徐州市云龙湖大型底栖动物群落演变及环境影响因子分析

【目的】了解江苏省徐州市云龙湖大型底栖动物的群落结构及其环境影响因子,可以为保护云龙湖水生态环境提供依据。【方法】于2013—2017年对云龙湖大型底栖动物和水环境因子进行了调查。利用1/16 m2彼得逊采泥器采集大型底栖动物样品,同时利用有机玻璃采水器采集水样,每年的5月和10月各采样一次,共采样10次。利用3种群落多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener指数、Margalef物种丰富度指数、Pielou均匀度指数)评价云龙湖大型底栖动物的群落结构,选择ShannonWiener指数进行水质评价,并应用典型相关分析(CCA)得出大型底栖动物与环境因子之间的关系。【结果】云龙湖大型底栖动物群落结构简单,物种较少,3种群落多样性指数年际波动不大。云龙湖水质多年处于轻污染到中污染水平之间。优势物种中水丝蚓属的主要影响因子是总氮浓度,摇蚊幼虫的主要影响因子为高锰酸盐指数。【结论】云龙湖的水体有富营养化风险,应对云龙湖大型底栖动物的保护和水质改善给予足够重视。     

基于附石硅藻的三峡水库入库支流氮、磷阈值

为全面了解河流附石硅藻群落对水体氮、磷变化的响应规律,并找出氮、磷指示物种,本研究采用非参数突变点分析法(nCPA)及临界指示物种分析法(TITAN)探讨了三峡水库入库支流附石藻类叶绿素a、硅藻物种丰富度、Shannon多样性指数以及硅藻群落组成的总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)阈值.结果表明: 据nCPA得到的所有藻类参数的TP阈值均接近0.03 mg·L^-1;除硅藻群落组成外,其他参数的TN阈值也较接近(约为0.8 mg·L^-1).TITAN区分了群落中敏感种、耐受种对TN、TP变化的响应,且阈值范围涵盖了其他参数的阈值;还确定了9种TN指示种和10种TP指示种,其中TN敏感种1种,耐受种8种;TP敏感种5种,耐受种5种.因此,本研究以TITAN结果为依据确定河流的TN、TP阈值.即:当河流TN浓度低于0.382 mg·L^-1或TP浓度低于0.016 mg·L^-1时(负响应阈值),河流附石硅藻群落组成相对稳定;超过这一浓度阈值后,敏感种密度减少;当河流的TN浓度超过1.298 mg·L^-1或TP浓度超过0.065 mg·L^-1时(正响应阈值),耐受种也将受到明显影响,附石藻类的群落组成会发生显著变化.据此标准,调查样点中约87%的样点TN浓度超过TN负响应阈值,22%的样点超过正响应阈值;而超过TP负响应阈值的点占94%,超过TP正响应阈值的点占14%,说明三峡水库大部分入库河流虽受到了一定程度的干扰,但干扰程度并不严重.本研究结果可为三峡水库入库河流生态管理决策提供科学依据.     

钱塘江中游流域不同空间尺度环境因子对底栖动物群落的影响

溪流底栖动物群落结构受不同空间尺度环境因子的共同作用。基于2010年钱塘江中游流域60个样点的大型底栖无脊椎动物和环境变量数据,寻找与研究流域底栖动物群落结构变化密切相关的关键环境变量,解析流域尺度和河段尺度的环境因子对底栖动物群落的相对影响。PCA分析表明该区域的主要环境梯度是流域内的土地利用类型及其引起的溪流物理生境退化程度和水体营养状态。CCA分析发现影响底栖动物群落的流域尺度的关键环境变量是纬度、海拔、样点所在流域大小、森林用地百分比,河段尺度是总氮、总磷、钙浓度、二氧化硅浓度和平均底质得分。偏CCA分析得到两种尺度环境因子对底栖动物变异的总解释量为26.4%,流域尺度和河段尺度变量分别为总解释量的50%和31%;方差分解结果表明研究区域大型底栖无脊椎动物受到两种尺度环境因子的综合影响,且流域尺度环境因子较河段尺度环境因子更为重要,体现了其在溪流生态系统保护、恢复、监测和评价中的重要参考价值。     

