是古生代苔藓虫发育史上的重要阶段,许多奥陶纪、志留纪习见属、种多已绝灭,而出现许多新的、独特的以及微细构造复杂的类型。因此,研究泥盆纪变口目苔藓虫,对地层及生物演化和生态等方面都有重要意义。近年来,美国、苏联及其它     

我国的海生苔藓动物

苔藓动物俗称苔藓虫、海席子、苔虫。在分类上因其肛门在触手冠之外,属于外肛动物门,是真体腔动物。出现于早奥陶世,经过了漫长的演化过程后,现存三类:环口类、栉口类和唇口类。其中以唇口类最多。全世界共有化石种10000种,现生的有5000种左右,绝大部分为海产。我国约有700种,多在沿海,潮间带也有不少,6000米的深海底也产,是海洋底栖生物的重要组成之一。它们是鱼类(特别是底栖鱼     

苔藓动物的谱系发生位置与早期分歧时间(英文)

苔藓动物是后生动物系统进化研究中的关键类群之一。作者基于冠轮动物38个代表种类的LSU和SSU rRNA组合基因序列数据,以二胚层动物为外类群,运用最大简约法、最大似然法和贝叶斯分析法,重建了触手冠担轮动物的系统树;同时,基于分子钟的方法推测了苔藓动物主要类群的起源与分歧时间。分子系统学的分析结果表明:触手冠动物并非都是单种系群;而苔藓动物则为单种系群,并构成触手冠担轮动物的基部类群。尽管苔藓动物的最早化石记录仅发现于奥陶纪特马豆克期地层中,谱系年代分析结果显示:苔藓动物及其主要谱系在新元古代已经分化;其中,苔藓动物祖先类群的起源时间约为634Ma,基部类群(被唇纲)与其它苔藓动物的分歧时间大约为607Ma。这一结果说明,化石记录始于奥陶纪的苔藓动物根植于新元古代的埃迪卡拉纪,早期祖先类群可能缺乏钙化骨骼,因而不易保存为化石。从而支持关于动物主要门类起源于新元古代的谱系年代学研究成果。     

滇东北奥陶纪三叶虫的地层分布

详细讨论滇东北奥陶纪的岩石地层和动物群特征,初步建立区内的三叶虫地层序列,据此可靠确定各有关岩组的时代。该地区除普遍缺失早奥陶世早期的沉积外,依次发育了红花园组(特马豆克末期—弗洛初期),湄潭组(弗洛期—达瑞威尔初期),风洞岗组(达瑞威尔早—晚期),十字铺组(达瑞威尔末期—桑比早期)、宝塔组(桑比晚期—凯迪早期),盐津组(晚凯迪早期)、五峰组(晚凯迪晚期)及观音桥组(赫南特期),岩相与黔北的相应岩组可作大致对比,而三叶虫动物群的组成和序列则大体与当时同属扬子陆块西部边缘的沉积区包括滇东、滇东南、黔北、川中、重庆、陕南及安徽和县等地区相似。共记述本区奥陶纪三叶虫计19属27种,分属14科。并对其中的一个新种Hungioides yanjinensis sp.nov.以及两个未命名的新种Abulbaspis sp.nov.和Plaesiacomiasp.nov.作系统描述。Abulbaspis过去仅报道于华北和哈萨克斯坦地区的达瑞威尔阶,而在本地区则产于桑比阶上部—凯迪阶下部;Plaesiacomia广泛分布于达瑞威尔阶—桑比阶西泛冈瓦纳地区,在滇东北的发现不但将该属的分布区域扩大到了东泛冈瓦纳地区,而且因其产出于大坪中期的层段,表明该属可能起源于东泛冈瓦纳,尔后才向西迁移的;这两属在扬子区的首次发现,对于进一步研究奥陶纪不同区块间的三叶虫动物群的扩散和交流具有重要意义。     