松花湖富营养化发生的阈值判定和概率分析

湖泊、水库富营养化是目前国内外环境科学领域关注的热点,也是我国面临严峻的水环境问题。选择松花湖为研究对象,以2002~2004年松花湖水体中与富营养化相关指标的特征为依据,运用多元相关分析和多元逐步回归分析以及室内藻类模拟实验和蒙特卡罗随机模拟的方法,围绕松花湖富营养化主要限制因子识别、富营养化发生的阈值判定和概率分析开展研究。结果指出:总磷和总氮是松花湖富营养化的主要限制因子,总磷是水体富营养化的第一限制因子;松花湖富营养化发生的阈值为:总磷含量0.065mg.L-1、总氮含量0.843 mg.L-1和叶绿素a浓度11.90μg.L-1;松花湖水体发生富营养化的概率为0.69,其中,无风险的区域占19.21%、一级的区域占9.79%、二级占20.31%、三级占16.5%、四级占25.8%、五级占8.39%,可见,松花湖大部分区域处于轻度富营养化阶段,小部分区域处于中营养阶段。该结论对全面、合理地了解松花湖富营养化的现状以及有效地预防和控制松花湖富营养化的发生和保护湖泊水质具有重要的参考价值,也为水体富营养化的定量化和制定富营养化的标准提供了可行的途径和方法。     

香溪河大型底栖无脊椎动物空间分布

2005年7月至2006年6月，通过对大型底栖无脊椎动物的量化检测，对三峡水库湖北库区最大河流香溪河的大型底栖无脊椎动物空间分布进行了研究.结果表明：四节蜉、高翔蜉、短尾石蝇为香溪河水系大型底栖动物优势类群;香溪河各支流间生境特征及大型底栖无脊椎动物群落结构差异较大;功能摄食类群密度相对丰度的变化能够反映不同的栖境特征.对生物多样性指数及优势类群耐污值的比较表明，大型底栖动物栖境为九冲河最好，香溪河干流次之，高岚河和古夫河较差.典型对应分析表明：铵态氮对香溪河大型底栖动物群落结构影响显著;pH值、浊度、水深、二氧化硅、电导和碱度对九冲河大型底栖动物群落结构影响显著;浊度对高岚河大型底栖动物群落结构影响显著;铵态氮和硝酸盐氮对古夫河大型底栖动物群落结构影响显著.     

长春南湖底栖动物群落特征及其与环境因子的关系

1　引　　言城市湖泊由于人类活动的强烈影响 ,大多已处于富营养化状态 ,严重降低了湖泊价值 .作为水生态系统中重要的组成部分 ,底栖动物是某些经济鱼类的饵料生物 ,而且其群落结构与水体环境有着密切的关系 ,水质的好坏直接或间接影响到底栖动物的生长、繁殖和种类分布 .国外多年前就已经使用底栖大型无脊椎动物 ,尤其是摇蚊科 (Ｃｈｉｒｏｎｏｍｉｄａｅ)幼虫和寡毛类的分布格局来作为湖泊营养状态和污染程度的指标[1,3 ,5] .近年来 ,我国在这方面也进行了一些研究[2 ,4 ,6,7] .研究底栖动物群落结构特征及其与环境因子的关系 ,可为湖泊…     

一座南亚热带小型水库水体营养状态与浮游植物的季节变化

小型水库是华南沿海地区重要的城市供水水源.为了解小型水库的富营养化状况与浮游植物群落结构和季节动态之间的关系,于2006年4月、8月、12月采样测定了木头冲水库的环境因子(温度、pH、透明度、氮、磷营养盐浓度)和浮游植物群落结构.结果表明水体中总氮浓度的变化范围在0.34～0.7mg·L-1之间,总磷浓度的变化范围在0.011～0.019mg·L-1之间,透明度的变化范围在0.6～1.5m之间,叶绿素a浓度的变化范围在9.18～21.1mg·m-3之间,依据上述4个指标计算得出的TSIM指数在30～50之间变化,说明木头冲水库属中营养水体.浮游植物以适宜在中营养水体中生长的种类为主,3次采样共检出浮游植物52种(属),主要由在绿藻门和硅藻门的种类组成.浮游植物生物量的变化范围在4.17～5.38mg·L-1之间,春夏两季的生物量高于冬季.硅藻门的颗粒直链藻(Aulacoseira granulata)和绿藻门的单针藻(Monoraphidium sp.)是水体中春季的优势种类,夏季浮游植物的优势种为绿藻门的鼓藻(Cosmarium spp.)和硅藻门的颗粒直链藻,随着氮浓度的下降,拟柱胞藻(Cylindrospermopsis rackiborskii)成为水库冬季的优势种类.营养盐是木头冲水库浮游植物变化的主要影响因子.     

清潩河(许昌段)流域生物群落特征及其与环境因子的关系

以清潩河(许昌段)流域为研究对象,通过野外调查和室内测定,对水生植物、河岸带植物和大型底栖动物的群落特征、水体和表层沉积物的环境因子特征进行研究,分析清潩河流域内的生物多样性.结果表明: 流域内共有水生植物12种,河岸带植物66种,大型底栖动物10种.群落间环境因子变异较大,其中,水体的铵氮、总氮、总磷、表层沉积物的氧化还原电位、重金属镉、汞、锌的变异显著.典范对应分析表明: 水体理化性质如化学需氧量、温度、pH、溶解氧、总磷是影响水生植物的关键环境因子;水体氧化还原电位、pH和表层沉积物的镍、汞、有机质、铅、镉是影响河岸带植物分布的关键因子;表层沉积物的pH、温度、氧化还原电位、砷、铅、镍和水体温度是影响大型底栖动物的关键环境因子.清潩河(许昌段)流域水质污染严重,生物群落多样性低,沿河的污水处理及保护与恢复生物类群的工作迫在眉睫.     

渤海中、南部大型底栖动物的群落结构

在对渤海中、南部大部分海区 3个航次的大型底栖动物现存量、生产力和物种多样性研究的基础上 ,对群落结构及其与环境因子的关系进行了分析。结果表明 ,种群的相对重要性存在着年份和季节的差异 ,与大型底栖动物群落关系最为密切的环境因子为水深和底层水中的硝酸盐浓度。底层水中的 NO3-N和 PO4-P含量、N∶ P值及大型底栖动物的类群组成显示 ,渤海已成为典型的富营养化海域 ,有些群落已有受到污染或富营养化扰动的趋势 ,但总体上污染尚未给研究海域的大型底栖动物群落结构带来明显影响。与 2 0世纪 80年代初相比 ,渤海大型底栖动物群落组成发生了一些变化 ,高速的富营养化进程、渔业活动的加剧以及底栖动物捕食者的改变 ,可能是造成变化的原因     

黄河三角洲芦苇湿地底栖无脊椎动物与环境因子的关系研究——以石油开采区与淡水补给区为例

分别于2018年5月和8月对黄河三角洲芦苇湿地19(淡水补给区11处,石油开采区8处)处采样点的底栖无脊椎动物和水体理化指标进行调查采样,运用统计方法分析两个区域物种组成、优势种、多样性、群落结构以及与环境因子的关系。结果表明:两季共采集到底栖无脊椎动物54种,主要以水生昆虫、腹足纲和软甲纲为主,淡水补给区和石油开采区各类群组成差异明显。独立样本T检验表明淡水补给区和石油开采区水体理化指标间差异显著(P0.05)。双因子方差分析显示,昆虫纲和腹足纲密度在两区域差异显著(P0.05),软甲纲和腹足纲密度在季节上差异明显(P0.05)。底栖无脊椎动物优势种共10种,淡水补给区指示物种8种,而石油开采区未发现有指示物种。聚类和非参数多维排序(nM DS)显示,底栖无脊椎动物群落结构相似性较低; RDA结果表明:淡水补给区底栖无脊椎动物群落结构主要受Cond,TDS,Sal,pH,Eh,HCO_3~-,SO_4~(2-)等环境因子的影响。石油开采区底栖无脊椎动物群落结构影响较大的环境因子为HCO_3~-、NH_4-N。     