滇东北奥陶纪三叶虫的地层分布北大核心CSCD

详细讨论滇东北奥陶纪的岩石地层和动物群特征,初步建立区内的三叶虫地层序列,据此可靠确定各有关岩组的时代。该地区除普遍缺失早奥陶世早期的沉积外,依次发育了红花园组(特马豆克末期—弗洛初期),湄潭组(弗洛期—达瑞威尔初期),风洞岗组(达瑞威尔早—晚期),十字铺组(达瑞威尔末期—桑比早期)、宝塔组(桑比晚期—凯迪早期),盐津组(晚凯迪早期)、五峰组(晚凯迪晚期)及观音桥组(赫南特期),岩相与黔北的相应岩组可作大致对比,而三叶虫动物群的组成和序列则大体与当时同属扬子陆块西部边缘的沉积区包括滇东、滇东南、黔北、川中、重庆、陕南及安徽和县等地区相似。共记述本区奥陶纪三叶虫计19属27种,分属14科。并对其中的一个新种Hungioides yanjinensis sp.nov.以及两个未命名的新种Abulbaspis sp.nov.和Plaesiacomiasp.nov.作系统描述。Abulbaspis过去仅报道于华北和哈萨克斯坦地区的达瑞威尔阶,而在本地区则产于桑比阶上部—凯迪阶下部;Plaesiacomia广泛分布于达瑞威尔阶—桑比阶西泛冈瓦纳地区,在滇东北的发现不但将该属的分布区域扩大到了东泛冈瓦纳地区,而且因其产出于大坪中期的层段,表明该属可能起源于东泛冈瓦纳,尔后才向西迁移的;这两属在扬子区的首次发现,对于进一步研究奥陶纪不同区块间的三叶虫动物群的扩散和交流具有重要意义。     

下扬子区奥陶纪牙形刺多样性演变初探

根据前人和作者现有资料,对下扬子地区,特别是宁镇地区奥陶纪已经报道的牙形刺属种进行厘定,并按牙形刺带逐带进行多样性统计分析,初步编制出该地区奥陶纪牙形刺属种的地层延限表.研究表明;下扬子区牙形刺在奥陶纪的宏演化经历了3次较明显的辐射事件,分别发生在特马豆克期晚期-弗洛期早期(Serratognathus diversua带)、大坪期早期(Baltoniodus triangularis带)、达瑞威尔期晚期(Eoplacognathus suecicus带);此外,还经历了2次快速增长期,分别发生在达瑞威尔期早期(Lenodus antivariabilis带)、桑比期晚期至凯迪期早期(Hamarodus europaeus带),后者可能与局部环境变化有关.研究表明:华南海平面升降对下扬子区牙形刺宏演化趋势有重要影响.     

安徽含山早志留世晚期陈夏村组的苔藓动物化石

本文首次报道了我国下扬子区志留纪苔藓动物变口目2属4种。根据已知属种确认这些苔藓动物化石的时代为早志留世晚期(Late Llandoverian)。根据其地理分布认为北美大陆、欧洲大陆(包括英国,苏联西部)和中国南方、北方大玷,当时彼此相距不远,其间的太平洋、大西洋和下扬子海又彼此相通,属于同一动物地理区(即志留纪北方大区)和同一气候带(即温暖气候带),根据岩相和古生物特征,确认当时苔藓动物的生活环境为平坦海底的陆棚潮下温暖水区。     

苔藓动物的起源与系统发生研究进展—形态学和分子生物学的证据

苔藓动物是后生动物中的一个重要类群。然而,和其它主要后生动物类群相比,长期以来对它的系统学研究却相对滞后。其起源,系统发生地位以及与其它后生物门类之间、其内部各高级分类群间的谱系发生关系一直存在争议。一般认为它是介于原口动物和后口动物之间的过渡类群。但是,近年来的分子系统学研究已经证实了它的原口归属。古生物学资料表明,虽然苔藓动物的大多数类群在奥陶纪已经分化出来,但它在寒武纪却缺乏任何化石记录。另外,苔藓动物起源的时间和方式、其内部各类群间的系统发生关系特别是现生类群和化石类群之间的关系等诸多问题的解决,还有待于大量的形态学和不同的分子数据的进一步积累,并结合其地层分布等各种相关资料进行综合研究。     

苔藓动物18S rRNA基因的分子系统发生初探

本文对我国沿海较为常见的8种唇口目苔藓动物的18SrRNA基因进行了PCR扩增和序列测定。结合已知的其它苔藓动物（包括内肛动物和外肛动物）以及腕足动物和帚虫的相应序列,运用分子系统学方法,研究苔藓动物门的系统发生关系,结果表明,外肛动物和内肛动物构成苔藓动物分子系统树中的二大平行支;本文测定的大室膜孔苔虫与Giribet等测定的膜孔苔虫在系统树中的位置间隔较远。结果也支持外肛动物包含被唇纲和裸唇纲两大类群的形态划分,而关于裸唇纲特别是唇口目内部的系统发生关系。分子数据的分析结果和形态分类之间的分歧有待于进一步研究。     