Precise detection of rearrangement breakpoints in mammalian chromosomes

Background  

Genomes undergo large structural changes that alter their organisation. The chromosomal regions affected by these rearrangements are called breakpoints, while those which have not been rearranged are called synteny blocks. We developed a method to precisely delimit rearrangement breakpoints on a genome by comparison with the genome of a related species. Contrary to current methods which search for synteny blocks and simply return what remains in the genome as breakpoints, we propose to go further and to investigate the breakpoints themselves in order to refine them.     

Stepwise detection of recombination breakpoints in sequence alignments

MOTIVATION: We propose a stepwise approach to identify recombination breakpoints in a sequence alignment. The approach can be applied to any recombination detection method that uses a permutation test and provides estimates of breakpoints. RESULTS: We illustrate the approach by analyses of a simulated dataset and alignments of real data from HIV-1 and human chromosome 7. The presented simulation results compare the statistical properties of one-step and two-step procedures. More breakpoints are found with a two-step procedure than with a single application of a given method, particularly for higher recombination rates. At higher recombination rates, the additional breakpoints were located at the cost of only a slight increase in the number of falsely declared breakpoints. However, a large proportion of breakpoints still go undetected. AVAILABILITY: A makefile and C source code for phylogenetic profiling and the maximum chi2 method, tested with the gcc compiler on Linux and WindowsXP, are available at http://stat-db.stat.sfu.ca/stepwise/ CONTACT: jgraham@stat.sfu.ca.     

Mapping of Xp21 translocation breakpoints in and around the DMD gene by pulsed field gel electrophoresis

Balanced translocations with a breakpoint in the Xp21 region are likely to disrupt the giant Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) locus and can be demonstrated in females suffering from the disease. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis allows the positioning of these breakpoints by detecting junction fragments on the derived chromosomes; DNA probes hybridizing to these fragments may be located as many as several hundred kilobases away from the breakpoints. By using this approach, 11 translocation breakpoints from the Xp21 region have been analyzed. The localization of three previously examined breakpoints was confirmed. Six other breakpoints, including a breakpoint flanking the DMD gene and not associated with the DMD phenotype, could be positioned relative to SfiI sites on a 3.5-Mb restriction map of the region.     

内蒙古典型草原不同恢复演替阶段植物养分化学计量学

对内蒙古典型草原不同恢复演替阶段群落土壤养分动态及空间格局、植物养分及其化学计量比时空动态、植物与土壤养分相关性等进行了分析,以揭示放牧干扰对植物的养分及其化学计量比影响。结果表明:土壤各养分含量表现为恢复群落略高于严重退化群落,土壤全氮(STN)/土壤全磷(STP)恢复群落高于严重退化群落,土壤有机质(SOC)/STN恢复群落低于严重退化群落;大多数植物叶片C含量在恢复群落最高,严重退化群落最低,与恢复演替时间呈正相关,而植物的全氮(TN)和全磷(TP)含量则是严重退化群落最高,恢复群落最低,与退化程度呈正相关,且TP含量的变幅明显高于TN含量;植物叶的N:P和C:N表现为严重退化群落最低,与退化程度呈负相关;严重退化群落植物相对于P而言,总体上表现为缺N;而恢复群落相对于N而言,更为缺P,或同时缺N和P;群落优势种化学计量学特征对群落演替方向有一定的指示作用。     

早春和夏季氮磷添加对内蒙古典型草原退化群落碳交换的影响

过度放牧导致的养分“入不敷出”是我国天然草地大面积退化的主要原因之一, 而草地退化又显著影响了草原生态系统的固碳功能。能否通过补充土壤养分来恢复退化草地的固碳功能, 迄今相关研究较少。净生态系统碳交换(NEE)、生态系统呼吸(ER)和生态系统总初级生产力(GEP)是表征生态系统碳循环的重要指标。氮(N)和磷(P)是中国典型草原的主要限制性养分元素, 而草地退化进一步加剧了养分的限制。在退化草地上添加氮磷对碳循环的上述过程(NEE、ER和GEP)有何影响, 以及两种养分之间是否存在互作, 目前尚不清楚。为此, 该研究以内蒙古典型草原的退化草地为研究对象, 选择早春融雪期(4月)和夏季生长期(7月)两个时间节点, 设置不施肥(CK)、N添加(10.5 g·m^-2·a^-1, NH₄NO₃)、P添加(7 g·m^-2·a^-1, KH₂PO₄)和N、P共同添加((10.5 g N + 7 g P)·m^-2·a^-1) 4个养分处理, 探究早春和夏季氮磷添加对内蒙古典型草原退化群落碳交换的影响及其互作机制。结果表明: 1)在早春和夏季两个时期, 单独添加N或P对生态系统碳交换过程的影响均未达到显著水平, 而氮磷共同添加可显著提高NEE和GEP。2)早春(4月份)氮磷共同添加对NEE、ER和GEP的互作机制表现为正协同效应, 而夏季(7月份)氮磷共同添加对NEE、ER和GEP的互作机制表现为加性效应。为了恢复退化的典型草原的固碳功能, 氮磷共同添加比单一元素添加效果好, 且早春添加优于夏季添加。该研究对指导退化草地的恢复具有参考价值。     

黄海和东海营养盐分布及其对浮游植物的限制

根据1997～1999年黄海和东海4个季节的现场调查资料,分析探讨了黄海、东海的营养盐分布特征及其对浮游植物生长的限制状况．结果表明,在长江口以东及其东北部海域终年存在一个范围很大的营养盐高值区．分析表明,这些营养盐主要来自长江冲淡水的扩展及苏北沿岸流的输送．此外,还获得了1998年长江流域特大洪水期间,迄今被观测到的长江冲淡水中营养盐的最大扩展范围,计算并研究了黄海、东海上层水中Si／N／P比值,结果表明,黄东海上层水中Si／N比值较高,Si不会成为黄东海浮游植物生长的限制因子;但在南黄海南部尤其是西南部、东海近岸及长江口以东海域,N／P比值很高(>30),说明与一般海洋环境的情况不同,黄海、东海有很大一部分海域浮游植物的生长受磷限制,而不是受氮限制．     

Colinearity in the mouse genome: a study of chromosome 2.

The cytologic positions (determined by G-banding) of the breakpoints on mouse chromosome 2 of a series of ten reciprocal translocations were compared with their most probable genetic positions on the linkage map, as determined by studies on recombination with known chromosome 2 (= linkage group V) markers. The most probable proximaldistal orders of the genetic and cytologic breakpoints were found to be the same; i.e., the two sets of breakpoints were colinear. However, there was no close correspondence between these two measures of the distance apart of adjacent breakpoints, since some translocation breaks which were well separated in G-band positions seemed close together in terms of the linkage map, and vice versa. This helps to confirm LYON'S conclusion that in certain mouse chromosomes, including No. 2, the distribution of chiasmata is nonrandom.     