The role of bryozoans in fossil reefs—an example from the Middle Devonian of the Western Sahara

Stenolaemate bryozoans with their stable calcitic skeletons play a significant role in reef building. In the Middle Devonian Sabkhat Lafayrina reef complex (Western Sahara), bryozoans are abundant and diverse. Although they do not form part of the principal framework of reefs, bryozoans are involved significantly in reef growth, especially in the initial stage. In this way, bryozoans are important with respect to initiating reef growth. They contribute greatly to sediment stabilization, making it possible for principal reef builders to grow on hardened and stabilized substrates, and also play sediment-baffling and sediment-filling roles. The aim of this study is to document the diversity of bryozoans in a Middle Devonian reef complex and to estimate their potential for initiation and contribution to reef structures.     

Effects of two marinas on the composition of fouling assemblages

The composition of fouling assemblages was surveyed inside and near two fully enclosed marinas using settlement plates. The location of a plate, inside or outside the marina, influenced the abundances of four functional groups of fouling organisms (solitary ascidians, arborescent bryozoans, encrusting bryozoans and colonial ascidians). Transplantation of mature assemblages revealed that reductions in the abundance of arborescent bryozoans inside marinas might be explained by increased growth and recruitment of these bryozoans outside the marina. Surveys of settlement revealed decreased recruitment of encrusting bryozoans inside the marinas, a result consistent with patterns of adult abundance. It is proposed that an increased abundance of solitary ascidians inside marinas may be due to decreased competition. A second survey of adult assemblages was performed with multiple ‘Outside’ sites per marina. Effects of location consistent with the first survey were found for arborescent bryozoans, and in one marina area for solitary ascidians and encrusting bryozoans, but not in the other. Although mechanisms can be proposed to explain the effects of the marina (inside or outside) on the abundances of solitary ascidians, arborescent bryozoans and encrusting bryozoans, the second survey revealed that the effects may vary among marinas.     

Bryozoans and microbial communities of cool-temperate to subtropical latitudes—paleoecological implications

The environmental distribution of encrusting bryozoans settling on disarticulated and living bivalve shells has been recorded from five stations in Japan and New Zealand. Some insight into the observed distribution patterns emerges from information on the interaction of bryozoans with microbial mats. Advancing existing classifications, we have subdivided the encrusting bryozoan morphotypes into seven different growth types that largely reflect the biological potentials of bryozoans in competition for space on substrate surfaces. The frequency distribution of these types (s-/c-/m-/z-laminae, runners, spots, bryostromatolites) reveals the influence of microbial mats as a control factor of bryozoan substrate coverage. Microbial mats in turn are correlated with latitudinal gradients in Japan and New Zealand from cool-temperate to subtropical and tropical waters. Unlike erect bryozoans, laminar ones are probably underrated as facies fossils. Accordingly, laminar bryozoan growth types are reconsidered as a tool for paleoecological interpretation of marine hard substrate communities.     

Stratigraphic and paleogeographic distribution of the Upper Ordovician bryozoans of Mongolia

The taxonomic diversity and distribution of the Upper Ordovician bryozoans of Mongolia are analyzed. Five heterochronous assemblages of bryozoans are established: Chigertei and Tsagaan del in the Sandbian Stage and Bairim Ovoo, Uuregnur, and Sairin in the Katian Stage. The bryozoans are shown to be important for solving complex problems of stratigraphy of the Ordovician of Mongolia and for paleogeographic reconstructions.     

Bryozoan (Stenolaemata) records from the upper Callovian (Middle Jurassic) of the Moscow region

Encrusting bryozoans (Stenolaemata, Tubuliporida) discovered from upper Callovian deposits (Middle Jurassic) near the town of Kolomna in the Moscow region are described. They belong to two new species: Microeciella kolomnensis sp. nov. and Diplosolen akatjevense sp. nov. These bryozoans encrust a fragment of the large shell of cephalopod mollusk (ammonite), which is an unusual substrate not only for bryozoans but also for the other encrusting organisms.     