De novo synthesis of telomere sequences at the healed breakpoints of wheat deletion chromosomes

When chromosomes are broken, the breakpoints become highly unstable and acquire the ability to fuse with other broken ends. The breakpoints are, however, eventually stabilized, and, therefore, the broken chromosomes are transmitted to the daughter cells without further morphological change. This phenomenon, known as “healing of breakpoints”, involves the addition of repetitive telomere sequences at the breakpoints by telomerase, the enzyme that normally synthesizes the telomere sequence at normal chromosome terminals. In many higher organisms, however, this property has not been well investigated. In this study, we examined the telomere sequences in wheat deletion lines with breakpoints on chromosome 1B. Lines that had breakpoints around the nucleolar organizer region were first selected on the basis of cytological observations, and the precise breakpoints were determined by mapping a fragment of rDNA and RFLP markers. In three lines – in addition to one previously reported – the DNA fragments encompassing the breakpoints were amplified by PCR using primers located in the rDNA and in telomere sequences. The DNA sequences provide insight into the properties of the telomerase activity at the breakpoints. The telomere sequences initiated from 2- to 4-nucleotide motifs in the original ribosomal DNA sequence which are also found in the repeat unit characteristic of telomere sequences. No specific sequences or structures were observed at or around the breakpoints. At all of the four breakpoints investigated, the newly synthesized telomere sequences contained considerable numbers of atypical telomere sequence units, particularly TTAGGG, which is the common unit of mammalian telomere sequences. Based on these results, we discuss the ability of plant telomerase to initiate the de novo synthesis of telomere sequences at internal breakpoints. Received: 15 June 1999 / Accepted: 6 August 1999     

中国城市污泥有机质及养分含量与土地利用

土地利用是城市污泥的重要处理处置方法,其有机质和养分含量是土地利用中很受关注的问题。关于中国的城市污泥虽然已有不少研究报道,但不同研究结果之间结论并不一致,且缺乏系统的总结。通过系统搜集了20世纪80年代以来全国城市污泥相关的文献资料,重点评述中国城市污泥的有机质含量及其土地利用问题。通过29个城市污泥组成的统计分析发现,中国城市污泥(不包括工业污泥)的有机质平均含量达到384g／kg,全氮、全磷和全钾分别为27、14．3和7g／kg;有机质、全氮、全磷比纯猪粪分别高出1／3～2／3,但全钾比纯猪粪低1／3。中国城市污泥的有机质含量呈逐年增加的趋势,但氮、磷含量变化规律不明显。研究证明,城市污泥在粮食作物、蔬菜、经济作物及园林绿地上使用,具有明显的肥效和改良土壤的效果。近年来,城市污泥中重金属含量越来越低,这有利用促进城市污泥的土地利用,但中国在有机污染物和病原体的危害方面研究相对较少,对城市污泥土地利用的潜在风险仍缺乏长期的定位试验研究。     

Structural analysis of aberrant chromosomes that occur spontaneously in diploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae: retrotransposon Ty1 plays a crucial role in chromosomal rearrangements.

The structural analysis of aberrant chromosomes is important for our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying chromosomal rearrangements. We have identified a number of diploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae clones that have undergone loss of heterozygosity (LOH) leading to functional inactivation of the hemizygous URA3 marker placed on the right arm of chromosome III. Aberrant-sized chromosomes derived from chromosome III were detected in approximately 8% of LOH clones. Here, we have analyzed the structure of the aberrant chromosomes in 45 LOH clones with a PCR-based method that determines the ploidy of a series of loci on chromosome III. The alterations included various deletions and amplifications. Sequencing of the junctions revealed that all the breakpoints had been made within repeat sequences in the yeast genome, namely, MAT-HMR, which resulted in intrachromosomal deletion, and retrotransposon Ty1 elements, which were involved in various translocations. Although the translocations involved different breakpoints on different chromosomes, all breakpoints were exclusively within Ty1 elements. Some of the resulting Ty1 elements left at the breakpoints had a complex construction that indicated the involvement of other Ty1 elements not present at the parental breakpoints. These indicate that Ty1 elements are crucially involved in the generation of chromosomal rearrangements in diploid yeast cells.