Bryozoans of the Latorp and Volkhov horizons (Lower-Middle Ordovician) of the Leningrad Region

This monograph deals with the morphology of bryozoans of the orders Cystoporida and Trepostomida from the Latorp and Volkhov horizons (Lower-Middle Ordovician, Floian-Darriwilian stages) of the Leningrad Region. Diagnoses of some families belonging to these orders are revised. Based on morphological features of the bryozoans studied and on the succession of their taxa, four assemblages and three stages in their development are established. In addition, the stratigraphic and paleogeographic distributional patterns of bryozoans in the Lower and Middle Ordovician of the world are analyzed.     

The oldest bryozoans of Baltoscandia from the lowermost Floian (Ordovician) of north-western Russia: two new rare,small and simple species of Revalotrypidae

We describe two new species of esthonioporate bryozoans, Revalotrypa inopinata sp. nov. and R. yugaensis sp. nov., from the Lower Ordovician, south-east of Lake Ladoga, north-western Russia. The colonies of the two species are very small and were extracted from limestone nodules found in the lower part of glauconitic sandstone in the Joa Member (lowermost Floian). Revalotrypa inopinata sp. nov. and R. yugaensis sp. nov. are the oldest known bryozoans from Baltoscandia. Study of the two species includes scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging and X-ray microtomography (micro-CT). The palaeogeographic distribution of the oldest known bryozoans from the Lower Ordovician and the advantages and disadvantages of micro-CT for the study of Palaeozoic bryozoans are discussed. The authorship of Revalotrypidae, which has been inconsistently allocated in the literature, is discussed.     

Bryozoaires et Brachiopodes des “Calcaires bajociens a Bryozoaires” des Causses (France) et leur paléoécologie

Two Lower Bajocian new localities, with many silicified bryozoans and brachiopods have been discovered in Causses (France): Saint-Rome-de-Cernon (Aveyron) and Mende (Lozère). The study of the faunas allows to increase the anterior knowledges supplied by the study of localities in the South of Causses (neighbourhood of Alzon and Sumène = North of the Seuil sud-caussenard).The interest is, at first, the distance between the localities: Mende in the North, Saint-Rome-de-Cernon in the West. Moreover, in the second, well-preserved faunas were fossilized without transport. Bryozoans and brachiopods are very numerous. Large and complete bryozoan colonies have been get out by action of HCl. Fine internal structures like rhynchonellid Nannirhynchia or like thecidean transversarium and hemispondylium have been studied. At last, observations and paleoecological hypothesis are drawn, likewise comparison between three localities or locality-groups known in the Causses basin.The fauna from Saint-Rome-de-Cernon is biocoenosis, the substratum was soft, the hydrodynamism low and the depth, according to lamellibranchs, about 200 meters. The beds with bryozoans and small brachiopods contain a fauna with two predominant bryozoan species: Ceriocava straminea and Mesenteripora wrighti. These two species could built large colonies, in spite of fine granulometry of the sedimentary bottom. These colonies provided supports to less adapted bryozoans, to thecidids and to lamellibranch Lopha. The beds with terebratulids and bryozoans contain lesser bryozoans and thecidids. Terebratulids are the main group and are fixed with their peduncle to organic support above the irregular deposits. Beside these benthic animals, the rhynchonellid Nannirhynchia campestriensis is epibiontic on gorgonids or epiphytic on floating sea-weeds.On the contrary, all fossils from Mende have been more or less carried, excepted large sponges perhaps. The most numerous bryozoans (Ceriocava straminea, Mesenteripora wrighti) and numerous Lenticulines (Foraminifera) lived on hard bottom with moving water in community with crinoids. It is possible that a smaller part of bryozoans, requiring lower hydrodynamism, lived, either in sheltered parts of the crinoid community or closer to the sedimentation zone. Thecidids were fixed either on bryozoans in crinoid communities or on shelly remains and on bryozoans nearer to the sedimentation zone. Like in Saint-Rome-de-Cernon, Nannirhynchia campestriensis was epibiontic, or epiphytic, or both.In comparison with the whole localities from the Seuil sud-caussenard, we notice the simplicity of Saint-Rome-de-Cernon and Mende. The localities from the Seuil sud-caussenard were assemblages proceeding from 2 or 3 biotops. On the contrary, at Saint-Rome-de-Cernon we have a biocoenosis and at Mende a thanatocoenosis supplied by one biotop almost.